Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Emayenin Dünü ve Bugünü

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 923 - 939, 31.05.2020

Bekir Karasu İbrahim Saçkan Mehmet Taplı

https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.660254

Abstract

Kaplandığı altlıklara pürüzsüz, çizilmeye ve aşınmaya karşı dayanıklı, sağlıklı, kolay temizlenebilir, zehirsiz, bakteri oluşumuna müsade etmeyen, dekoratif ve estetik, ısıya dayanıklı, yüksek kimyasal dayanımlı, zamanla renk değişimine uğramayan ve organik boyalar gibi zamanla özelliğini kaybetmeyen bir yüzey sunan emaye, ev eşya ve gereçlerinde, gıda, madencilik ve makine sanayinde, el sanatlarında, güneş kollektörlerinde, termik santrallerin türbin kanatlarında, kimyasal kazanlarda, sağlık gereci ürünlerde, bina cephe kaplamalarında, yazı tahtalarında, yol ve duvar (reklam) panolarında yaygın bir biçimde kullanılmaktadır. Bu derleme makalesinde geçmişten günümüze emaye ve emayeli ürünlerin zaman yolculuğuna yer verilmekte, tarihçesinden başlayarak gösterdikleri gelişmeler, üretimleri, kullanıldığı alanlar ve farklı uygulamalara ait örnekleri sunulmaktadır.

