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Planlama ve Politika Önceliğinde Türkiye’de Turizm

Year 2022, , 87 - 96, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1121548

Abstract

Turizmde planlama ve politika geliştirmek gün geçtikçe önemini artırmaktadır. Turizm endüstrisi iç içe geçmiş çoklu unsurların zaman içindeki dinamik reaksiyonunu yakalama yeteneğine sahiptir. Bu yüzden müşteri memnuniyeti ve tercihine bağlılığı ile kırılgan oluşu ve sektörleri arasındaki sayısız etkileşimlerden dolayı turizm yönetimi çok boyutlu ve karmaşık olan bir sistemin ürünüdür. Turizm planlaması, politikası ve yönetimi konuları hem dünyada hem de Türkiye’de artan boyutta turizm araştırmacılarının da dikkatini çekmektedir. Ülkelerin makro ve mikro düzeydeki ekonomi politikaları ile direkt olarak ilgi olan turizm endüstrisi Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerinde dengeli kalkınma araçları olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Dünyada son zamanlarda kültür turizmi ve kültür temelli endüstriler turizm endüstrisinin önemli bir kısmını oluşturmaktadır. Ancak, Türkiye mevcut kültürel zenginliğini özellikle yabancı turist çekiciliği haline dönüştürebilmiş değildir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türk turizm endüstrisinin planlanması ve geliştirilmesinde son yarım yüzyıldır Türkiye’nin turizm önceliklerinin belirlenmesinde nelerin öne çıktığını değerlendirmek ve yeni formların neler olabileceği üzerine önerilerde bulunmaktır. Bu amaçla sistematik bir literatür taraması yapılmış, çalışmalar analiz edilerek, öncelik oluşturulması konusunda Türkiye’nin rekabetçi çekiciliklerinden arkeolojik kültürel miras zenginliği ile arkeoturizm potansiyeline odaklanılmıştır. Bu turizm formunun ulusal ya da bölgesel kalkınma planlarında pek yer bulamadığı görülmüştür. Türk ve dünya turizm literatüründe nispeten yeni olan bu alanın Türkiye turizmi için planlama önceliğinin olması gerektiği öngörülmektedir. Bu yüzden, çalışma turizm karar vericilerine ve düzenleyicilerine farklı düzeyde stratejik ve operasyonel politika geliştirme araçları sağlamak için Türkiye’nin önemli kültürel miras zenginliğine ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır. Türk turizm endüstrisinin destinasyon algısını bütüncül bir şekilde anlaşılmasını teşvik etmek ve daha etkili politikaların geliştirilmesine yardımcı olmak için önceliklerin belirlenmesi konusunda tavsiyelerde bulunulmuştur.

