Re-evaluation of the Süberde Höyük Obsidians: Preliminary Findings on Techno-Typology and Sources

Yıl 2024, , 1 - 16, 28.10.2024

Murat Karakoç , Murat Dirican , Hasan Can Gemici , Çiğdem Atakuman

https://doi.org/10.51493/egearkeoloji.1433733

Öz

This paper presents the preliminary results of obsidian techno-typology and provenance analysis from the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement of Süberde Höyük (also known as Görüklük Tepe) in the Beyşehir-Suğla Basin of Konya, Central Turkey. The obsidians in question were recovered during the archaeological excavations of Jacques Bordaz at the settlement in the 1960s and subsequently stored at the Konya Museum. After nearly 60 years, we have revisited these finds to document the chipped stone collection of Süberde Höyük and conducted analyses on obsidian artifacts using portable X-ray fluorescence. Our preliminary results associate Süberde obsidians primarily with Göllüdağ and to a lesser extent with Nenezi Dağ, while our techno-typological examinations do not indicate a major difference in the use of these two Cappadocian sources in the settlement.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beyşehir-Suğla Basin, Central Anatolia, Early Neolithic, Lithic Techno-Typology, pXRF

Süberde Höyük Obsidiyenlerinin Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi: Tekno-Tipoloji ve Kaynaklar Hakkında İlk Bulgular

Öz

Bu makale, Konya’nın Beyşehir-Suğla havzasında bir geç Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik yerleşim yeri olan Süberde’nin obsidiyen kaynak analizlerinin ilk bulgularını sunmaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan obsidiyen örnekler 1960’larda Jacques Bordaz tarafından Süberde yerleşmesinde yürütülen arkeolojik kazı çalışmaları sırasında ortaya çıkarılmış ve daha sonra Konya Müzesi’nde koruma altına alınmıştır. Bu çalışmalardan yaklaşık 60 yıl sonra ziyaret ettiğimiz Süberde’nin müzedeki yontmataş koleksiyonunu inceledik ve taşınabilir X-ray fluorescence tekniğini kullanarak obsidiyen buluntular üzerinde analizler gerçekleştirdik. Bulgularımız Süberde yerleşmesine ait obsidiyen örneklerin Kapadokya’daki Göllüdağ ve Nenezi Dağ kaynaklarıyla ilişkili olduklarına işaret etmektedir. Yontmataş buluntular üzerindeki kaynak analizleri ile paralel yürüttüğümüz teknolojik ve tipolojik incelemeler ise kaynakların yerleşimdeki kullanımı arasında belirgin bir farklılık olmadığını göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beyşehir-Suğla Havzası, Orta Anadolu, Erken Neolitik, Yontmataş Tekno-Tipoloji, pXRF

Etik Beyan

TC. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü ile Konya Arkeoloji Müzesi’nden alınan resmi izinler kapsamında Süberde Höyük yerleşmesine ait yontmataş eserler 2019 yılında Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Laboratuvarı’na getirilmiş ve incelenmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu araştırma Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü (proje numarası 02-M-21) ve Avrupa Araştırma Konseyi (ERC) projesi “NEOGENE: Archaeogenomic Analysis of Genetic and Cultural Interactions in Neolithic Anatolian Societies” (hibe numarası 772390) tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Teşekkür

TC. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğüne ve Konya Arkeoloji Müzesi Müdürü Ömer Türkan’a destekleri için teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