Keywords

Emaye tarihçe özellik uygulama gelişim

References

  • [1] Karasu B., Ay N., Cam teknolojisi, Kız Meslek Liseleri İçin Temel Ders Kitabı, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları 3525, Ders Kitapları Dizisi 725, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, Ankara, 2000.
  • [2] http://ugraksobamangal.com/izmir-emaye-kaplama-sanayi/#.WHjnj1OLTTg (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [3] Evcin A., Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Kaplama teknikleri ders notları, http://www.kimmuh.com/evcin/coating/coating6.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [4] Ay A., Soğuk emaye tekniği–TMMOB Makine Mühendisleri Odası, http://arsiv.mmo.org.tr/pdf/11300.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [5] http://www.morcelik.com.tr/tr/neden_emaye.php (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [6] http://kimyasalci.wordpress.com/tag/emaye-kaplamada-bor/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [7] http://www.google.com.tr/search?q=emaye+nedir&biw=1707&bih=820&site=webhp&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM4TYj7_RAhU1CpoKHUWBAvUQ7AkISw&dpr=1.5#imgre=4jBsRaQuoKyL9M%3A (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [8] http://www.google.com.tr/search?q=EMAYE+%C3%9CRET%C4%B0M+TEKN%C4%B0KLER%C4%B0&espv=2&biw=1707&bih=820&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjG0Onj1L_RAhWkE5oKHY0GDyEQsAQIKw (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [9] http://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537103 (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [10] http://tr.pinterest.com/pin/435441857695132971 (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [11] http://www.mavirize.com/genel/emaye-nedir.html (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [12] http://www.nkfu.com/emaye-nedir/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [13] Goetz M. et al., Coating substrate, Patent: US6124039 A, 2000.
  • [14] Metal coated substrates, Metal Finishing, 2000, 98 (11): 110.
  • [15] Porcelain–enameled steel sheets, Metal Finishing, 2000, 98 (12): 76.
  • [16] Porcelain enamel composition for electronic applications, Metal Finishing, 2000, 98 (12): 79–80.
  • [17] Tang Z. et al., Materials Science and Engineering, 2000, A276: 70–75.
  • [18] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022391300088090 (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [19] Hunt A. T. et al., Corrosion–resistant multilayer coatings, Patent: US 6214473 B1, 2001.
  • [20] Porcelain enamel coating, Metal Finishing, 2001, 99 (1): 100.
  • [21] Wilezynski M. et al., Anti–microbial porcelain enamel coating, Patent: US 6303183 B1, 2001.
  • [22] Lawrence J., Li L., Surface and Coatings Technology, 2001, 140: 238–243.
  • [23] Faust W. D., Enamels, porcelain or vitreous, Kirk–Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.
  • [24] Takahashi K., Takemoto M., Decorative material, Patent: US 6428875 B1, 2002.
  • [25] Conde A., de Damborenea, J. J., Corrosion Sci., 2002, 44: 1555–1567.
  • [26] Betz P. et al., Process for producing scratch resistant coatings and its use, in particular for producing multilayered coats of enamel, Patent: US 6261645 B1, 2002.
  • [27] Group 13 Chemistry III: Industrial Applications, Eds.: Roesky H. W., Atwood D. A., Springer–Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Newyork, 2003.
  • [28] Payling R., Coated steel, Surface Analysis Methods in Materials Science, Vol. 23 of the Springer Series in Surface Sciences, Springer–Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 443–4487, 2003.
  • [29] Leveaux M. et al., Enameling of aluminum alloys surfaces, Patent: US 6517904 B1, 2003.
  • [30] Zhanga T. et al., J. of Euro. Ceram. Soc., , 2003, 23: 1019–1026.
  • [31] Yang X . et al., Thin Solid Films, 2003, 443: 33–45.
  • [32] Brown D. et al., Coatings for metal containers, metalworking lubricant compositions, compositions for electroplating and electrowinning, latex compositions and processes therfor, Patent: US 20040138075 A1, 2003.
  • [33] Kayuk V. G. et al., Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, 2004, 43 (11): 618–622.
  • [34] Gazo L. J., Porcelain enamel having metallic appearance, Patent: US 6831027 B2, 2004.
  • [35] Yang X. et al., Mater. Sci. and Eng., 2004, A366: 254–261.
  • [36] Ling G. et al., Mater. Sci. and Eng., 2004, A379: 432–436.
  • [37] Murakam H. et al., Steel plate for enameling, having improved formability, anti–aging property, and enameling properties, and process for producing the same, Patent: US 6808678 B2, 2004.
  • [38] Darty L., The art of enameling: Techniques, projects, inspiration, Lark Books, 2004.
  • [39] Duran A., Castro Y., Conde A., de Damborenea J. J., Chapter 19: Sol–gel protective coatings for metals, handbook of sol–gel science and technology 3, applications of sol–gel technoogy, Ed.: Sakka, S., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2005.
  • [40] Mourad A.–H. I. et al., Eng. Failure Analysis, 2005, 12 (2): 299–306.
  • [41] Yuming X. et al., Surface & Coatings Techn., 2005, 190: 195–199.
  • [42] Barcova K. et al., Surface & Coatings Techn., 2006, 201: 1836–1844.
  • [43] Kim M. T. et al., Surface and Coatings Techn., 2006, 201 (6): 3281–3288.
  • [44] Zheng D. et al., Surface & Coatings Techn., 2006, 200: 5931–5936.
  • [45] Yoon J., Enameled wire having magnetic reluctance properties and preparation method thereof, and coil using the same and preparation method thereof, Patent: US 20060165983 A1, 2006.
  • [46] Samiee L. et al., Mater. Sci. and Eng.: A, 2007, 458 (1–2): 88–95.
  • [47] Jiang W. et al., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 2007, 353 (44–46): 4191–4194.
  • [48] Xiong Y. et al., Mater. Sci. and Eng. A, 2007, 460–461: 214–219.
  • [49] Akhtar F., Surface & Coatings Techn., 2007, 201: 9603–9609.
  • [50] Kim M. T. et al., Engineering Failure Analysis, 2007, 14: 686–693.