References

  • Akça, Y. (2016). Tourism Policy in Turkey’s Development Plans. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 29-31 Ağustos (s. 721-726). Kaposvár: Hungary. doi.org/10.36880/C07.01801.
  • Alvarez, M., & Korzay, M. (2011). Turkey as a heritage tourism destination: The role of knowledge. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 20, 425–440.
  • Baggio, R. (2013). Oriental and occidental approaches to complex tourism systems. Tourism Planning & Development, 10(2), 217–227. doi: 10.1080/21568316.2013.783731.
  • Baram, U. (2008). Tourism and archaeology. In P. D.M., Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Volume 3 (pp. 2131-2134). Amsterdam & London: Elsevier & Academic Press.
  • Benveniste, G. (1989). Mastering the politics of planning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Boukas, N., & Ziakas, V. (2014). A chaos theory perspective of destination crisis and sustainable tourism development in islands: The case of Cyprus. . Tourism Planning & Development, 11(2), 191–209. doi: 10.1080/21568316.2013.864995 .
  • Chaddock, S. (2021). Interpreting Central Anatolian heritage: the construction of place and identity in Neolithic archaeological sites in Turkey. Australia: The University of Queensland, School of Social Science.
  • Costa, C. (2001). An emerging tourism planning paradigm? A comparative analysis between town and tourism planning. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(6), 425–441. doi:10.1002/jtr.277 .
  • Cui, J., Li, R., Zhang, L., & Jing, Y. (2021). Spatially Illustrating Leisure Agriculture: Empirical Evidence from Picking Orchards in China. Land. 10, 631. doi:10.3390/land10060631 .
  • Çalışkan, U. (2021). Tourism in Turkey: A Comprehensive Overview and Analysis for Sustainable Alternative Tourism. In A. S. İkiz, Critical Review of the Tourism planning History of Turkey (pp. 27-44). NW: CRC Press.
  • Dowling, R. (1993). An environmentally-based planning model for regional tourism development . Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1(1), 17-37.
  • Düring, S. B. (2011). The Prehistory of Asia Minor. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Erbil, Y. (2019). Crossroads, Konya Plain from Prehistory to The Byzantine Period. 9th International Anamed Annual Symposium, 6-7 Aralık, 2014 (pp. 193-206). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
  • Erdoğan, H. A. (2020a). Arkeoturizm’de Planlama ve Çevre Yönetimi: Konya Örneği. Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı.
  • Erdoğan, H. A. (2020b). Archaeotourism as a distinct tourism industry for sustainability, sociocultural harmony and integration with its extra potential in the digital electronic world. Living with Tourism: Paradoxes, Empowerment and Future Directions (p. 24th to 25th September). Presented Virtually in the 2nd International Workshop, Lisbon: SOCIUS/CSG-ISEG.
  • Erkuş, Ö. H. (2010). Planning of Tourism Development: The Case of Antalya. Anatolia, 21(1), 107–122. doi:10.1080/13032917.2010.9687093 .
  • Foxell, E., & Trafford, D. A. (2010). Repositioning Malta as a cultural heritage destination. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4, 156-168. doi:10.1108/17506181011045226.
  • Giraudo, R. F., & Porter, B. W. (2010). Archaeotourism and the Crux of Development. Anthropology News, 51(8), 7–8.
  • Goeldner, C. R., & Ritchie, J. R. (2003). Tourism: Principles, practices, philosophies. New York: Wiley.
  • Holtorf, C. (2005). Front Stonehenge to Las Vegas: Archaeology as popular culture. Walnut Creek. CA: Altamira.
  • Kepçe-Çokay, S. (2010). Arkeolojiye Giriş. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Kirshenblatt, G. B. (1998). Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Liu, A., & Wall, G. (2006). Planning tourism employment: A developing country perspective. Tourism Management, 27, 159–170.
  • Molitor, G., & Forecasting, P. (2008). Part I: Oncoming “Leisure Era”: How We are Getting There. . Journal of Future Studies, 12, 109–120.
  • Muşmal, H. (2015). Seyahatnameler ve Tarihî Coğrafya Eserlerinde Beyşehir. Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD), 8(XXII), 161-187.
  • Okumus, F., Avci, U., Kilic, I., & Walls, A. R. (2012). Cultural Tourism in Turkey: A Missed Opportunity. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(6), 638–658. doi:10.1080/19368623.2012.627231.
  • Pearce, D. (1989). Tourism development. Harlow: Longman.
  • SBB. (1963, Ocak). Birinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1963-1967). Retrieved from TC TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Birinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1963-1967.pdf
  • SBB. (1968, Ocak). İkinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1968-1972). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Ikinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1968-1972.pdf
  • SBB. (1973, Ocak). Üçüncü Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1973-1977). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Ucuncu_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1973-1977.pdf
  • SBB. (1979, Ocak). Dördüncü Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı. Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Dorduncu_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1979-1983.pdf
  • SBB. (1985, Ocak). Beşinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1985-1989). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Besinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1985-1989.pdf
  • SBB. (1990, Ocak). Altıncı Beş Yılllık Kalkınma Planı (1990-1994). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Altinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1990-1994.pdf
  • SBB. (1996, Ocak). Yedinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1996-2000). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Yedinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1996-2000.pdf
  • SBB. (2001, Ocak). Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (2001-2005) . Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Sekizinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-2001-2005.pdf
  • SBB. (2007, Ocak). Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı (2007-2013) . Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Dokuzuncu_Kalkinma_Plani-2007-2013.pdf
  • SBB. (2014, Ocak). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı (2014-2018). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Onuncu_Kalkinma_Plani-2014-2018.pdf
  • SBB. (2018, Ocak). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2018 - 2023). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf
  • Sinclair, M. G., & Gursoy, D. (2016). A conceptual model of residents’ support for tourism development in developing countries. Tourism Planning & Development, 13(1), 1–22. doi: 10.1080/21568316.2015.1047531.
  • Stange, J., & Brown, D. (2011). Tourism Destination Management; Achieving Sustainable and Competitive Results. Washington: Solimar International-USAID.
  • Times, (. (1997, January 31). “Turkey” . Time Supplement, p. 2.
  • Timothy, D. (2011). Cultural heritage and tourism: an introduction. Bristol: Channel View.
  • Tosun, C. (2001). Challenges of Sustainable Tourism Development in the Developing World: The Case of Turkey. Tourism Management, 22, 289-303.
  • Tosun, C., & Jenkins, C. L. (1996). Regional planning approaches to tourism development: the case of Turkey. Tourism Management, 17(7), 519—531.
  • Tosun, C., & Timothy, D. J. (2001). Shortcomings in planning approaches to tourism development in developing countries: the case of Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), 352–359. doi:10.1108/09596110110403910 .
  • UNWTO. (2013). Sustainable tourism for development guidebook. Madrid: World Tourism Organization. Retrieved from World Tourism Organization. (2013). Sustainable tourism for development guidebook (1st ed.). Madrid:.
  • Walker, C., & Carr, N. (2013). Tourism and archaeology: an introduction. In C. Walker, & N. Carr, Tourism and archaeology: sustainable meeting grounds (pp. 11-36). Walnut Creek. CA: Left Coast Press.
  • Yuksel, F., Bramwell, B., & Yuksel, A. (1999). Stakeholder interviews and tourism planning at Pamukkale, Turkey. Tourism Management, 20(3), 351–360. doi:10.1016/s0261-5177(98)00117-4.
  • Zeist, W. v., & Bottema, S. (1991). Late Quarternary Vegetation of the Near East. L. Reichert, Germany: Wiesbaden.

