Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GFRC)

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 136 - 162, 31.01.2018

Muhammed İskender Bekir Karasu

https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.371950

Cited By: 11

Abstract

In the 1940’s, potential of glass as a construction material was realized and improvement continued with the addition of zirconium dioxide in 1960's for harsh alkali conditions. To enhance durability of materials, new generation of glass fibres directed to improvement process. In this way, glass fibre reinforced concrete (GFRC) was started to produce for the satisfaction of different demands. Scientific studies and tests on the GFRC have shown that the physical and mechanical properties of the GFRC change depending on the quality of the materials and the accuracy of the production methods. GFRC can be used wherever a light, strong, fire resistant, weather resistant, attractive, impermeable material is needed. As technology advances, it is possibly expected to build the whole building and complex freeform with low cost. In recent years, the effect of glass fibres in hybrid mixtures has been investigated for high-performance concrete (HPC), an emerging technology termed, which has become popular in the construction industry.

Keywords

Glass, Fibre, Reinforcement, Concrete, Properties, Application, Development

Cam Lif Takviyeli Beton (GFRC)

Abstract

1940’lı yıllarda camın bir yapı malzemesi olarak sahip olduğu potansiyelinin farkına varılmış ve 1960’larda zirkonyum dioksit katkısıyla iyileştirmelere devam edilmiştir. Malzemelerin kimyasal dayanımını arttırmak için yeni nesil cam lifleri, söz konusu iyileştirme sürecine dâhil edilmişlerdir. Böylece, arzu edilen beklentileri karşılamak üzere cam takviyeli beton üretimi başlamıştır. Bu grup beton üzerine gerçekleştirilen bilimsel araştırma ve testler cam lifle kuvvetlendirilmiş betonun fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin kullanılan malzemelerin kalitesine ve üretim yönteminin hassasiyetine bağlı olarak değiştiğini göstermiştir. Böylesi betonlar, hafif, sağlam, ateşe ve hava koşullarına karşı dayanıklı, sızdırmaz malzeme ihtiyacı doğduğunda kullanılabilirlik arz etmektedirler. Teknoloji ilerlerken bir binanın tamamının cam takviyeli betonlarla düşük maliyetle yapımının mümkün olabileceği beklentisi de artmaktadır. Geçtiğimiz yıllarda cam elyafların hibrid karışımlardaki etkisi yüksek performanslı beton elde etmek amacıyla araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu yeni teknoloji inşaat sektöründe popüler hale gelmiştir.