  • [51] Baldwin C., Advances in high performance enamels, Proceeding of the XXI International Enamellers Congress, Shanghai, China, 4–9, 2008.
  • [52] Greiff S., Schuster J., Technological study of enamelling on Roman glass: The nature of opacifying, decolourizing and fining agents used with the glass beakers from Lübsow (Lubieszewo, Poland), Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2008, 9, Supplement, e27–e32.
  • [53] Rewie R. W., Uhlig H. H., Corrosion and corrosion control: An Introduction to corrosion science and engineering, Wiley & Sons Inc., 2008.
  • [54] Chapter 8: Waste treatment in the porcelain enameling industry–handbook of advanced industrial and hazardous wastes treatment, Eds.: Wang L. K., Shammas N. K., CRC Press, 2009.
  • [55] Hazlehurst J., Chapter 9–Water heating–storage appliances, Tolley's Domestic Gas Installation Practice (5th edition), 413–452, 2009.
  • [56] Harlan J. S. B., Carty W., Edwards D. D., Spectral selectivity of composite enamel coatings on 321 stainless steel, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2009, 93 (8): 1404–1410.
  • [57] Wang D., App. Surface Sci., 2009, 255 (8): 4640–4645.
  • [58] Charles A. W. Jr., Morefield S. W., Malone P. G. and Koenigstein M. L., Use of vitreous–ceramic coatings on reinforcing steel for pavements, National Conference on Preservation, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Concrete Pavements, St. Louis, Missouri, 349–358, 2009.
  • [59] Groll W. A., Stainless steel–carbon steel enamelized cookware, Patent: US 20100108690 A1, 2010.
  • [60] Zucchelli A. et al., Int. J. of Impact Eng., 2010, 37 (6): 673–684.
  • [61] Curtis T., 3.28–Degradation of vitreous enamel coatings, Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, from Shreir's Corrosion, Vol. 3, 2010.
  • [62] Scrinzi E., Rossi S., Materials & Design, 2010, 31 (9): 4138–4146.
  • [63] Fairhurst D., 4.15–Coatings for structures in contact with the ground, Shreir's Corrosion, 2010, 4: 2702–2719.
  • [64] Schwartz M., Chapter 14: Coatings (thermal spray processes), innovations in materials manufacturing, fabrication, and environmental safety, CRC Press, 424, 2010.
  • [65] Andrews A. I., Pagliuca S., Porcelain (vitreous) enamels and industrial enamelling processes the preparation, application and properties of enamels, Third Edition, Tipografia Commerciale Srl, 2011.
  • [66] Wright R. N., Chapter 16–Wire coatings, Wire Technology, 245–256, 2011.
  • [67] Yatsenko E. A., Glass Phys. and Chem., 2011, 37 (1): 34–40.
  • [68] Yatsenko E. A., Glass and Ceramics, 2011, 67 (9): 286–290.
  • [69] Yan D. et al., Construction and Building Materials, 2012, 28: 512–518.
  • [70] Wuerz R. et al., Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2012, 100: 132–137.
  • [71] Allison P. G. et al., Construction and Building Materials, 2012, 37: 638–644.
  • [72] Tang F. et al., Corrosion Sci., 2012, 59: 157–168.
  • [73] Son Young–Ki et al., Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012, 22 (3): 838–844.
  • [74] Bao Y. et al., Surface and Coatings Techn., 2013, 232:150–158.
  • [75] Wu C. et al., Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 40: 793–801.
  • [76] Rossi S., Scrinzi E., Evaluation of the abrasion resistance of enamel coatings, Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 2013, 68: 74–80.
  • [77] Tang F. et al., Cement and Concrete Composites, 2013, 35 (1): 171–180.
  • [78] Dong F.–T. et al., J. of Iron and Steel Research Int, 2013, 20 (4): 39–45.
  • [79] Moser R. D. et al., Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 49: 62–69.
  • [80] Pavlovska l. et al., Surface and CoatingsTechn., 2014, 258: 206–210.
  • [81] Malnieks K. et al., Ceram. Int., Part B, 2014, 40 (8): 13321–13327.
  • [82] Sola A. et al., Surface and Coatings Techn., 2014, 248: 1–8.
  • [83] Rossi S. et al., Materials & Design, 2014, 55: 880–887.
  • [84] Tang F. et al., Materials, 2014, 6632–6645, DOI:10.3390/ma70966327.
  • [85] Bainon F., Vitale–Brovarone C., Ceram.Int., 2015, 41: 11464–11470.
  • [86] Allison P. G. et al., Composites Part B: Engineering, 2015, 78: 131–137.
  • [87] Rossi S. et al., Wear, 2015, 332–333: 702–709.
  • [88] Rossi S. et al., Intelligent Coatings for Corrosion Control, 2015, 251–282.
  • [89] Attard–Montalto N., Shortland A., J. of Cultural Heritage, 2015, 16 (3): 365–371.
  • [90] Wright R. N., Wire technology (2nd Edition), 251–262, 2016.
  • [91] Dessombz A. et al.. Chemistry and Medical Sci., Comptes Rendus Chimie, 2016, 19 (11–12), 1656–1664.
  • [92] Wu M. et al., Surface & Coatings Techn., 2016, 285: 57–67.
  • [93] Ekambaram M., Yiu C. K. Y., Int. J. of Adhesion and Adhesives, 2016, 69: 27–32.
  • [94] Tang F. et al., Construction and Building Mater., 2016, 112: 7–18.
  • [95] Giovannetti F. et al., Energy Procedia, 2016, 91: 49–55.
  • [96] Conde A., de Damborenea J. J., Degradation of vitreous enamel coatings, Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, 2016.
  • [97] Gundars M. et al., Ceram. Int., 2017, 43 (3): 2974–2980.
  • [98] Li Y. et al., J. of Non–Cryst. Solids, 2017, 458: 69–75.
  • [99] Işıksaçan, Ö., Yücel O., Yeşilçubuk A., Vitreous enamel coating surface defects and evaluation of the causes, 2018, DOI: 10.17148/Iarjset.2018.552.
  • [100] Song D. et al., Development of high–performance enamel coating on grey iron by low–temperature sintering, 2018, DOI: 10.3390/ma11112183.
  • [101] Fan L. et al., Corrosion resistances of steel pipe coated with two types of enamel by two coating processes, 2018, DOI: 10.1007/s11665–018–3656–4.
  • [102] Bachar A. et al., Study of the firing type on the microstructure and color aspect of ceramic enamels, J. of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 735: 2479–2485.
  • [103] Lips K., De Soete J., 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Page: 39, 2018.
  • [104] Leveaux M. et al., 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Page: 129, 2018.
