Chalcogenide Glasses

Bekir Karasu; Tuğçegül İdinak; Eda Erkol; Ali Ozan Yanar

doi:10.31202/ecjse.547060

TR EN

Chalcogenide Glasses

Abstract

Chalcogenide glasses, which are among the technologically very important materials, contain at least one chalcogen element as a major constituent and their utilization ranges from infrared optics applications to phase–change, optical–electrical data–recording. The interest to spectacle glasses exhibiting transparency in the infrared region of the optical spectrum coincides with the mid–twentieth century. Firstly, heavy metal oxides were investigated and the transparency limit was extended from 3–5 μm (classical oxide glasses) to 7–8 μm wavelength. The widespread usage of infra–red (IR) optics in the 20^th century has led to the need for new IR materials and to increase the IR transparency limit over 8 μm and scientists have tried chemical compositions of S, Se and Te in the 6^th group of the periodic table. Compared to oxide glasses, their mechanical strength and thermal stability are considerably lower and the calorimetric glasses form a new glass group with semiconductor properties. In this article, a brief overview of the definition, historical development, structure, properties and potential applications of chalcogenide glasses dating back to the early 1950s.

Keywords

Chalcogenide glass,History,Property,Application

References

[1] Elliott S. R., Physics of amorphous materials, 1990.
[2] https://eic.rsc.org/feature/trouble-in-the-periodic-table/2020266.article (Access Date: 03.03.2019).
[3] Laurent C., Chalcogenide glasses and glass–ceramics: Transparent materials in the infrared for dual applications, Elsevier, 2016.
[4] Mehta. N., Applications of chalcogenide glasses in electronics and optoelectronics: A review, J. of Sci. & Ind. Res., 2006, 65: 777–786.
[5] Shultz–Sellack C., Ann. Phys., 1870, 139: 182.
[6] Wood R. W., Phil, M., Absorption, dispersion, and surface colour of selenium, 3, 607, 1902.
[7] Meier W., Ann. Phys., 1910, 31: 1017.
[8] Frerichs R., Phys. Rev., 1950, 78: 643.