Keywords

Cam, Lif, Kuvvetlendirme, Beton, Özellikler, Uygulama, Gelişme

References

• [1] “GRC for Architects and Engineers, GRC in Action UK”, GRCA International, 2003.
• [2] Masuelli, M. A., “Fiber Reinforced Polymers–The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair”, Open Acess E–Book, 2013.
• [3] Faheem, A. G., “Comparison of Plain-Concrete and Glass–Fiber–Reinforced–Concrete Beams with Different Flexural and Shear Reinforcement”, Department of Civil Engineering Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan, Master Thesis, April 2017 . [4] Afroughsabet, V., Biolzi L., Özbakkaloğlu, T., “High–Performance Fiber–Reinforced Concrete: A Review”, J. Mater. Sci., 2016, 51: 6517–6551.
• [5] https://www.grca.org.uk/about-grca.php (Access Date: 06.11.2017).
• [6] http://www.grcuk.com/grc_history.htm (Access Date: 06.11.2017).
• [7] Masood, U., “Studies on Characteristics of Mixed Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Structural Applications”, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, PhD Thesis, 2014.
• [8] Ferreira, J. P. J. G., Branco, F. A. B., “The Use of Glass Fiber–Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material”, Experimental Techniques, May–June,2007, pp. 64–73.
• [9] Bartos, P. J. M., “Review on the Performance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Scotland, 2017, 246.
• [10] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gtmd13aS94A (Access Date: 13.11.2017).
• [11] Girard, J., “Introduction to GFRC (Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete)”, The Concrete Countertop Institute, 2008.
• [12] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdEkP6-WQYs (Access Date: 13.11.2017).
• [13] Bentur, A., Mindess. S., “Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites”, Second Edition, Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York, 2007.
• [14] Mindess, S., Young, J. F., Darwin, D., “Concrete”, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2002.
• [15] Zollo, R. F., “Fiber–Reinforced Concrete: An Overview after 30 Years of Development”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 1997, 19(2): 107–122.
• [16] “Design, Manufacture and Installation of Glass Reinforced Concrete (GRC)”, GRC Industry Group of National Precast Concrete Association, Australia, October 2006, pp. 29–32.
• [17] Tabalvandani, M. S., Biria, H. A., Siaestalkh, P. K., “Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Exclusive Assets and Applications in Construction”, Digital Library University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, http://dl.lib.mrt.ac.lk/handle/123/9497, 2013 (Access Date: 23.11.2017).
• [18] Stahli, P., Custer, R., Van Mier, J. G. M., “On Flow Properties, Fiber Distribution, Fiber Orientation and Flexural Behaviour of FRC”, Materials and Structures, 2008, 41: 189–196.
• [19] Kang, S. T., Lee, B. Y., Kim, J. K., Kim, Y. Y., “The Effect of Fiber Distribution Characteristics on the Flexural Strength of Steel Fiber–Reinforced Ultra High Strength Concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 2011, 25: 2450–2457.
• [20] Grünewald, S., “Fiber Reinforcement and the Rheology of Concrete”, A Volume in Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering, The Netherlands, 2012, pp. 229–256.
• [21] http://selectsurfacesoln.com/concrete-countertops-gfrc-in-orlando/ (Access Date: 22.11.2017).
• [22] https://www.concretedecor.net/decorativeconcretearticles/vol-15-no-1-january-2015/warping-glass-fiber-reinforced-concrete/(Access Date: 22.11.2017).
• [23] Retnakar, A., Aswin, S., Hussain, S. S. K, Shilpa, T. S., Varun, V., Kumar, M. D. S. “Performance Evaluation of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, IRJET, March 2017, 04 (03): 950–954.
• [24] Alam, Md. A., Ahmad, I., Rahman, F., “Experimental Study on Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, IJETT, June 2015, 24 (06): 297–301.
• [25] Beigia, M. H., Berenjiana, J., Omrana, O. L., Nik, A. S., Nikbin, I. M., “An Experimental Survey on Combined Effects of Fibers and Nanosilica on the Mechanical, Rheological, and Durability Properties of Self–Compacting Concrete”, Materials & Design, September 2013, 50: 1019–1029.
• [26] Kim, G. B., Pilakoutas, K., Waldron, P., “Finite Element Analysis of Thin GFRC Panels Reinforced with FRP”, Construction and Building Materials, 2009, 23: 930–942.
• [27] Prasanti, B., Vidya, Sagar, Lal, V., “Study on Mechanical Properties and Stress Strain Behaviour of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC)”, IJRAT, June 2017, 5 (06): 23–29.
• [28] Prasad, M. L. V., Kumar P, R., Toshiyuki, O., Development of Analytical Stress-Strain Model for Glass Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete”, International Journal of Mechanics and Solids, 2009, 4(1): 25–37.
• [29] Kene, K. S., Vairagade, V. S., Sathawane, S., “Experimental Study on Behavior of Steel and Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Composites”, Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, December 2012, 2 (04): 125–130.
• [30] Löber, P., Holschemacher, K., “Structural Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Slabs on Ground”, World Journal of Engineering and Technology, September 2014, 2: 48–54.
• [31] Kiran, S. T., Srinivasa, R. K., “Comparison of Compressive and Flexural Strength of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Conventional Concrete”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 2016, 11(6): 4304–4308.
• [32] Kwon, S. H., Shah, S. P., “Prediction of Early–Age Cracking of Fiber–Reinforced Concrete due to Restrained Shrinkage”, ACI Materials Journal, July–August 2008, pp. 381–389.