  • [105] Keskin İ., 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Page:163, 2018.
  • [106] Voss E., 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Page: 183, 2018.
  • [107] Kuchinski F. A. et al., 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Page: 189, 2018.
  • [108] Hashimoto C., 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Page: 91, 2018.
  • [109] Huynh H. et al., Tribological Behaviour of Enamel Coatings, Part A, 2019, 426–427: 319–329.
  • [110] Rossi S. et al., Surface Coating, 2019, 357: 69–77.
  • [111] Çöpoğlu N. et al., 2019 (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336902695_Ink-Jet_Applications_on_Vitreous_Enamel_Coatings).
  • [112] Yan G. et al., Surface Coating, 2019, 374 (25): 541–548.
  • [113] Çöpoğlu N. et al., 2019(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336497323_Abrasion_Resistance_of_Vitıeous_Enamel_Coatings_with_Addition_of_Boron_Carbide_B4C_Particles).
  • [114] Fan C. et al., 2019, DOI: 10.1088/1757–899X/562/1/012008.
  • [115] Reis S. T. et al., 2019 (https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12020248).
  • [116] Çavuşoğlu, A., Emaye sanatı, FSR Matbaacılık, Istanbul 2014.
  • [117] Maskall K. A., White D., Vitreous enamelling: A guide to modern enamelling practice, The Pergamon Materials Engineering Practice Series (1st ed.), Pergamon Press, onthe behalf of the Institute of Ceramics, 18, 79, 83, 1986.
  • [118] Maskall K. A., White, D., Vitreous Enamelling: A guide to modern enamelling practice, The Pergamon Materials Engineering Practice Series (1st ed.), Pergamon Press, on the behalf of the Institute of Ceramics, 86, 1986.
  • [119] Clarke G.. Feher F. I., The Technique of enamelling, New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1967.
  • [120] http://keskinkimya.com.tr/rtu-emayeler.asp (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2017).
  • [121] Advances in porcelain enamel technology, Ceramic Transactions, Edited by Baldwin C., Evele H., Pershinsky R., Wiley & Sons Inc., Vol. 211, 2010.
  • [122] Sparreo C. L. and Vandenberg R., 60th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum. Ceramic Enginering & Science Proceedings, 1998, 19 (5): 151–155, 1998.
  • [123] Steele L. L., 43rd Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Ceramic Enginering & Science Proceedings, 1981, 3: 266.
  • [124] Bao Y. et al., Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century, Edit. Coddet C., ASM, Ohio, USA, Vol. 1, 575–580, 1998.
  • [125] Seramik ve cam teknolojisi: Cam üretimi ve şekillendirme yöntemleri, T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 2013.
  • [126] https://www.google.com.tr/search?espv=2&biw=1326&bih=658&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ACYBGNRWke2f66TkTO3D0gXcMnkC6e1sWA%3A1575839392930&sa=1&ei=oGbtXfG0OJiT1fAPwIC16Aw&q=enamel+painted+&oq=enamel+painted+&gs_l=img.3..0i19l7j0i30i19j0i8i30i19l2.1618.7222..8180...1.0..0.122.692.0j6......0....1..gwswizimg.......35i39j0i7i30j0i30.Q1lNgeYuNOQ&ved=0ahUKEwjxhPSZ6bmAhWYSRUIHUBADc0Q4dUDCAY&uact=5 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [127] Seramik ve cam teknolojisi: Emaye fırınlama, T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı MEGEP (Mesleki Eğitim ve Öğretim Sisteminin Güçlendirilmesi Projesi), 14–19, Ankara 2008.
  • [128] https://www.google.com.tr/search?q=emaye+eskitme&client=opera&tbs=ic:specific,isc:white,isz:l&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ACYBGNQt-79Ki-jeULDPRNlKnIyHm8ZpHw:1575843884911&source=lnt&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE7Oz3i6fmAhWM0eAKHb7tA4IQpwUIIw&biw=1326&bih=658&dpr=1#imgrc=_ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [129] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537481/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [130] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537483 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [131] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537106/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [132] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537491/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [133] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537947/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [134] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537498/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [135] Sid F. and Charles B., Proc. of the 69th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, 1–10, 2008. [136] Irving A., Porcelain enamels: The preparation, application, and properties of enamels, Garrard Press, 5, 1961.
  • [137] Alemani P., Lob F. Vitrous enamel steel in architecture & transport infrastructure: The vitrous enameller: Official Journal of the Institute of Vitreous Enamellers 56, Summer 2005.
  • [138] https://www.hfndigital.com/discount-department-stores/jcpenney-talks-tariffs-strategy/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [139] Vitreous and porcelain enamels characteristics of enamel coatings applied to steel panels ıntended for architecture, Standards Policy and Strategy Committee, 2008.
  • [140] http://industry.arcelormittal.com/news/newsarchive/2476/may2015/enamelledsteelarchit ecture (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [141] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/115756652907279407/?lp=true (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [142] http://www.iei-world.org/pagine/congress/19/congress_19_03.asp (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [143] http://www.nemiroff.com/exterior_wall_panels.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [144] https://neoplaces.com/2013/03/27/un-stade-lego-a-lego-stadium/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [145] http://www.arkitera.com/urun/5782/dualenamel-vitray-emaye-panel (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [146] http://www.omeras.de/en/news/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).