[9] Frerichs R., J., Opt. Soc. Am., 1953, 43: 1153.
[10] Fraser W. A. J., Opt. Soc. Am., 1953, 43: 823.
[11] Dewulf G., Rev. Opt. 1954, 33: 513.
[12] Winter K. A., Verres et refractaires, 1955, 9: 147.
[13] Goriunova N. A., Kolomiets B. T., Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, 1955, 25: 2069.
[14] Ovshinsky S. R., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1968, 21: 1450.
[15] Ovshinsky S. R., J. Non–Cryst. Solids, 1970, 2: 99.
[16] Mott, N. F., Davis E. A., Electronic processes in the non–crystalline materials, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979.
[17] Paul A., Chemistry of glasses, Kluwer Academic, 1999.
[18] Zallan R., The physics of amorphous solids, John Wiley, New York, 1983.
[19] Popescu M., Non–cyrstalline chalcogenides, Kluwer Academic, 2000.
[20] Gill W. D., Street G. B., J. Non–Cryst. Solids, 1973/1974, 13: 120.
[21] Sarrach J., de Neufiville J. P., Hawoth W. L., J. Non–Cryst. Solids, 1976, 22: 245.
[22] Hawes L., Nature, 1963, 198: 1267.
[23] Li D. T., Sharma R. C., Chang Y. A., Bulletin Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1989, 10: 348.
[24] Abrikosov, N. Kh., Bankina, V. F. et al. Semiconducting II–VI, IV–VI and V–VI compounds, Plenum Press, New York, 1969.
[25] Chun–Hua L., Pashinkin A. S., Novoselova A. V., Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSSR, 1962, 146 (5): 1092.
[26] Kislitskaya E. A., Nosov V. B., Kokorina V. F., Fiz. Khim. Stekla, 1977, 3 (6): 624.
[27] Tronc P., Bensonssan M., Brenac A., Cebenne C., Phys. Rev. B. 1973, 15: 1.
[28] Suvorova L. et al., Izv. Acad. Nauk. SSSR. Neorg. Mater., 1974, 10 (3): 441.
[29] Vinogradova G. Z., Dembovskii S. A., Luzhnaya N. P., Zh. Neorg. Khim., 1968, 13 (5): 1444.
[30] Nemilov S. V., Zh. Perikl. Khim., 1964, 37 (7): 1452.
[31] Nemilov S. V., Zh. Perikl. Khim., 1964, 37 (8): 1699.
[32] Zallan R., The physics of amorphous solids, John Wiley, New York, 1983.
[33] Pazin A. V, Obraztsov A. A. And Borisova Z. U., Izv. Acad. Nauk SSSR. Neorg. Mater., 1972, 8 (2): 247.
[34] Flaschen S. S., Pearson, A. D., Northover W. R., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1959, 42 (9): 450.
[35] Flaschen S. S., Pearson, A. D., Northover W. R., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1960, 43 (5): 274.
[36] Ligero R. A., Casas–Ruiz M., Vazquez J., Jimenez–Garay R., Phys. and Chem. of Glasses, 1993, 34 (1): 12.
[37] Flaschen S. S., Pearson A. D., Northover W. R. J., Appl. Phys. 1960, 31 (1): 219.
[38] Saffarini G., Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. and Proc., 2002, 74 (2): 283.
[39] Spesr W. E., Lecombor P. J., Phil. Mag., 1976, 33: 935.
[40] Paul W., Lewis, A. J., et al., Solid State Commun., 1976, 20: 969.
[41] Araki M., Zaki, H., Solid State Commun., 1976, 18: 1603.
[42] Ovshinsky, S. R., Amorphous and liquid semiconductors, Ed. Spear, W. E., (Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Amor. and Liq. Semiconductors, Edinburg), 519, 1977.
[43] https://www.us.schott.com/advanced_optics/english/products/optical-materials/ir-materials/infrared-chalcogenide-glasses/index.html (Access Date: 06.05.18).
[44] Zachariasen W. H., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1932, 54: 3841.
[45] Elliott S. R., J. Non–Cryst. Solids, 1986, 81: 71.
[46] Colomban P., Corset J. (eds.) in Special Issue, J. Raman Spect., 1999.
[47] Weber W. H., Merlin R. (eds.), Raman scattering in materials science, Springer, New York, 2000.
[48] Schulte A., Richardson K. A., In near–infrared raman spectroscopy of chalcogenide glasses for integrated optics, recent research developments in non–crystalline solids, Transworld Research Network, Kerala, India, 2001.