Tourism in Turkey with Priority of Planning and Policy

Year 2022, , 87 - 96, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1121548

Abstract

Planning and policy development in tourism is increasing with its significance day by day. The tourism industry is capable of capturing the dynamic reaction of multiple intertwined elements over time. Therefore, tourism management is the product of a multidimensional and complex system due to its commitment to customer satisfaction and preference, its vulnerability, and the numerous interactions between its sectors. Issues of tourism planning, policy, and management attract the attention of tourism researchers to an increasing extent both in the world and in Turkey. The tourism industry, which is directly related to the macro and micro economic policies of the countries, is considered as a balanced development tool in developing countries such as Turkey. Recently, cultural tourism and culture-based industries constitute an important part of the tourism industry in the world. However, Turkey has not been able to transform its existing cultural treasure into a good to attract foreign tourists. The aim of this study is to evaluate what has come to the fore in determining Turkey’s tourism priorities for the last half-century in the planning and development of the Turkish tourism industry and to make suggestions on what new forms can be prioritized. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was made, the studies were analyzed, and the archeological cultural heritage wealth and archaeotourism potential of Turkey, which are among the competitive attractions in
the “Atlas Cultural Tourism,” were focused on. It has been observed that this form of tourism has not found any place in national or regional development plans in Turkey’s tourism development policies. It is foreseen that this area, which is relatively new in Turkish and the world tourism literature, should be a planning priority for Turkish tourism. Therefore, the study aims to shed light on Turkey’s significant cultural heritage values to provide different levels of strategic and operational policy development tools to tourism decision-makers and regulators. Recommendations were made on setting priorities to promote a holistic understanding of the Turkish tourism industry’s perception of destinations and to assist in the development of more effective policies.