Enamel from Past to Present Time

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 923 - 939, 31.05.2020

Bekir Karasu İbrahim Saçkan Mehmet Taplı

https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.660254

Abstract

Enamel gives to suitable substrates the advantages of smooth, scratch resistant, strenghtful, hygienic, easily cleanable, anti–bacterial, non–toxic, decorative, aesthetical, heat resistant chemically durable, colourful surfaces. Thanks to these desired properties enamelled products are widely used in home utensils, food, mining and machinery industries, craftworks, solar collectors, thermal power plant’s turbine wings, chemical containers, sanitary wares, exterior surface coats, writing boards etc. In this review paper the journey of enamels and enamelled products from past to present time will be given. Their historical backgrounds and technological developments, productiond processeses, applications will also be mentioned.

Keywords

Enamel history property application development

References

  • [1] Karasu B., Ay N., Cam teknolojisi, Kız Meslek Liseleri İçin Temel Ders Kitabı, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları 3525, Ders Kitapları Dizisi 725, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, Ankara, 2000.
  • [2] http://ugraksobamangal.com/izmir-emaye-kaplama-sanayi/#.WHjnj1OLTTg (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [3] Evcin A., Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Kaplama teknikleri ders notları, http://www.kimmuh.com/evcin/coating/coating6.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [4] Ay A., Soğuk emaye tekniği–TMMOB Makine Mühendisleri Odası, http://arsiv.mmo.org.tr/pdf/11300.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [5] http://www.morcelik.com.tr/tr/neden_emaye.php (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [6] http://kimyasalci.wordpress.com/tag/emaye-kaplamada-bor/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [7] http://www.google.com.tr/search?q=emaye+nedir&biw=1707&bih=820&site=webhp&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM4TYj7_RAhU1CpoKHUWBAvUQ7AkISw&dpr=1.5#imgre=4jBsRaQuoKyL9M%3A (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [8] http://www.google.com.tr/search?q=EMAYE+%C3%9CRET%C4%B0M+TEKN%C4%B0KLER%C4%B0&espv=2&biw=1707&bih=820&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjG0Onj1L_RAhWkE5oKHY0GDyEQsAQIKw (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [9] http://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537103 (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [10] http://tr.pinterest.com/pin/435441857695132971 (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [11] http://www.mavirize.com/genel/emaye-nedir.html (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [12] http://www.nkfu.com/emaye-nedir/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [13] Goetz M. et al., Coating substrate, Patent: US6124039 A, 2000.
  • [14] Metal coated substrates, Metal Finishing, 2000, 98 (11): 110.
  • [15] Porcelain–enameled steel sheets, Metal Finishing, 2000, 98 (12): 76.
  • [16] Porcelain enamel composition for electronic applications, Metal Finishing, 2000, 98 (12): 79–80.
  • [17] Tang Z. et al., Materials Science and Engineering, 2000, A276: 70–75.
  • [18] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022391300088090 (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2019).
  • [19] Hunt A. T. et al., Corrosion–resistant multilayer coatings, Patent: US 6214473 B1, 2001.
  • [20] Porcelain enamel coating, Metal Finishing, 2001, 99 (1): 100.
  • [21] Wilezynski M. et al., Anti–microbial porcelain enamel coating, Patent: US 6303183 B1, 2001.
  • [22] Lawrence J., Li L., Surface and Coatings Technology, 2001, 140: 238–243.
  • [23] Faust W. D., Enamels, porcelain or vitreous, Kirk–Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.
  • [24] Takahashi K., Takemoto M., Decorative material, Patent: US 6428875 B1, 2002.
  • [25] Conde A., de Damborenea, J. J., Corrosion Sci., 2002, 44: 1555–1567.
  • [26] Betz P. et al., Process for producing scratch resistant coatings and its use, in particular for producing multilayered coats of enamel, Patent: US 6261645 B1, 2002.
  • [27] Group 13 Chemistry III: Industrial Applications, Eds.: Roesky H. W., Atwood D. A., Springer–Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Newyork, 2003.
  • [28] Payling R., Coated steel, Surface Analysis Methods in Materials Science, Vol. 23 of the Springer Series in Surface Sciences, Springer–Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 443–4487, 2003.
  • [29] Leveaux M. et al., Enameling of aluminum alloys surfaces, Patent: US 6517904 B1, 2003.
  • [30] Zhanga T. et al., J. of Euro. Ceram. Soc., , 2003, 23: 1019–1026.
  • [31] Yang X . et al., Thin Solid Films, 2003, 443: 33–45.