[49] Richardson K., Cardinal T., Richardson M., Schulte A., Seal S., in Engineering glassy chalcogenide materials for integrated optics applications, Wiley–VCH, Weinheim 2003.
[50] Apling A., Leadbetter A. J., Wright A. C., J. Non–Cryst. Solids, 1977, 23: 369.
[51] Rivero C., Schulte A. et al. In OSA topical meeting on nonlinear guided waves, Cleanwater, F. L., 2001.
[52] Schulte A., Rivero C. et al., Opt. Commun., 2001, 198: 125.
[53] Rivero C., Sharek P. et al., Thin Solid Films, 2003, 425: 59.
[54] Rivero C. A., Sharek P. S. et al., Proc. Soc. Photo. Opt. Instrum. Eng., 2001, 4468: 47.
[55] Seal S., Richardson K. A. et al., Phys. Chem. Glasses, 2002, 43: 59.
[56] Asal R., Rivers P. E., Rutt H. N., J. Phys. Condens. Mater., 1997, 9: 6217.
[57] Benazeth S., Tuilier M. H. et al., J. Non–Cryst. Solids, 1989, 110: 89.
[58] G. Lucazeau, S. Barnier, A.M. Loireau–Lozac’h, Mater. Res. Bull., 1977, 12: 437.
[59] Patnaik P., Handbook of inorganic chemicals, McGraw–Hill, New York, 2003.
[60] Popescu M. A., Non–crystalline chalcogenides in: Carley LR, Declerck G, Klaassen F. M., Eds. Solid–State Science and Technology Library, Vol 8. Orlando, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
[61] Müller U., Inorganic structural chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, England, 2006.
[62] Weiss J., Mitteilung über interchalkogenverbindungen, IV. Röntgenographische Untersuchungen an Mischkristallen der Zusammensetzung SenS8–n, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 435: 113, 1977.
[63] Boudreau R. A., Haendler H. M., J. Solid State Chem., 36: 289, 1981.
[64] Boctor N. Z., Kullerud G., J. Solid State Chem., 1987, 71: 513.
[65] Eifert J. R., Peretti E. A., The phase diagram of the system tellurium/arsenic, J. Mater. Science, 1968, 3: 293.
[66] Popov A., In: Fairman, R, Ushkov, B., Eds., Semiconducting chalcogenide glass I, Chapt. 2, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2004.
[67] Kaplow R., Rowe T. A., Averbach B, L. Atomic arrangement in vitreous selenium, Phys. Rev., 1968, 168: 1068.
[68] Salmon P. S., Martin R. A., Mason, P. E. et al., Nature, 2005, 435: 75.
[69] Bureau B., Troles J., Le Floch M., et al., Solid State Sci., 2003, 5: 219.
[70] Mott N. F., Davis E. A., Electron processes in non–crystalline materials, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979.
[71] Nemanich R. J., Galeener F. L., Jr. Mikkelsen J. C. et al., Physica, 1983, 117B–118B: 959.
[72] Gonçalves A. P., Lopes, E. B., Delaizir G, et al., J. Solid State Chem., 2012, 193: 26.
[73] Depinna S. P., Cavenett B. C., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1982, 48: 556.
[74] Tanaka K., Shimakawa K., Amorphous chalcogenide semiconductors and related materials, Springer, New York, 2011.
[75] Kastner M., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1972, 28: 355.
[76] Fritzsche H., J. Non–Cryst. Solids, 1971, 6: 49.
[77] Street R. A., Mott N, F., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1975, 35: 1293.
[78] Kastner M., Adler D., Fritzsche H., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1976, 37: 1504.
[79] Tanaka K., Gotoh T., Yoshida N., Nonomura S., J. of Appl. Phys., 2002, 91: 125.
[80] Boolchand P., Georgiev D. G., Goodman B., J. Optoelectron Mater., 2001, 3 (3): 703–720.
[81] Redaelli A, Pirovano A. et al., IEEE Electron Device Letters, 2004, 25: 648–686.
[82] Hilton, A. R., Chalcogenide glasses for infrared optics, McGraw A. Ray Hill Companies, 2010.