• [33] Theodorakopoulos, D. D., “Shrinkage Behaviour of GRC Thin Sheets”, Cement and Concrere Composites, 1995, 17: 229–238.
• [34] Mirza, F. A., Soroushian, P., “Effects of Alkali–Resistant Glass Fiber Reinforcement on Crack and Temperature Resistance of Lightweight Concrete”, Cement & Concrete Composites, 2002, 24: 223–227.
• [35] Scheffler, C., Zhandarov, S., Mader, E., “Alkali Resistant Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete: Pull–Out Investigation of Interphase Behavior Under Quasi–Static and High Rate Loading”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 2017, 84: 19–27.
• [36] Ranaivomanana, N., Multon, S., Turatsinze, A., “Basic Creep of Concrete under Compression, Tension and Bending”, Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 38: 173–180.
• [37] Kharitonov, A., Ryabova, A., Pukharenkoa, Y., “Modified GFRC for Durable Underground Construction”, Procedia Engineering, 2016, 165: 1152–1161.
• [38] Ait–Mokhtar, A., Belarbi, R., Benboudjema, F., Burlion, N., Capra, B., Carcasses, M., Colliat, J. B., Cussigh, F., Deby, F., Jacquemot, F., De Larrard, T., Lataste, J. F., Le Bescop, P., Pierre, M., Poyet, S., Rougeau, P., Rougelot, T., Sellier, A., Se´me´nadisse, J., Torrenti, J. M., Trabelsi, A., Turcry, P., Yanez–Godoy, H., “Experimental Investigation of the variability of concrete durability properties”, Cement and Concrete Research, 2013, 45: 21–36.
• [39] Torres–Luque, M., Bastidas–Arteaga, E., Schoefs, F., Sa´nchez–Silva, M., Osma, J. F., “Non–Destructive Methods for Measuring Chloride Ingress into Concrete: State–of–the–Art and Future Challenges”, Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 68: 68–81.
• [40] Basheer, P. A. M., Gilleece, P. R. V., Long, A. E., Mc Carter, W. J., “Monitoring Electrical Resistance of Concretes Containing Alternative Cementitious Materials to Assess Their Resistance to Chloride Penetration”, Cement & Concrete Composites, 2002, 24(5): 437–449.
• [41] Chandramouli, K., Srinivasa, Rao, P, Seshadri, Sekhar, T., Pannirselvam, N., Sravana, P., “Rapid Chloride Permeability Test for Durability Studies on Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, March 2010, 5(03): 67–71.
• [42] https://eduardodseng.wordpress.com/2013/12/03/corrosion-of-steel-in-concrete/ (Access Date: 27.12.2017).
• [43] https://yandex.com.tr/gorsel/search?p=1&text=concrete%20spalling&noreask=1&lr=103835 (Access Date: 27.12.2017).
• [44] Söylev, T. A., Özturan, T., “Durability, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Fiber–Reinforced Concretes at Low–Volume Fraction”, Construction and Building Materials, December 2014, 73: 67–75.
• [45] Banthia, N., Bindiganavile, V., Jones, V., Novak, J., “Fiber–Reinforced Concrete in Precast Concrete Applications: Research Leads to Innovative Products”, PCI Journal, 2012, pp. 33–46.
• [46] Işıkçı, C., “Heat Insulated Fabrication GRC Panel”, 17th International Congress of the GRCA, Radison Blu, Dubai, 2015.
• [47] Song, D., “Hainan International Expo Non–Linear Roofing; Application of Waterproofing, Insulation and GRC System”, 17th International Congress of the GRCA, Radison Blu, Dubai, 2015.
• [48] Faigen, P., “The Igneous House”, 17th International Congress of the GRCA, Radison Blu, Dubai, 2015.
• [49] Dong, Z., “Application of GRC Permanent Formwork”, 17th International Congress of the GRCA, Radison Blu, Dubai, 2015.
• [50] Raun, C., Kirkegaard, P. H., “Adaptive Mould–A Cost–Effective Mould System Linking Design and Manufacturing of Double–Curved GFRC Panels”, 17th International Congress of the GRCA, Radison Blu, Dubai, 2015.
• [51] Ma, Y., Che, Y., “A Brief Introduction to 3D Printing Technology”, 17th International Congress of the GRCA, Radison Blu, Dubai, 2015.
• [52] Wayser, B., Ringot, E., “Coloured Surface Protection: An Alternative to Mass Colouring and an Opportunity to Meet Architectural Expectations”, 17th International Congress of the GRCA, Radison Blu, Dubai, 2015.
• [53] Delibaş, T., Maraşlı, M., “Self–Cleaning and Air Purifying Cement Based GRC Panels Used in Tüpraş Rub Project”, 17th International Congress of the GRCA, Radison Blu, Dubai, 2015.
• [54] Lavery, R., White, I. G., Peter, I. D., “Developing a HP (High Performance) GRC Formulation”, 17th International Congress of the GRCA”, Radison Blu, Dubai, 2015.
• [55] Perez, F., Bernardi, S., Trucy, L., Ferreira, L., “New UHPC for the Realization of Complex Elements”, 17th International Congress of the GRCA, Radison Blu, Dubai, 2015.
• [56] Karasu, B., Günkaya, G., “Use of Glass in Concrete Reinforcement”, Journal of Ceramic Art, Science and Technology, Turkish Ceramic Society, 2001, 17, 16–18 (in Turkish).
• [57] Tuncan, M., Karasu, B. and Yalçın, M., “The Suitability for Using Glass and Fly Ash in Portland Cement Concrete”, Proceedings of the 11th International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) Congress, Stavenger Norway, 2001, Vol. 4, 146–152.
• [58] Karasu, B., Arslan, G., Günkaya, G. and Turan, S., “Chemical Durability Behavior of Bulk Glasses in the SrO–Mn2O3–Fe2O3–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2 (SMFMZS) System”, Key Engineering Materials, 2002, Vols. 206–213, 2105–2108.
• [59] Karasu, B., Arslan, G. and Kaya, G., “Chemical Durability of SrO–Mn2O3–Fe2O3–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2 (SMFMZS) System Frits against Alkali Attack”, Glass Technology, 2002, 43C, 104–106.
• [60] Tuncan, M, Karasu, B., Yalcin, M., Tuncan, A., “The Effects of Filler Glasses on Mechanical Properties of Concrete”, Euro Ceramics VIII, Key Engineering Materials, 2004, Vols. 264–68, 2169–2172.