  • [32] Brown D. et al., Coatings for metal containers, metalworking lubricant compositions, compositions for electroplating and electrowinning, latex compositions and processes therfor, Patent: US 20040138075 A1, 2003.
  • [33] Kayuk V. G. et al., Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, 2004, 43 (11): 618–622.
  • [34] Gazo L. J., Porcelain enamel having metallic appearance, Patent: US 6831027 B2, 2004.
  • [35] Yang X. et al., Mater. Sci. and Eng., 2004, A366: 254–261.
  • [36] Ling G. et al., Mater. Sci. and Eng., 2004, A379: 432–436.
  • [37] Murakam H. et al., Steel plate for enameling, having improved formability, anti–aging property, and enameling properties, and process for producing the same, Patent: US 6808678 B2, 2004.
  • [38] Darty L., The art of enameling: Techniques, projects, inspiration, Lark Books, 2004.
  • [39] Duran A., Castro Y., Conde A., de Damborenea J. J., Chapter 19: Sol–gel protective coatings for metals, handbook of sol–gel science and technology 3, applications of sol–gel technoogy, Ed.: Sakka, S., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2005.
  • [40] Mourad A.–H. I. et al., Eng. Failure Analysis, 2005, 12 (2): 299–306.
  • [41] Yuming X. et al., Surface & Coatings Techn., 2005, 190: 195–199.
  • [42] Barcova K. et al., Surface & Coatings Techn., 2006, 201: 1836–1844.
  • [43] Kim M. T. et al., Surface and Coatings Techn., 2006, 201 (6): 3281–3288.
  • [44] Zheng D. et al., Surface & Coatings Techn., 2006, 200: 5931–5936.
  • [45] Yoon J., Enameled wire having magnetic reluctance properties and preparation method thereof, and coil using the same and preparation method thereof, Patent: US 20060165983 A1, 2006.
  • [46] Samiee L. et al., Mater. Sci. and Eng.: A, 2007, 458 (1–2): 88–95.
  • [47] Jiang W. et al., J. of Non–Crys. Solids, 2007, 353 (44–46): 4191–4194.
  • [48] Xiong Y. et al., Mater. Sci. and Eng. A, 2007, 460–461: 214–219.
  • [49] Akhtar F., Surface & Coatings Techn., 2007, 201: 9603–9609.
  • [50] Kim M. T. et al., Engineering Failure Analysis, 2007, 14: 686–693.
  • [51] Baldwin C., Advances in high performance enamels, Proceeding of the XXI International Enamellers Congress, Shanghai, China, 4–9, 2008.
  • [52] Greiff S., Schuster J., Technological study of enamelling on Roman glass: The nature of opacifying, decolourizing and fining agents used with the glass beakers from Lübsow (Lubieszewo, Poland), Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2008, 9, Supplement, e27–e32.
  • [53] Rewie R. W., Uhlig H. H., Corrosion and corrosion control: An Introduction to corrosion science and engineering, Wiley & Sons Inc., 2008.
  • [54] Chapter 8: Waste treatment in the porcelain enameling industry–handbook of advanced industrial and hazardous wastes treatment, Eds.: Wang L. K., Shammas N. K., CRC Press, 2009.
  • [55] Hazlehurst J., Chapter 9–Water heating–storage appliances, Tolley's Domestic Gas Installation Practice (5th edition), 413–452, 2009.
  • [56] Harlan J. S. B., Carty W., Edwards D. D., Spectral selectivity of composite enamel coatings on 321 stainless steel, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2009, 93 (8): 1404–1410.
  • [57] Wang D., App. Surface Sci., 2009, 255 (8): 4640–4645.
  • [58] Charles A. W. Jr., Morefield S. W., Malone P. G. and Koenigstein M. L., Use of vitreous–ceramic coatings on reinforcing steel for pavements, National Conference on Preservation, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Concrete Pavements, St. Louis, Missouri, 349–358, 2009.
  • [59] Groll W. A., Stainless steel–carbon steel enamelized cookware, Patent: US 20100108690 A1, 2010.
  • [60] Zucchelli A. et al., Int. J. of Impact Eng., 2010, 37 (6): 673–684.
  • [61] Curtis T., 3.28–Degradation of vitreous enamel coatings, Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, from Shreir's Corrosion, Vol. 3, 2010.
  • [62] Scrinzi E., Rossi S., Materials & Design, 2010, 31 (9): 4138–4146.
  • [63] Fairhurst D., 4.15–Coatings for structures in contact with the ground, Shreir's Corrosion, 2010, 4: 2702–2719.
  • [64] Schwartz M., Chapter 14: Coatings (thermal spray processes), innovations in materials manufacturing, fabrication, and environmental safety, CRC Press, 424, 2010.
  • [65] Andrews A. I., Pagliuca S., Porcelain (vitreous) enamels and industrial enamelling processes the preparation, application and properties of enamels, Third Edition, Tipografia Commerciale Srl, 2011.
  • [66] Wright R. N., Chapter 16–Wire coatings, Wire Technology, 245–256, 2011.
  • [67] Yatsenko E. A., Glass Phys. and Chem., 2011, 37 (1): 34–40.
  • [68] Yatsenko E. A., Glass and Ceramics, 2011, 67 (9): 286–290.
  • [69] Yan D. et al., Construction and Building Materials, 2012, 28: 512–518.
  • [70] Wuerz R. et al., Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2012, 100: 132–137.
