De Gaulle and France's NATO Withdrawal: A Strategic Analysis
Abstract
The withdrawal of France from North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) integrated military command in 1966 caused a major crisis in the Atlantic alliance. A conventional reading of this would be the rejection of the solidarity of the West, a rejection that was done in a rather crude way. This paper questions that idea and suggests that French President Charles de Gaulle's withdrawal was a carefully thought-out foreign policy move aimed at asserting French sovereignty and again re-establishing Europe's great-power status in the bipolar world of the Cold War. De Gaulle saw integration as a dependence on the United States of America, given the two main reasons: national independence and "grandeur". He was trying to break up French military integration so as to upset American dominance in European strategic policy and bring the alliance up from a system of hierarchical dependency to a system of equality, through unilateral action. Moreover, this approach did not occur in isolation, but had a strong impact on the superpowers and the minor nations of NATO, who saw the protection of America as not quite as oppressive as French domination. Through the use of the "elevator" approach – that he could assert French autonomy without total exposure, using the American security umbrella – de Gaulle wanted not to break up the Atlantic alliance, but to build a "European Europe" that would be capable of action on its own. This paper examines the theoretical foundations of Gaullist foreign policy in the scope of France-NATO affairs and its application to the question of alliance cohesion in the midst of the Cold War.
Keywords
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
European Studies
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
September 5, 2026
Submission Date
June 1, 2026
Acceptance Date
September 4, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Number: 7