• [61] Arslan, G., Karasu, B., Dölekçekiç, E., Kaya, G., ve Günkaya, G., “Chemical Dissolution Mechanism of the SrO–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2 (SMZS) System Glasses”, Proceeding Books of the IV. Ceramic, Glass, Enamel, Glaze and Pigment Seminar with International Participation (SERES 2007), 2007, 1109–1110, Eskisehir (in Turkish).
• [62] Arslan, G., Karasu, B., Dolekcekic, E., Kaya, G. and Gunkaya, G., “Effect of Transition Metal Oxide Additions on the Chemical Durability of SrO–MgO–ZrO2 SiO2 Glasses’, Glass Technology: The European Journal of Glass Science & Technology Part A, 2009, Vol. 50, No. 1, 17–24.
• [63] Kılınç, K., Yurdakul, Topkaya, A., Tuncan, M., Karasu, B., Kavas, T., “SrO–Mn2O3–Fe2O3–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2 (SMFMZS) System Glasses in Portland Cement Concrete”, Abstract Book of SERES’11 II. International, Ceramic, Glass, Porcelain Enamel, Glaze and Pigment Congress, 2011, Eskişehir, Türkiye.
• [64] Yurdakul, A., Gunkaya, G., Dolekcekic, E. and Karasu, B., “Investigations on the Alkali Durability of the SMFMZS (SrO–Mn2O3–Fe2O3–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2) System Glass Fibers”, 20th National Electron Microscopy Congress with International Participation Abstract Book, 2011, 127–128, Kemer, Antalya (in Turkish).
• [65] Yurdakul, A., Dölekcekic, E., Karasu, B., Günkaya, G., “Characterization of Commercially Available Alkali Resistant Glass Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement and Chemical Durability Comparison with SrO–Mn2O3–Fe2O3–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2 (SMFMZS) System Glasses”, Anadolu University, Journal of Science and Technology A, Applied Sciences and Engineering, 2012, Vol. 13, No: 2, 95–102.
• [66] Yurdakul, A., Yurdakul, H., Gunkaya, G., Kavas, T., Dölekcekic, E. and Karasu, B., “Electron Microscopy Observations on the Microstructural Evolution of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) Materials”, The European Microscopy Society, the Proceedings of the 15th European Microscopy Congress (EMC2012), 2012, Manchester, England.
• [67] Yurdakul, A., Gunkaya, G., Kavas, T., Dölekcekic, E. and Karasu, B., “Electron Microscopy Observations on Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) Materials”, Afyon Kocatepe University, Journal of Science and Engineering, Special Issue, 2014, Vol. 14, 185–191.
• [68] Karasu, B., Yurdakul, T, A., Dölekçekiç, E., Günkaya, G., Kavas, T., “Use of the SMFMZS (SrO–Mn2O3–Fe2O3–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2) system Glass Fibres in Concrete Reinforcement”, Anadolu University, Scientific Research Project, Head of the Project, 1003F107, 2013 Eskişehir, Türkiye (in Turkish).
• [69] Günkaya, G., Yurdakul, A., Kavas, T., Dölekçekiç, E., Karasu, B., “Novel Glass Compositions for Concrete Reinforcement”, Abstract Book of International Union of Materials Research Societies–International Conference in Asia (IUMRS–ICA 2013), 2013, Mumbai, India.
• [70] Yurdakul, A., Gunkaya, G., Kavas, T., Dölekcekic, E. and Karasu, B., “Investigation on Fiber Production Attempts from the Borosilicate and SMFMZS (SrO–MgO–Fe2O3–Mn2O3–ZrO2–SiO2) Glass System”, Afyon Kocatepe University, Journal of Science and Engineering, Special Issue, 2014, Vol. 14, 1–9.
• [71] Yurdakul, A., Günkaya, G., Kavas, T., Dölekçekiç, E., Karasu, B., “Mechanical Properties–Microstructure Relationship in High Alkali Resistant SMZS (SrO–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2) System Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, Abstract Book of 12th ESG Conference, 2014, Parma, Italy.
• [72] Yurdakul, A., Günkaya, G., Dölekçekiç, E., Kavas, T., Karasu, B., “Effect of Waste Glass Addition to SrO–Mn2O3–Fe2O3–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2 (SMFMZS) Glasses”, the Proceedings of SERES’14 III. International, Ceramic, Glass, Porcelain Enamel, Glaze and Pigment Congress, Eskişehir, October 2014.
• [73] Yurdakul, A., Günkaya, G., Dölekçekiç, E., Kavas, T., Karasu, B., “Novel Glass Compositions for Fiber Drawing”, Ceramic International, Vol. 41, Issue 10, Part A, 13105–13114, 2015.
• [74] Yurdakul, A., Günkaya, G., Dölekçekiç, E., Kavas, T., Karasu, B., “Some Chemical and Mechanical Properties of SMZS (SrO–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2) and SMFMZS (SrO–Mn2O3–Fe2O3–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2) System Glass Fibres Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) Materials”, 9. Ceramic Congress, 2015, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye.
• [75] Yurdakul, A., Günkaya, G., Dölekçekiç, E., Kavas, T., Karasu, B., “Mechanical Properties of SMFMZS (SrO–Mn2O3–Fe2O3–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2) System Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) Materials”, Abstract Book of International Conference on Traditional and Advanced Ceramics 2015 (ICTA2015) in conjunction with ASEAN Ceramics 2015, CI–06, p. 20, Bangkok, Thailand.
• [76] Yurdakul, A., Günkaya, G., Dölekçekiç, E., Kavas, T., Karasu, B., “Investigations on Reinforcing Concrete (GFRC) Materials with SMFMZS (SrO–Mn2O3–Fe2O3–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2) System Glass Fibres”, Abstract Book of 2017 ICG Annual Meeting & 32nd Şişecam Glass Symposium, 2017, 114–116, İstanbul, Türkiye.
• [77] Yurdakul, A., Dolekcekic, E., Gunkaya, G., Kavas, T., Karasu, B., “Usage of High Alkali Resistance SrO–Mn2O3–Fe2O3–MgO–ZrO2–SiO2 (SMFMZS) System Glass Fibers in Cement Structure and Their Characterization”, Construction & Building Materials, 2018 (in print).
• [78] Reis, J. M. L., and Ferreira, A. J. M., “Assessment of Fracture Properties of Epoxy Polymer Concrete Reinforced with Short Carbon and Glass Fibre”, Construction & Building Materials 18, 2004, 523–528.