[83] Mott N. F., Adv. in Phys., 1967, 16: 49–57, 1967.
[84] Boolchand P., Georgiev D. G. and Goodman B., J. Optoelectron Mater., 2001, 3 (3): 703–720.
[85] Anderson P. W., Phys. Rev., 1958, 109: 1492.
[86] Tan, W. C., “Optical properties of amorphous selenium films”, PhD thesis, Saskatchewan Univ., 2006.
[87] Cohen M. H., Fritzsche H. and Ovshinski S. R., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1969, 22: 1065–1072.
[88] Marshall J. M. and Owen A. E., Philosophical Magazine, 1971, 24: 1281–1290.
[89] Emin, D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1970, 25: 1751–1755.
[90] Tanaka K., Rev. of Solid State Sci., 1990, 4 (2 & 3): 511.
[91] Pfeiffer G., Paesler M. A., Agarwal S. C., J. Non–Cryst. Solids, 1991, 130: 111.
[92] Tichy L., Ticha H., Nagels P., Callaerts R., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 1998, 240: 177.
[93] Lyubin V. M. and Tikhomirov V. K., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 1991, 135: 37.
[94] Popescu M., J. of Optoelectronics and Adv. Mater., 2005, 7: 2189–2210.
[95] Turpin G. B., McNeil L. E., Phys. Rev. B, 1989, 39: 8750.
[96] Ducharme S., J Hautala J. and Taylor, P. C., Phys. Rev. B, 1990, 41: 12250–12261.
[97] Othman A. A., Amer H. H., Osman M. A., Dahshan A., Radiation Effects & Defects in Solids, 2004, 159: 659–666.
[98] Štábl M., Tichi L., Solid State Sci., 2005, 7: 201–207.
[99] Street R. A., Adv. in Phys., 1976, 25: 397–454.
[100] Fairman R. and Ushkov B., Semiconducting chalcogenide glass 1, Elsevier Academic Press, Netherlands, 2004.
[101] Seki M., Hachiya K., Yoshida K., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 2003, 324: 127–132.
[102] Akoi T., Komedoori S. et al., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 2003, 326: 273–278.
[103] Bishop S. G., Mitchell D. L., Phys. Rev. B, 1973, 8: 5696–5701.
[104] Zakery A., Elliott S. R., Optical nonlinearities in chalcogenide glasses and their applications, Springer–Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.
[105] Sanghera J. S., Florea C. M. et al., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 2008, 354: 462–467.
[106] Ganeev R. A., Ryasnyanski A. I., Usmanov T., Phys. of the Solid State, 2003, 45: 207–213.
[107] Ganeev R. A., Ryasnyansky A, Kodirov M. K., Usmanov T., J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt., 2002, 4: 446–451.
[108] Nasu H., Kubodera K. I. et al., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1990, 73: 1794–1796.
[109] Borisova Z., Glassy semiconductors, Plenum Press, New York, 1981.
[110] Shiryaev V. S., Churbanov M. F., “Chap. 1, Chalcogenide glasses: preparation, properties and applications in: Adam J. L, Zhang X., Eds. Woodhead Publishing, 2014.
[111] Feltz A., Amorphous inorganic materials and glasses, Weinheim: VCH Verlag, 1993.
[112] Inagawa I., Iizuka R., Yamagishi T., et al., J. Non–Cryst. Solids, 1987, 95–96: 801.
[113] Piarristeguy A. A., Barthélémy E., Krbal M., et al. J. Non–Cryst. Solids, 2009, 355: 2088.
[114] Shiryaev V. S., Ketkova L. A., Churbanov M. F. et al., J. of Non–Cryst. Solids, 2009, 355: 2640.
[115] Pradel A., Ribes M., Solid State Ionics, 1986, 18–19: 351.
[116] Hayashi A., Minami K., Tatsumisago M., J. Solid State Electrochem., 2010, 14: 1761.
[117] Hubert M., Delaizir G., Monnier J. et al., Opt. Exp., 2011, 19 (23): 23513.
[118] Orava J., Kohoutek T., Wagner T., In Adam J. L., Zhang X. H., Eds., Chalcogenide glasses: Preparation, properties and applications, Chap. 9, Woodhead Publishing, 2014.
[119] Belev G., Kasap S., Rowlands J., et al., Curr. Appl. Phys., 2008, 8: 383.