  • [71] Allison P. G. et al., Construction and Building Materials, 2012, 37: 638–644.
  • [72] Tang F. et al., Corrosion Sci., 2012, 59: 157–168.
  • [73] Son Young–Ki et al., Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012, 22 (3): 838–844.
  • [74] Bao Y. et al., Surface and Coatings Techn., 2013, 232:150–158.
  • [75] Wu C. et al., Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 40: 793–801.
  • [76] Rossi S., Scrinzi E., Evaluation of the abrasion resistance of enamel coatings, Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 2013, 68: 74–80.
  • [77] Tang F. et al., Cement and Concrete Composites, 2013, 35 (1): 171–180.
  • [78] Dong F.–T. et al., J. of Iron and Steel Research Int, 2013, 20 (4): 39–45.
  • [79] Moser R. D. et al., Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 49: 62–69.
  • [80] Pavlovska l. et al., Surface and CoatingsTechn., 2014, 258: 206–210.
  • [81] Malnieks K. et al., Ceram. Int., Part B, 2014, 40 (8): 13321–13327.
  • [82] Sola A. et al., Surface and Coatings Techn., 2014, 248: 1–8.
  • [83] Rossi S. et al., Materials & Design, 2014, 55: 880–887.
  • [84] Tang F. et al., Materials, 2014, 6632–6645, DOI:10.3390/ma70966327.
  • [85] Bainon F., Vitale–Brovarone C., Ceram.Int., 2015, 41: 11464–11470.
  • [86] Allison P. G. et al., Composites Part B: Engineering, 2015, 78: 131–137.
  • [87] Rossi S. et al., Wear, 2015, 332–333: 702–709.
  • [88] Rossi S. et al., Intelligent Coatings for Corrosion Control, 2015, 251–282.
  • [89] Attard–Montalto N., Shortland A., J. of Cultural Heritage, 2015, 16 (3): 365–371.
  • [90] Wright R. N., Wire technology (2nd Edition), 251–262, 2016.
  • [91] Dessombz A. et al.. Chemistry and Medical Sci., Comptes Rendus Chimie, 2016, 19 (11–12), 1656–1664.
  • [92] Wu M. et al., Surface & Coatings Techn., 2016, 285: 57–67.
  • [93] Ekambaram M., Yiu C. K. Y., Int. J. of Adhesion and Adhesives, 2016, 69: 27–32.
  • [94] Tang F. et al., Construction and Building Mater., 2016, 112: 7–18.
  • [95] Giovannetti F. et al., Energy Procedia, 2016, 91: 49–55.
  • [96] Conde A., de Damborenea J. J., Degradation of vitreous enamel coatings, Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, 2016.
  • [97] Gundars M. et al., Ceram. Int., 2017, 43 (3): 2974–2980.
  • [98] Li Y. et al., J. of Non–Cryst. Solids, 2017, 458: 69–75.
  • [99] Işıksaçan, Ö., Yücel O., Yeşilçubuk A., Vitreous enamel coating surface defects and evaluation of the causes, 2018, DOI: 10.17148/Iarjset.2018.552.
  • [100] Song D. et al., Development of high–performance enamel coating on grey iron by low–temperature sintering, 2018, DOI: 10.3390/ma11112183.
  • [101] Fan L. et al., Corrosion resistances of steel pipe coated with two types of enamel by two coating processes, 2018, DOI: 10.1007/s11665–018–3656–4.
  • [102] Bachar A. et al., Study of the firing type on the microstructure and color aspect of ceramic enamels, J. of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 735: 2479–2485.
  • [103] Lips K., De Soete J., 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Page: 39, 2018.
  • [104] Leveaux M. et al., 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Page: 129, 2018.
  • [105] Keskin İ., 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Page:163, 2018.
  • [106] Voss E., 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Page: 183, 2018.
  • [107] Kuchinski F. A. et al., 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Page: 189, 2018.
  • [108] Hashimoto C., 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Page: 91, 2018.
  • [109] Huynh H. et al., Tribological Behaviour of Enamel Coatings, Part A, 2019, 426–427: 319–329.
  • [110] Rossi S. et al., Surface Coating, 2019, 357: 69–77.
  • [111] Çöpoğlu N. et al., 2019 (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336902695_Ink-Jet_Applications_on_Vitreous_Enamel_Coatings).
  • [112] Yan G. et al., Surface Coating, 2019, 374 (25): 541–548.
  • [113] Çöpoğlu N. et al., 2019(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336497323_Abrasion_Resistance_of_Vitıeous_Enamel_Coatings_with_Addition_of_Boron_Carbide_B4C_Particles).
  • [114] Fan C. et al., 2019, DOI: 10.1088/1757–899X/562/1/012008.
  • [115] Reis S. T. et al., 2019 (https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12020248).
  • [116] Çavuşoğlu, A., Emaye sanatı, FSR Matbaacılık, Istanbul 2014.
  • [117] Maskall K. A., White D., Vitreous enamelling: A guide to modern enamelling practice, The Pergamon Materials Engineering Practice Series (1st ed.), Pergamon Press, onthe behalf of the Institute of Ceramics, 18, 79, 83, 1986.
  • [118] Maskall K. A., White, D., Vitreous Enamelling: A guide to modern enamelling practice, The Pergamon Materials Engineering Practice Series (1st ed.), Pergamon Press, on the behalf of the Institute of Ceramics, 86, 1986.
  • [119] Clarke G.. Feher F. I., The Technique of enamelling, New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1967.