• [79] Reis, J. M. L., and Ferreira, A. J. M., “Freeze–Thaw and Thermal Degredation Influence on the Fracture Properties of Carbon and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Concrete”, Construction & Building Materials 20, 2006, 888–892.
• [80] Purnell, P., Beddows, J., “Durability and Simulated Ageing of New Matrix Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete”, Cement and Concrete Composites 27, 2005, 875–884.
• [81] Avci, A., Akdemir, A., Arikan, H., “Mixed–Mode Fracture Behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Concrete”, Cement and Concrete Research 25, 2005, 243–247.
• [82] Abbasi, A., Hogg, P. J., “Temperature and Environmental Effect on Glass Fibre Rebar: Modulus Strenght and Interfacial Bond Strenght with Concrete”, Composites: Part B 36, 2005, 394–404.
• [83] Abbasi, A., Hogg, P. J., “A Model for Predicting the Properties of the Constituents of a Glass Fibre Rebar Reinforced Concrete Beam at Elevated Temperature Simulating a Fire Test”, Composites: Part B 36, 2005, 384–393.
• [84] El-Ragaby, A., El-Salakawy, E., Benmokrane, B., “Fatigue Analysis of Concrete Bridge Desk Slabs Reinforced with E-Glass/Vinyl Ester FRP Reinforcing Bar”, Composites: Part B 38, 2007, 703–711.
• [85] Razaqpure, A. G., Tolba, A., Contestabile, E., “ Blast Loading Response of Reinforced Concrete Panels Reinforced with Externally Bonded GFRP Laminates”, Composites: Part B 38, 2007, 535–546.
• [86] Lee, J. –Y., Kim, T. –Y., Kim, T. –J., Yi, C. –K., Park, J. –S., You, Y. –C., Park, Y. –H., “Interfacial Bond Strenght of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Bars in High–Strenght Concrete”, Composites: Part B 39, 2008, 258–270.
• [87] Tang, W. C., Lo, T. Y., Balendran, R. V., “Bond Performance of Polystyrene Aggregate Concrete (PAC) Reinforced with Glass Fibre–Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bars”, Building and Environment 43, 2008, 98–107.
• [88] Asokan, P., Osmani, M., Price, A. D. F., “ Assessing the Recycling Potential of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic Waste in Concrete and Cement Composites”, Journal of Cleaner Production 17, 2009, 821–829.
• [89] Scheffler, C., Gao, S. L., Plonka, R., Mäder, E., Hempel, S., Butler, M., Mechtcherine, V., “Interphase Modification of Alkali–Resistant Glass Fibres and Carbon Fibres for Textile Reinforced Concrete II: Fibre Properties and Durability”, Composite Science and Technology 69, 2009, 531–538.
• [90] Scheffler, C., Gao, S. L., Plonka, R., Mäder, E., Hempel, S., Butler, M., Mechtcherine, V., “Interphase Modification of Alkali–Resistant Glass Fibres and Carbon Fibres for Textile Reinforced Concrete II: Water Absorption and Composite Interphases”, Composite Science and Technology 69, 2009, 905–912.
• [91] Hao, Q., Wang, Y., He, Z., OU, J., “Bond Strenght of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Ribbed Rebars in Normal Strenght Concrete”, Construction & Building Materials 23, 2009, 865–871.
• [92] Asokan, P., Osmani, M., Price A. D. F., “Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic Waste Powder Filled Concrete”, Construction & Building Materials 24, 2010, 448–460.
• [93] Abtahi, S. M., Sheikhzadeh, M., Hejazi, S. M., “Fibre–Reinforced Asphalt–Concrete: A Review”, Construction & Building Materials 24, 2010, 871–877.
• [94] Soong, W. H., Raghavan, J., Rizkalla, S. H., “Fundamental Mechanisms of Bonding of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement to Concrete”, Construction & Building Materials 25, 2011, 2813–2821.
• [95] Issa, M. S., Metwally, I. M., Elzeiny, S. M., “Influence of Fibres on Fluxural Behavior and Ductility of Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP Rebars”, Engineering Structures 33, 2011, 1754–1763.
• [96] Tysmans, T., Adriaenssens, S., Wastiels, J., “Form Finding Methodology for Forced–Modelled Anticlastic Shells in Glass Fibre Textile Reinforced Cement Composites”, Engineering Structures 33, 2011, 2603–2611.
• [97] Enfedaque, A., Cendón, D., Gálvez, F., Sánchez-Gálvez, V., “Failure and Impact Behavior of Facede Panels Made of Glass Fibre Reinforced Cement (GRC)”, Engineering Failure Analysis 18, 2011, 1652–1663.
• [98] Borhan, T. M., “Properties of Glass Concrete Reinforced with Short Basalt Fibre”, Materials and Design 42, 2012, 265–271.
• [99] Choi, D.–U., Chun, S.–C., Ha, S.–S., “Bond Strenght of Glass Fibre–Reinforced Polymer Bars in Unconfined Concrete”, Engineering Structures 34, 2012, 303–313.
• [100] Barhum, R., Mechtcherine, V., “Effect of Short, Dispersed Glass and Carbon Fibres on the Behaviour of Textile–Reinforced Concrete under Tensile Loading”, Engineering Fracture Mechanics 92, 2012, 56–71.
• [101] Emiroğlu, M., Beycioğlu, A:, Yildiz, S., “ANFIS and Statistical Based Approach to Prediction the Peak Pressure Load of Concrete Pipes Including Glass Fiber”, Expert Systems with Applications 39, 2012, 2877–2883.
• [102] Zheng, Y., Li, C., Yu, G., “Investigation of Structural Behaviours of Laterally Restrained GFRP Reinforced Concrete Slabs”, Composites Part B 43, 2012, 1586–1597.
• [103] Limbachiya, M., Meddah, M. S., Fotiadou, S., “Performance of Granulated Foam Glass Concrete”, Construction and Building Materials 28, 2012, 759–768.
• [104] Nunes, L. C. S., Reiss, J. M. L., “Estimation of Crack–Tip–Opening Displacement and Crack Extention of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Mortars Using Digital İmage Correlation Method”, Materials and Design 33, 2012, 248–253.
• [105] Li, X., Lv, H., Zhou, S., “Flexural Behavior of GFRP–Reinforced Concrete Encased Steel Composite Beams”, Construction and Building Materials 28, 2012, 255–262.