[120] Kahnt H., Feltz A., Thin Solid Films, 1982, 98: 211.
[121] Simpson R. E., Krbal M., Fons P., et al., Nano–letters, 2010, 10: 414.
[122] Nazabal V., Nemec P., Jedelsky J., et al., Opt. Mater., 2006, 29: 273.
[123] Kloock J. P., Mourzina Y. G., Schuberg J. et al., Sensors, 2002, 2; 356.
[124] Curry R., Mairaj A., Huang C., et al., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2005, 88: 2451.
[125] Chern G., Lauks I., J. Appl. Phys., 1982, 53: 6979.
[126] Street R. A. and Mott N. F., Phys. Rev. Letters, 1975, 35: 1293.
[127] Ganeev R. A., Ryasnyansky A., Kodirov M. K. and Usmanov T., J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt., 2002, 4: 446–451.
[128] Andriesh A. M., Ponomar V. V. et al., Sov. J. Quantum Electron, 1986, 16 (6): 721–736.
[129] Andriesh A., J. of Optoelec. and Adv. Mater., 2005, 7: 2931–2939.
[130] Lezal D., J. of Optoelectronics and Adv. Mater., 2003, 5: 23–34.
[131] Sanghera J. S. and Aggarwal I. D., J. of Non–Cryst. Solids, 190, 2573 (6): 1794.
[132] Adam J.–L. and Zhang X., Chalcogenide glasses preparation, properties and applications, 2014.
[133] Michel K., Bureau B., Boussard–Plédel C., et al., Sensors and Actuators B, 2004, 101: 252.
[134] Wilhelm A., Boussard–Plédel C., Coulombier Q., et al., Adv. Mater., 2007, 19 (22): 3796.
[135] Lucas P., LeCoq D., Juncker C., et al., Appl. Spectr., 2005, 59: 1.
[136] Brandily M. L., Monbet V., Bureau B., et al., Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2011, 160 (1): 202.
[137] Tatsumisago M, Hayashi A., Solid State Ionics, 2012, 225: 342.
[138] Mori K., Ichida T., Iwase K., et al., Chem. Phys. Letters, 2013, 584: 113.
[139] Urena A., Piarristeguy A. et al. J. of Phys. and Chem. of Solids, 2007, 68:993–997.
[140] Balan V., Vigreux C., Pradel A., J. of Optoelectronics and Adv. Mater., 2004, 6, 875–882.
[141] Huang C. C., Heak D. W., Electronic Letters, 2004, 40: 863–865.
[142] Tintu R., Nampoori V. P. N. et al., Optics Commun., 2011, 284: 222–225.
[143] Márquez E., Bernal–Oliva A. M. et al., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 1997, 222: 250.
[144] Siemann U., Progr. Colloid. Polym. Sci., 2005, 130: 1–14.
[145] Litty I., Deepthy A. et al., J. of App. Phys., 2008, 103: 033105.
[146] Litty I., Deepthy A. et al., J. of Appl. Phys., 2007, 102: 063524.
[147] Litty I., L. Bindu K. et al., J. of Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2007, 40: 5670–5674.
[148] Litty I., Dann V. J. et al., Laser Phys., 2008, 18 (7): 882–885.
[149] Tintu R., Nampoori V. P. N. et al., J. of App. Phys., 2010, 108: 073525.
[150] Ganeeva R. A., Ryasnyansky I., Usmanov T., Optical and Quantum Electronics, 2003, 35: 211–219.
[151] (1) Berzelius J. J., Ann. Chim. Phys., 1826, 32: 166. (2) Bineau A., Ann. Chim. Phys., 1839, 70: 54.
[152] Kohoutek T., Wagner T. et al., J. of App. Phys., 2008, 103: 063511.
[153] Shtutina S., Klebanov M., Lyubin S. R. V., Volterra V., Thin Solid Films, 1995, 261: 263–265.
[154] Mamedov S. B., Michailov M. D., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 1997, 221: 181–186.
[155] Michailov M. D., Mamedov S. B., Tsventarnyi S. V., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 1994, 176: 258–262.
[156] Orava J., Wagner T. et al., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 2006, 352: 1637–1640.
[157] Song S., Carlie N. et al., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 2009, 355: 2272–2278.
[158] Chern G. C. and Lauks I., J. of App. Phys., 1982, 53 (10): 6979.
[159] Chern G. C., Lauks I., McGhie A. R., J. of App. Phys., 1983, 54 (8): 4596.
[160] Chern G. C., Lauks I., J. of App. Phys., 1983, 54: 2701.