References

  • Akça, Y. (2016). Tourism Policy in Turkey’s Development Plans. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 29-31 Ağustos (s. 721-726). Kaposvár: Hungary. doi.org/10.36880/C07.01801.
  • Alvarez, M., & Korzay, M. (2011). Turkey as a heritage tourism destination: The role of knowledge. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 20, 425–440.
  • Baggio, R. (2013). Oriental and occidental approaches to complex tourism systems. Tourism Planning & Development, 10(2), 217–227. doi: 10.1080/21568316.2013.783731.
  • Baram, U. (2008). Tourism and archaeology. In P. D.M., Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Volume 3 (pp. 2131-2134). Amsterdam & London: Elsevier & Academic Press.
  • Benveniste, G. (1989). Mastering the politics of planning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Boukas, N., & Ziakas, V. (2014). A chaos theory perspective of destination crisis and sustainable tourism development in islands: The case of Cyprus. . Tourism Planning & Development, 11(2), 191–209. doi: 10.1080/21568316.2013.864995 .
  • Chaddock, S. (2021). Interpreting Central Anatolian heritage: the construction of place and identity in Neolithic archaeological sites in Turkey. Australia: The University of Queensland, School of Social Science.
  • Costa, C. (2001). An emerging tourism planning paradigm? A comparative analysis between town and tourism planning. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(6), 425–441. doi:10.1002/jtr.277 .
  • Cui, J., Li, R., Zhang, L., & Jing, Y. (2021). Spatially Illustrating Leisure Agriculture: Empirical Evidence from Picking Orchards in China. Land. 10, 631. doi:10.3390/land10060631 .
  • Çalışkan, U. (2021). Tourism in Turkey: A Comprehensive Overview and Analysis for Sustainable Alternative Tourism. In A. S. İkiz, Critical Review of the Tourism planning History of Turkey (pp. 27-44). NW: CRC Press.
  • Dowling, R. (1993). An environmentally-based planning model for regional tourism development . Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1(1), 17-37.
  • Düring, S. B. (2011). The Prehistory of Asia Minor. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Erbil, Y. (2019). Crossroads, Konya Plain from Prehistory to The Byzantine Period. 9th International Anamed Annual Symposium, 6-7 Aralık, 2014 (pp. 193-206). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
  • Erdoğan, H. A. (2020a). Arkeoturizm’de Planlama ve Çevre Yönetimi: Konya Örneği. Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı.
  • Erdoğan, H. A. (2020b). Archaeotourism as a distinct tourism industry for sustainability, sociocultural harmony and integration with its extra potential in the digital electronic world. Living with Tourism: Paradoxes, Empowerment and Future Directions (p. 24th to 25th September). Presented Virtually in the 2nd International Workshop, Lisbon: SOCIUS/CSG-ISEG.
  • Erkuş, Ö. H. (2010). Planning of Tourism Development: The Case of Antalya. Anatolia, 21(1), 107–122. doi:10.1080/13032917.2010.9687093 .
  • Foxell, E., & Trafford, D. A. (2010). Repositioning Malta as a cultural heritage destination. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4, 156-168. doi:10.1108/17506181011045226.
  • Giraudo, R. F., & Porter, B. W. (2010). Archaeotourism and the Crux of Development. Anthropology News, 51(8), 7–8.
  • Goeldner, C. R., & Ritchie, J. R. (2003). Tourism: Principles, practices, philosophies. New York: Wiley.
  • Holtorf, C. (2005). Front Stonehenge to Las Vegas: Archaeology as popular culture. Walnut Creek. CA: Altamira.
  • Kepçe-Çokay, S. (2010). Arkeolojiye Giriş. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Kirshenblatt, G. B. (1998). Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Liu, A., & Wall, G. (2006). Planning tourism employment: A developing country perspective. Tourism Management, 27, 159–170.
  • Molitor, G., & Forecasting, P. (2008). Part I: Oncoming “Leisure Era”: How We are Getting There. . Journal of Future Studies, 12, 109–120.
  • Muşmal, H. (2015). Seyahatnameler ve Tarihî Coğrafya Eserlerinde Beyşehir. Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD), 8(XXII), 161-187.
  • Okumus, F., Avci, U., Kilic, I., & Walls, A. R. (2012). Cultural Tourism in Turkey: A Missed Opportunity. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(6), 638–658. doi:10.1080/19368623.2012.627231.
  • Pearce, D. (1989). Tourism development. Harlow: Longman.
  • SBB. (1963, Ocak). Birinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1963-1967). Retrieved from TC TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Birinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1963-1967.pdf
  • SBB. (1968, Ocak). İkinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1968-1972). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Ikinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1968-1972.pdf
  • SBB. (1973, Ocak). Üçüncü Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1973-1977). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Ucuncu_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1973-1977.pdf
  • SBB. (1979, Ocak). Dördüncü Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı. Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Dorduncu_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1979-1983.pdf
  • SBB. (1985, Ocak). Beşinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1985-1989). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Besinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1985-1989.pdf
  • SBB. (1990, Ocak). Altıncı Beş Yılllık Kalkınma Planı (1990-1994). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Altinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1990-1994.pdf
  • SBB. (1996, Ocak). Yedinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1996-2000). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Yedinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1996-2000.pdf
  • SBB. (2001, Ocak). Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (2001-2005) . Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Sekizinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-2001-2005.pdf
  • SBB. (2007, Ocak). Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı (2007-2013) . Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Dokuzuncu_Kalkinma_Plani-2007-2013.pdf
  • SBB. (2014, Ocak). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı (2014-2018). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Onuncu_Kalkinma_Plani-2014-2018.pdf
  • SBB. (2018, Ocak). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2018 - 2023). Retrieved from TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI-SBB: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf
  • Sinclair, M. G., & Gursoy, D. (2016). A conceptual model of residents’ support for tourism development in developing countries. Tourism Planning & Development, 13(1), 1–22. doi: 10.1080/21568316.2015.1047531.
  • Stange, J., & Brown, D. (2011). Tourism Destination Management; Achieving Sustainable and Competitive Results. Washington: Solimar International-USAID.
  • Times, (. (1997, January 31). “Turkey” . Time Supplement, p. 2.
  • Timothy, D. (2011). Cultural heritage and tourism: an introduction. Bristol: Channel View.
  • Tosun, C. (2001). Challenges of Sustainable Tourism Development in the Developing World: The Case of Turkey. Tourism Management, 22, 289-303.
  • Tosun, C., & Jenkins, C. L. (1996). Regional planning approaches to tourism development: the case of Turkey. Tourism Management, 17(7), 519—531.
  • Tosun, C., & Timothy, D. J. (2001). Shortcomings in planning approaches to tourism development in developing countries: the case of Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), 352–359. doi:10.1108/09596110110403910 .
  • UNWTO. (2013). Sustainable tourism for development guidebook. Madrid: World Tourism Organization. Retrieved from World Tourism Organization. (2013). Sustainable tourism for development guidebook (1st ed.). Madrid:.
  • Walker, C., & Carr, N. (2013). Tourism and archaeology: an introduction. In C. Walker, & N. Carr, Tourism and archaeology: sustainable meeting grounds (pp. 11-36). Walnut Creek. CA: Left Coast Press.
  • Yuksel, F., Bramwell, B., & Yuksel, A. (1999). Stakeholder interviews and tourism planning at Pamukkale, Turkey. Tourism Management, 20(3), 351–360. doi:10.1016/s0261-5177(98)00117-4.
  • Zeist, W. v., & Bottema, S. (1991). Late Quarternary Vegetation of the Near East. L. Reichert, Germany: Wiesbaden.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hasan Ali Erdoğan 0000-0002-1795-4607