• [106] Sayyar, M, Soroushian, P., Sadiq, M. M., Balachandra, A., Lu, J., “Low–Cost Glass Fiber Composites with Enhanced Alkali Resistance Tailored towards Concrete Reinforcement”, Construction and Building Materials 44, 2013, 458–463.
• [107] Job, S., “Recycling Glass Fibre Reinforced Composites–History and Proggress”, REINFORCEDplastics, September/October 2013, 19–23.
• [108] Saribiyik, M., Piskin, A., Saribiyik, A., “The Effect of Waste Glass Powder Usage on Polymer Concrete Properties”, Construction and Building Materials 47, 2013, 840–844.
• [109] Shi–Cong, K., Chi–Sun, P., “A Novel Polymer Concrete Made with Recycled Glass Aggregates, Fly Ash and Metakaolin”, Construction and Building Materials 41, 2013, 146–151.
• [110] Carvelli, V, Pisani, M. A., Poggi, C., “High Temperature Effects on Concrete Members Reinforced with GFRP Rebars”, Composites Part B 54, 2013, 125–132. [111] Robert, M., Benmokrane, B., “Combined Effects of Saline Solution and Moist Concrete on Long–Term Durability of GFRP Reinforcing Bars”, Construction and Building Materials 38, 2013, 274–284.
• [112] Tassew, S. T., Lubell, A. S., “Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Ceramic Concrete”, Construction and Building Materials 51, 2014, 215–224.
• [113] Bathia, N., Zanotti, C., Sappakittipakorn, M., “Sustainable Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Repair Applications”, Construction and Building Materials 67, 2014, 405–412.
• [114] Pastor, J. M., García, L. D., Quintana, S., Peña, J., “Glass Reinforced Concrete Panels Containing Recylcled Tyres: Evaluation of the Acustic Properties of for Their Use as Sound Barriers”, Construction and Building Materials 54, 2014, 541–549.
• [115] Criado, M., García–Díaz, I., Bastidas, J. M., Alguacil, F. C., López, F. A., Monticelli, C., “Effect of Recycled Glass Fiber on the Corrosion Behavior of Reinforced Mortar”, Construction and Building Materials 64, 2014, 261–269.
• [116] Bhoopathi, R., Ramesh, M., Deepa, C., “Fabrication and Property Evaluation of Banana–Hemp–Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites”, Procedia Engineering 97, 2014, 2032–2041.
• [117] Wang, L., Zhang, J., Yang, X., Zhang, C., Gong, W., Yu, J., “Flexural Properties of Epoxy Syntactic Foams Reinforced by Fiberglass Mesh and/or Short Glass Fiber”, Materials and Design 55, 2014, 929–936.
• [118] Nigro, E., Cefarelli, G., Bilotta, A., Manfredi, G., Cosenza, E., “Guidelines for Flexural Resistance of FRP Reinforced Concrete Slabs and Beams in Fire”, Composites Part B 58, 2014, 103–112.
• [119] García, D., Vegas, I., Cacho, I., “Mechanical Recycling of GFRP Waste as Short–Fiber Reinforcement in Microconcrete”, Construction and Building Materials 64, 2014, 293–300.
• [120] Henriksen, T., Lo, S., Knaack, U., “An Innovative Approach to Manufacture Thin–Walled Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete for Tomorrow’s Architectural Buildings Envelopes with Complex Geometries”, Journal of Building Engineering 4, 2015, 189–199.
• [121] Maranan, G. B., Manalo, A. C., Benmokrane, B., Karunasena, W., Mendis, P., “Evaluation of the Fluxural Strenght and Serviceabality of Geopolymer Concrete Beams Reinforced with Glass–Fibre–Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bars”, Engineering Structures 101, 2015, 529–541.
• [122] Pehlivanlı, Z. O., Uzun, I., Demir, I., “Mechanical and Microstructural Features of Autoclaved Eareted Concrete Reinforced with Autoclaved Polypropylene, Carbon, Basalt and Glass Fiber”, Construction and Building Materials 96, 2015, 428–433.
• [123] Ge, Z., Wang, H., Zhang, Q., Xiong, C., “Glass Fiber Reinforced Asphalt Membrane for Interlayer Bonding between Asphalt Overlay and Concrete Pavement”, Construction and Building Materials 101, 2015, 918–925.
• [124] Jarek, B., Kubik, A., “Examination of the Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Rods in Terms of the Application for Concrete Reinforcement”, Procedia Engineering 108, 2015, 394–401.
• [125] Schmitt, A., Carvelli, V., Pahn, M., “Thermo–Mechanical Loading of GFRP Reinforced Thin Concrete Panels”, Composites Part B 81, 2015, 35–43.
• [126] Miotto, J. L., Dias, A. A., “Structural Efficiency of Full–Scale Timber–Concrete Composite Beams Strenghtened with Fiberglass Reinforced Polymer”, Composite Structures 128, 2015, 145–154.
• [127] Kushartomoa, W., Bali, I., Sulaiman, B., “Mechanical Behavior of Reactive Powder Concrete with Glass Powder Substitute”, Procedia Engineering 125, 2015, 617–622.
• [128] Garcia–Espinel, J. D., Castro–Fresno, D., Gayo, P. P., Ballester–Muñoz, F., “Effects of Sea Water Environment on Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Materials Used for Marine Civil Engineering Constructions”, Materials and Design 66, 2015, 46–50.
• [129] Ferreira, D., Oller, E., Barris, C., Torres, L., “Shear Strain Influence in the Service Response of FRP Reinforced Concrete Beams”, Composite Structures 121, 2015, 142–153.
• [130] Pagliolico, S. I., Lo Verso, V. R. M., Torta, A., Giraud, M., Canonico, F., Ligi, L., “A Preliminary Study on Light Transmittance Properties of Translucent Concrete Panels with Coarse Waste Glass Inclusions”, Energy Procedia 78, 2015, 1811–1816.
• [131] Neagoe, C. A., Gil, L., Pérez, M. A., “Experimental Study of GFRP–Concrete Hybrid Bems with Low Degree of Shear Connection”, Construction and Building Materials 101, 2015, 141–151.
• [132] Das, S., Hendrix, A., Stone, D., Neithalath, N., “Flexural Fracture Response of a Novel Iron Carbonate Matrix–Glass Fibre Composite and Its Comparison to Portland Cement–Based Composites”, Construction and Building Materials 93, 2015, 360–370.