[161] Carlie N. A., A Solution–based approach to the fabrication of novel chalcogenide glass materials and structures, PhD thesis, Clemson Univ., 2010.
[162] Song S., S. Howard S. et al., Appl. Phys. Letters, 2006, 89 (4): 041115.
[163] Kohoutek T., Orava J., Sawada T., Fudouzi H., J. of Colloid and Interface Sci., 2011, 353: 454–458.
[164] Kim S. H. and Hwangbo C. K., Opt. Letters, 1998, 23: 1573–1575.
[165 Kohoutek T., Orava J. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 2007, 68: 2376–2380.
[166] Balan V., Vigreux C. et al., J. of Optoelectronics and Adv. Mater., 2001, 3: 367–372.
[167] Kohoutek T., Wagner T. et al., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 2008, 354: 529–532.
[168] Kim S. H. and Hwangbo C. K., Appl. Opt., 2002, 41: 3187–3192.
[169] DeCorby R. G., Nguyen H. T. et al., 2005, 13: 6228–6233.
[170] DeCorby R. G., Ponnampalam N. et al., IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron, 2005, 11: 539–546.
[171] Clement T. J., Ponnampalam N. et al., Opt. Exp., 2006, 14: 1789.
[172] Bormashenko E., Pogreb R., Pogreb Z. and Semion Sutovski S., Opt. Eng., 2001, 40: 661.
[173] Andriesh A. and Iovu M., Phys. Status Solidi B, 2009, 246: 1862–1865.
[174] Bendow B., Rast H. & El–Bayoumi O. H., Opt. Eng., 1985, 24 (6): 1072–1078.
[175] Klocek P., Roth M. & Rock R. D., Opt. Eng., 1987, 26 (2): 88.
[176] Troles J., Coulombier Q. et al., Opt. Exp., 2010, 18 (25): 26647–26654.
[177] El–Amraoui M., Gadret G. et al., Opt. Express, 2010, 18 (25): 26655–26665.
[178] Weiblen R. J., Docherty A., Hu J. and Menyuk C. R., Opt. Express, 2010, 18 (25): 26666–26674.
[179] Seddon A. B., Tang Z. et al., Opt. Express, 2010, 18 (25): 26704–26719.
[180] Mori A., Ohishi Y., Kanamori T. and Sudo S., App. Phys. Letters, 1997, 70: 1230.
[181] Kim J., Paek U–C. et al., Opt. Letters, 2006, 31: 1196–1198.
[182] Monro T. M., West Y. D. et al., J, Elec. Lett., 1998, 36.
[183] Troles J., Brilland L. et al., Fiber and Integ. Opt., 2008, 28: 11–26.
[184] Yu H. C. Y., van Eijkelenborg M. A. et al., App. Opt., 2008, 47: 6497–6501.
[185] Yang X. and Wang L., Opt. Comm., 2007, 280: 368–373.
[186] Large M. C. J., Ponrathnam S. et al., Opt. Express, 2004, 12 (9): 1966–1971.
[187] Large M. C. J., Argyros A. et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 2006, 446: 219–231.
[188] Yu H. C. Y., Argyros A. et al., Opt. Express, 2007, 15 (16): 9989–9994.
[189] De Bastida G., Arregui F. J., Goicoechea J., Matias I. R., IEEE Sens. J., 2006, 6 (6): 1378–1379.
[190] Mthethwa T. P., Moloto M. J. et al., Mater. Res. Bull., 211, 46: 569–575.
[191] Cheng C. and Peng X., J. of Lightwave Techn., 2009, 27: 1362–1369.
[192] Jacques L., Johann T., Xiang H. Z., Catherine B. P., Marcel P., Bruno B., Glasses to see beyond visible, Published by Elsevier Masson SAS, 2018, 21: 916-922.
[193] Birks T. A., Roberts P. J. et al., Elect. Lett. 1995, 31: 1941.
[194] Trolès J., Brilland L., Caillaud C., Adam J. L., Adv. Device Mater., 2017, 1.
[195] Petersen C. R., Engelsholm R. D. et al., Opt. Exp., 2017, 25: 15336.
[196] Toupin P., Brilland L. et al., J. Non–Cryst. Solids, 2013, 377: 217–219.
[197] Trolès J., Brilland L., Chalcogenide microstructured optical fibres for mid–IR applications, Published by Elsevier Masson SAS, 2017, 18: 19–23.
[198] Trolès J., Coulombier Q. et al. Opt. Exp., 2010, 18: 26647–26654.
[199] Toupin P., Brilland L. et al. Opt. Mater. Exp., 2, 2012, 1359–1366.
[200] Caillaud C., Gilles C. et al., Opt. Exp., 2016, 24: 7977–7986.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Engineering