Publication Date June 15, 2022
Submission Date May 25, 2022
Acceptance Date June 6, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Erdoğan, H. A. (2022). Planlama ve Politika Önceliğinde Türkiye’de Turizm. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1121548
AMA Erdoğan HA. Planlama ve Politika Önceliğinde Türkiye’de Turizm. KMÜ EFAD. June 2022;5(1):87-96. doi:10.47948/efad.1121548
Chicago Erdoğan, Hasan Ali. “Planlama Ve Politika Önceliğinde Türkiye’de Turizm”. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 5, no. 1 (June 2022): 87-96. https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1121548.
EndNote Erdoğan HA (June 1, 2022) Planlama ve Politika Önceliğinde Türkiye’de Turizm. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 5 1 87–96.
IEEE H. A. Erdoğan, “Planlama ve Politika Önceliğinde Türkiye’de Turizm”, KMÜ EFAD, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 87–96, 2022, doi: 10.47948/efad.1121548.
ISNAD Erdoğan, Hasan Ali. “Planlama Ve Politika Önceliğinde Türkiye’de Turizm”. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 5/1 (June 2022), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1121548.
JAMA Erdoğan HA. Planlama ve Politika Önceliğinde Türkiye’de Turizm. KMÜ EFAD. 2022;5:87–96.
MLA Erdoğan, Hasan Ali. “Planlama Ve Politika Önceliğinde Türkiye’de Turizm”. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 1, 2022, pp. 87-96, doi:10.47948/efad.1121548.
Vancouver Erdoğan HA. Planlama ve Politika Önceliğinde Türkiye’de Turizm. KMÜ EFAD. 2022;5(1):87-96.

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