• [133] Kizilkanat, A. B.,Kabay, N., Akyüncü, V., Chowdhury, S., Akça, A. H., “Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior of Basalt and Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete: An Experimental Study”, Construction and Building Materials 100, 2015, 218–224.
• [134] Mastali, M., Dalvand, A., Sattarifard, A. R., “The Impact Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Self–Compacting Concrete with Recycled Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymers”, Journal of Cleaner Production 124, 2016, 312–324.
• [135] Henriksen, T., Lo, S., Knaack, U., “A New Method to Advance Complex Geometry Thin–Walled Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete Element”, Journal of Building Engineering 6, 2016, 243–251.
• [136] Man, T., Wang, B., Jin, H., Zhang, X., “Expansion Behavior of Self–Stressing Concrete Confined by Glass–Fiber Composite Meshes”, Construction and Building Materials 128, 2016, 38–46.
• [137] Khan, M., Ali, S., “Use of Glass and Nylon Fibers in Concrete for Controlling Early Age Micro Cracking in Bridge Decks”, Construction and Building Materials 125, 2016, 800–808.
• [138] Arslan, M. E., “Effects of Basalt and Glass Chopped Fibers Addition on Fracture Energy and Mechanical Propertiers of Ordinary Concrete: CMOD Measurement”, Construction and Building Materials 114, 2016, 383–391.
• [139] Zhao, Q., Yu, J., Geng, G., Jiang, J., Liu, X., “Effect of Fiber Types on Creep Behavior of Concrete”, Construction and Building Materials 105, 2016, 416–422.
• [140] Rudnov, V., Belyakov, V., Moskovsky, S., “Properties and Design Characteristics of the Fiber Concrete”, Procedia Engineering, 150, 2016, 1536–1540.
• [141] Wroblewski, L., Hristozov, D., Sadeghian, P., “Durability of Bond Between Concrete Beams and FRP Composites Made of Flax and Glass Fibers”, Construction and Building Materials 126, 2016, 800–811.
• [142] Vaitkevičius, V., Šerelis, E., Vaičiukyniene, D., Raudonis, V., Rudžionis, Ž., “Advanced Mechanical Properties and Frost Damage Resistance of Ultra–High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete”, Construction and Building Materials 126, 2016, 26–31.
• [143] Aliabdo, A. A., Elmoaty, A., E. M. A., Aboshama, A. Y., “Utilization of Waste Glass Powder in the Production of Cement and Concrete”, Construction and Building Materials 124, 2016, 866–877.
• [144] El–Nemr, A., Ahmed, E. A., Barris, C., Benmokrane, B., “Bond–Dependent Coefficient of Glass– and Carbon–FRP Bars in Normal– and High–Strenght Concretes”, Construction and Building Materials 113, 2016, 77–89.
• [145] Bouziadi, F., Boulekbache, B., Hamrat, M., “The Effects of Fibres on the Shrinkage of High–Strenght Concrete under Various Curing Temperatures”, Construction and Building Materials 114, 2016, 40–48.
• [146] Yan, F., Lin, Z., “Bond Behavior of GFRP Bar–Concrete İnterface: Damage Evolution Assesment and FE Simulation İmplementations”, Composite Structures 155, 2016, 63–76.
• [147] Gao, C., Huang, L., Yan, L., Kasal, B., Li, W., “Behavior of Glass and Carbon FRP Tube Encased Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Recycled Clay Brick Aggregate”, Composite Structures 155, 2016, 245–254.
• [148] Ateş, A., “Mechanical Properties of Sandy Soils Reinforced with Cement and Randomly Distributed Glass Fibers (GRC)”, Composites Part B 96, 2016, 295–304.
• [149] Yan, F., Lin, Z., Yang, M., “Bond Mechanism and Bond Strenght of GFRP Bars to Concrete: A Review”, Composites Part B 98, 2016, 56–69.
• [150] Huo, J., Liu, J., Lu, Y., Yang, J., Xiao, Y., “Experimental Study on Dynamic Behavior GFRP–to–Concrete Interface”, Engineering Structures 118, 2016, 371–382.
• [151] Fursa, T. V., Utsyn, G. E., Korzenok, I. N., Petrov, M. V., Reutov, Y. A., “Using the Electric Response to Mechanical Impact for Evaluating the Durability of the GFRP–Concrete Bond during the Freze–Thaw Process”, Composites Part B 90, 2016, 392–398.
• [152] Wu, C., Bai, Y., Kwon, S., “Improved Bond Behavior between GFRP Rebar and Concrete Using Calcium Sulfoaluminate”, Construction and Building Materials 113, 2016, 897–904.
• [153] Nobili, A., “Durability Assessment of Impregnated Glass Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (GFRCM) Composites in the Alkaline and Saline Environment”, Construction and Building Materials 105, 2016, 465–471.
• [154] Yan, F., Lin, Z., “New Strategy for Anchorage Reliability Assessment of GFRP Bars to Concrete Using Hybrid Atrificial Neural Network with Genetic Algorithm”, Composites Part B 92, 2016, 420–433.
• [155] Dehghan, A., Peterson, K., Shvarzman, A., “Recycled Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Additions to Portland Cement Concrete”, Construction and Building Materials 146, 2017, 238–250.
• [156] Alberti, M. G., Enfedaque, A., Gálvez, J. C., “Fibre Reinforced Concrete with a Combination of Polyolefin and Steel–Hooked Fibre”, Composite Structures 171, 2017, 317–325.
• [157] Amin, A., Foster, S. J., Gibert, R. I., Kaufmann, W., “Materials Characterisation of Macro Synthetic Fibre Reinforced Cocrete”, Cement and Cocrete Composites 84, 2017, 124–133.
• [158] Dal Lago, B., Taylor, S. E., Deegan, P., Ferrara, L., Sonebi, M., Crosset, P., Pattarini, A., “Full–Scale Testing and Numerical Analysis of a Precast Fibre Reinforced Self–Compacting Concrete Slab Pre–Stressed with Basalt Fibre Reinforced Polymer Bars”, Composites Part B 128, 2017, 120–133.
• [159] Hamad, A. J., “Size and Shape Effect of Specimen on the Compressive Strenght of HPLWFC Reinforced with Glass Fibres”, Journal of King Saud University–Engineering Sciences 2017, 29, 373–380.
• [160] Ahmad, S., Umar, A., Masood, A., “Properties of Normal Concrete, Self–Compacting Concrete and Glass Fibre–Reinforced Self–Compacting Concrete: An Experimental Study”, Procedia Engineering 173, 2017, 807–813.