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Bekir Karasu ^*
0000-0002-7769-9863
Türkiye

Tuğçegül İdinak This is me
0000-0002-7769-9863
United States Minor Outlying Islands

Eda Erkol This is me
0000-0002-7769-9863
Türkiye

Ali Ozan Yanar This is me
0000-0002-7769-9863
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 30, 2019

Submission Date

March 30, 2019

Acceptance Date

June 14, 2019

Published in Issue

Year 2019 Volume: 6 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.547060

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA34SU77YC

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Karasu, B., İdinak, T., Erkol, E., & Yanar, A. O. (2019). Chalcogenide Glasses. El-Cezeri, 6(3), 428-457. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.547060

AMA

1.Karasu B, İdinak T, Erkol E, Yanar AO. Chalcogenide Glasses. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering. 2019;6(3):428-457. doi:10.31202/ecjse.547060

Chicago

Karasu, Bekir, Tuğçegül İdinak, Eda Erkol, and Ali Ozan Yanar. 2019. “Chalcogenide Glasses”. El-Cezeri 6 (3): 428-57. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.547060.

EndNote

Karasu B, İdinak T, Erkol E, Yanar AO (September 1, 2019) Chalcogenide Glasses. El-Cezeri 6 3 428–457.

IEEE

[1]B. Karasu, T. İdinak, E. Erkol, and A. O. Yanar, “Chalcogenide Glasses”, El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 428–457, Sept. 2019, doi: 10.31202/ecjse.547060.

ISNAD

Karasu, Bekir - İdinak, Tuğçegül - Erkol, Eda - Yanar, Ali Ozan. “Chalcogenide Glasses”. El-Cezeri 6/3 (September 1, 2019): 428-457. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.547060.

JAMA

1.Karasu B, İdinak T, Erkol E, Yanar AO. Chalcogenide Glasses. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering. 2019;6:428–457.

MLA

Karasu, Bekir, et al. “Chalcogenide Glasses”. El-Cezeri, vol. 6, no. 3, Sept. 2019, pp. 428-57, doi:10.31202/ecjse.547060.

Vancouver

1.Bekir Karasu, Tuğçegül İdinak, Eda Erkol, Ali Ozan Yanar. Chalcogenide Glasses. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering. 2019 Sep. 1;6(3):428-57. doi:10.31202/ecjse.547060

Chalcogenide Glasses

Kalgojenit Camlar

Abstract

Keywords

Chalcogenide Glasses

Abstract

Keywords

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite

Cited By

Enhancement of Structure and Optical Aspects by Thermally Induced Amorphous-Crystalline Transition in As30Te55Ga15 Films

Chalcogenide dual-core all-solid anti-resonant fiber polarization beam splitter operating at 3 μm band

A Comprehensive Survey on Integrated Photonic Switch Fabrics: From Device to Network Topology and Controller Design

Thickness-Dependent Opto-Structural Properties of CuBiSe2 Films