  • [120] http://keskinkimya.com.tr/rtu-emayeler.asp (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2017).
  • [121] Advances in porcelain enamel technology, Ceramic Transactions, Edited by Baldwin C., Evele H., Pershinsky R., Wiley & Sons Inc., Vol. 211, 2010.
  • [122] Sparreo C. L. and Vandenberg R., 60th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum. Ceramic Enginering & Science Proceedings, 1998, 19 (5): 151–155, 1998.
  • [123] Steele L. L., 43rd Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, Ceramic Enginering & Science Proceedings, 1981, 3: 266.
  • [124] Bao Y. et al., Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century, Edit. Coddet C., ASM, Ohio, USA, Vol. 1, 575–580, 1998.
  • [125] Seramik ve cam teknolojisi: Cam üretimi ve şekillendirme yöntemleri, T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 2013.
  • [126] https://www.google.com.tr/search?espv=2&biw=1326&bih=658&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ACYBGNRWke2f66TkTO3D0gXcMnkC6e1sWA%3A1575839392930&sa=1&ei=oGbtXfG0OJiT1fAPwIC16Aw&q=enamel+painted+&oq=enamel+painted+&gs_l=img.3..0i19l7j0i30i19j0i8i30i19l2.1618.7222..8180...1.0..0.122.692.0j6......0....1..gwswizimg.......35i39j0i7i30j0i30.Q1lNgeYuNOQ&ved=0ahUKEwjxhPSZ6bmAhWYSRUIHUBADc0Q4dUDCAY&uact=5 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [127] Seramik ve cam teknolojisi: Emaye fırınlama, T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı MEGEP (Mesleki Eğitim ve Öğretim Sisteminin Güçlendirilmesi Projesi), 14–19, Ankara 2008.
  • [128] https://www.google.com.tr/search?q=emaye+eskitme&client=opera&tbs=ic:specific,isc:white,isz:l&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ACYBGNQt-79Ki-jeULDPRNlKnIyHm8ZpHw:1575843884911&source=lnt&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE7Oz3i6fmAhWM0eAKHb7tA4IQpwUIIw&biw=1326&bih=658&dpr=1#imgrc=_ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [129] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537481/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [130] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537483 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [131] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537106/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [132] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537491/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [133] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537947/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [134] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/301107925071537498/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [135] Sid F. and Charles B., Proc. of the 69th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, 1–10, 2008. [136] Irving A., Porcelain enamels: The preparation, application, and properties of enamels, Garrard Press, 5, 1961.
  • [137] Alemani P., Lob F. Vitrous enamel steel in architecture & transport infrastructure: The vitrous enameller: Official Journal of the Institute of Vitreous Enamellers 56, Summer 2005.
  • [138] https://www.hfndigital.com/discount-department-stores/jcpenney-talks-tariffs-strategy/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [139] Vitreous and porcelain enamels characteristics of enamel coatings applied to steel panels ıntended for architecture, Standards Policy and Strategy Committee, 2008.
  • [140] http://industry.arcelormittal.com/news/newsarchive/2476/may2015/enamelledsteelarchit ecture (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [141] https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/115756652907279407/?lp=true (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [142] http://www.iei-world.org/pagine/congress/19/congress_19_03.asp (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [143] http://www.nemiroff.com/exterior_wall_panels.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [144] https://neoplaces.com/2013/03/27/un-stade-lego-a-lego-stadium/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [145] http://www.arkitera.com/urun/5782/dualenamel-vitray-emaye-panel (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
  • [146] http://www.omeras.de/en/news/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019).
There are 145 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Derleme
Authors

Bekir Karasu 0000-0002-7769-9863

İbrahim Saçkan 0000-0002-7769-9863

Mehmet Taplı 0000-0002-7769-9863

Publication Date May 31, 2020
Submission Date December 17, 2019
Acceptance Date February 21, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

IEEE B. Karasu, İ. Saçkan, and M. Taplı, “Emayenin Dünü ve Bugünü”, ECJSE, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 923–939, 2020, doi: 10.31202/ecjse.660254.
 Download Cover Image

Creative Commons Lisansı