• [161] Panda, B., Paul, S. C., Tan, M. J., “Anisotropic Mechanical Performance of 3D Printed Fibre Reinforced Sustainable Conctruction Material”, Materials Letters 209, 2017, 146–149.
• [162] Kodur, V. K. R., Bhatt, P. P., “A Numerical Approach for Modeling Response of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Strenghtened Concrete Slabs Exposed to Fire”, Composite Structures, 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.12.051.
• [163] Lee, J.–H., Cho, B., Choi, E., “Flexural Capacity of Fibre Reinforced Concrete with a Consideration of Concrete Strength and Fiber Content”, Construction and Building Materials 138, 2017, 222–231.
• [164] Sivakumar, V. R., Kavitha, O. R., Arulraj, G. P., Srisanthi, V. G., “An Experimental Study on Combined Effects of Glass Fibre and Metakaolin on the Rheological, Mechanical and Durability Properties of Self–Compacting Concrete”, Applied Clay Science 147, 2017, 123–127.
• [165] Sathanandam, T., Awoyera, P. O., Vijayan, V., Sathishkumar, K., “Low Carbon Building: Experimental Insight on the Use of Fly Ash and Glass Fibre for Making Geopolymer Concrete”, Sustainable Environment Research 27, 2017, 146–153.
• [166] Fathi, H., Lameie, T., Maleki, M., Yazdani, R., “Simultaneous Effect of Fiber and Glass on the Mechanical Properties of Self–Compacting Concrete”, Construction and Building Materials 133, 2017, 443–449.
• [167] Zia, A., Ali, M., “Behavior of Fibre Reinforced Concrete for Controlling the Rate of Cracking in Canal–Lining”, Construction and Building Materials 155, 2017, 726–739.
• [168] Xiaochun, Q., Xiaoming, Li, Xiaopei, C., “The Applicability of Alkaline-Resistant Glass Fibre in Cement Mortar of Road Pavement: Corrosion Mechanism and Performance Analysis”, International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10, 2017, 536–544.
• [169] Mohajerani, A., Vajna, J., Cheung, T. H. H., Kurmus, H., Arulrajah, A:, Horpibulsuk, S., “Practical Recycling Applications of Crushed Waste Glass in Conctruction Materials: A Review”, Construction and Building Materials 156, 2017, 443–467.
• [170] Enfedaque, A., Alberti, M. G., Gálvez, J. C., Domingo, J., “Numerical Simulation of the Fracture Behaviour of Glass Fiber Reinforced Cement”, Construction and Building Materials 136, 2017, 108–117.
• [171] Barris, C., Torres, L., Vilanova, I., Miàs, C., Llorens, M., “Experimental Study on Crack Width and Crack Spacing Glass–FRP Reinforced Concrete Beams”, Engineering Strucrtures 131, 2017, 231–242.
• [172] Pakravan, H. R., Latifi, M., Jamshidi, M., “Hybrid Short Fibre Reinforcement System in Concrete: A Review”, Construction and Building Materials 142, 2017, 280–294.
• [173] Yan, F., Lin, Z., Zhang, D., Gao, Z., Li, M., “Experimental Study on Bond Durability of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bars in Concrete Exposed to Harsh Environmental Agents: Freze–Thaw Cycles Alkaline–Saline Solution”, Composites Part B 116, 2017, 406–421.
• [174] Leone, M., Aiello, M. A., Balsamo, A., Carozzi, F. G., Ceroni, F., Corradi, M., Gams, M., Garbin, E., Gattesco, N., Krajewski, P., Mazzotti, C., Oliveira, D., Papanicolaou, C., Ranocchiai, G., Roscini, F., Saenger, D., “Glass Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix: Tensile Properties and Bond Performance on Masonry Substrate”, Composites Part B 127, 2017, 196–214.
• [175] Gemi, L, Köroğlu, M. A., Ashour, A., “Experimental Study on Compressive Behavior and Failure Analysis of Composite Concrete Confined by Glass/Epoxy ±55 ° Filament Wound Pipes”, Composite Structures, 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.12.049.
• [176] Valvona, F., Toti, J., Gatulli, V., Potenza, F., “Effective Seismic Strenghtening and Monitoring of a Masonry Vault by Using Glass Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Matrix with Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors”, Composites Part B 113, 2017, 355–370.
• [177] Krayushkina, K., Khymerik, T., Skrypchenko, O., Moshkovskyi, I., Pershakov, V., “Investigation of Fiber Concrete for Road and Bridge Building”, Procedia Engineering 187, 2017, 620–627.
• [178] Benmokrane, B., Ali, A. H., Mohamed, H. M., Elsafty, A., Manalo, A., “Laboratory Assessment and Durability Performance of Vnyl–Ester, Polyester, and Epoxy Glass–FRP Bars for Concrete Structures”, Composites Part B 114, 2017, 163–174.
• [179] Hambach, M., Volkmer, D., “Properties of 3D–Printed Fiber–Reinforced Portland Cement Paste”, Cement and Concrete Composites 79, 2017, 62–70.
• [180] Riad, M., Genidi, M. M., Shoeib, A., El-K., Abd Elnaby, S. F. M., “Effect of Dicrete Glass Fibers on the Behavior of R.C. Beams Exposed to Fire”, Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC) Journal, 2017, 13, 145–151.
• [181] Youssef, J., Hadi, M. N. S., “Axial Load–Bending Moment Diagrams of GFRP Reinforced Columns and GFRP Encased Square Columns”, Construction and Building Materials 135, 2017, 550–564.
• [182] Bazli, M., Ashrafi, H., Oskouei, A. V., “Experiments and Probabilistic Models of Bond Strenght between GFRP Bar and Different Types of Concrete under Aggressive Environments”, Construction and Building Materials 148, 2017, 429–443.
• [183] Garciá, L. D., Pastor, J. M., Peña, J., “Self Cleaning and Depolluting Glass Reinforced Concrete Panels: Fabrication, Optimization and Durability Evaluation”, Construction and Building Materials 162, 2018, 9–19.
• [184] Guo, S., Dai, Q., Sun, X., Xiao, X., Si, R., Wang, J., “Reduced Alkali–Silica Reaction Damage in Recycled Glass Mortar Samples with Supplementary Cementitious Materials”, Journal of Cleaner Production 172, 2018, 3621–3633.