• KAYNAKÇA Arbuckle, 2008: S. B. Arbuckle, “Revisiting Neolithic caprine exploitation at Suberde, Turkey”, Journal of Field Archaeology, 33(2), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1179/009346908791071277
• Astruc, 2018: L. Astruc, “Obsidian Use during the Level 4 Occupations at Aşıklı Höyük”, The Early Settlement at Aşıklı Höyük (Eds. M. Özbaşaran, G. Duru, M. C. Stiner), İstanbul: Ege Yayınları, 345–362.
• Ataman, 1988: Ataman, K, Chipped Stone Assemblage from Can Hasan III : a Study in Typology, Technology and Function. London: University of London, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Baird, 2016: D. Baird, “Boncuklu: the spread of farming and the antecedents of Çatalhöyük”, Heritage Turkey, 6, 15-18. https://doi.org/10.18866/biaa2016.027
• Baird, 2012: D. Baird, “Pınarbaşı: From Epi-paleolithic campsite to sedentarising village in Central Anatolia”, The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations ve New Research: Central Turkey (Eds. M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, P. Kuniholm), İstanbul: Archaeology and Art Publications, 181–218.
• Baird vd., 2022: D. Baird, A. Fairbairn, G. Mustafaoğlu, “Boncuklu and Pınarbaşı: from forager to farmer in central Anatolia”, Heritage Turkey, 12, 40–42. https://doi.org/10.18866/biaa2022.20
• Baird vd., 2018: D. Baird, A. Fairbairn, E. Jenkins, L. Martin, C. Middleton, J. Pearson, E. Asouti, Y. Edwards, C. Kabukcu, G. Mustafaoğlu, N. Russell, O. Bar-Yosef, G. Jacobsen, A. Wu, X., Baker, S. Elliott, “Agricultural origins on the Anatolian plateau”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(14), E3077–E3086. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800163115
• Baird vd., 2013: D. Baird, E. Asouti, L. Astruc, A. Baysal, E. Baysal, D. Carruthers, A. Fairbairn, C. Kabukcu, E. Jenkins, K. Lorentz, C. Middleton, J. Pearson, A. Pirie, “Juniper smoke, skulls and wolves’ tails. The Epipalaeolithic of the Anatolian Plateau in its South-West Asian context: Insights from Pınarbaşı”, Levant, 45(2), 175–209. https://doi.org/10.1179/0075891413Z.00000000024
• Baird vd., 2012: D., Baird, A. S. Fairbairn, L. Martin, C. Middleton, “The Boncuklu Project: The origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia” The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations ve New Research: Central Turkey (Eds. M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, P. Kuniholm), İstanbul: Archaeology and Art Publications, 219–244.
• Baird vd., 2011: D. Baird, D. Carruthers, A. Fairbairn, J. Pearson, “Ritual in the landscape: evidence from Pınarbaşı in the seventh-millennium cal BC Konya Plain”, Antiquity, 85(328), 380–394. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0006782x
• Balcı ve Altınbilek-Algül, 2017: S. Balcı, ve Ç. Altınbilek-Algül, “Polished obsidian objects: examples of prestige items from Kültepe”, Colloquium Anatolicum, 16(1), 15–29.
• Balcı vd., 2021: S. Balcı, Ç. Altınbilek Algül, D. Mouralis, O. Kaycı, A. Büyükkarakaya, F.Açıkgöz, “A New Aceramic Neolithic site nearby the obsidian sources: preliminary insights from Sırçalıtepe”, Anadolu Araştırmaları, 24, 67–92. https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2021.24.936778
• Balkan-Atlı ve Binder, 2012: N. Balkan-Atlı, D. Binder, “Neolithic obsidian workshop at Kömürcü-Kaletepe (Central Anatolia)”, The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations & New Research: Central Turkey (Eds. M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, P. Kuniholm), İstanbul: Archaeology and Art Publications, 71-88.
• Balkan-Atlı vd., 2009: N. Balkan-Atlı, S. L. Kuhn, L. Astruc, N. Kayacan, B. Dinçer, G. Çakan, “Göllüdağ 2008 Survey”, Anatolia Antiqua, XVII, 301–315.
• Binder vd., 2011: D. Binder, B. Gratuze, D. Mouralis, N. Balkan-Atlı, “New investigations of the Göllüdağ obsidian lava flows system: a multi-disciplinary approach” Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(12), 3174–3184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.014
• Blackman, 1984: M. J. Blackman, “Provenance studies of Middle Eastern obsidian from sites in highland Iran”, Advances in Chemistry Series 205: Archaeological Chemistry—III (Ed. B. J. Lambert), 19–50. https://doi.org/10.1021/ba-1984-0205.ch002
• Bordaz, 1965: J. Bordaz, “Suberde excavations 1964”, Anatolian Studies, 15, 30–32.
• Bordaz, 1966: J. Bordaz, “Suberde excavations 1965”, Anatolian Studies, 16, 32–33.
• Bordaz, 1969: J. Bordaz, “The Suberde excavations soutwestern Turkey, an interim report”, Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, 17(2), 43–71.
• Bordaz, 1973: J. Bordaz, “Current research in the Neolithic of south central Turkey: Suberde, Erbaba and their chronological implications”, American Journal of Archaeology, 77(3), 282–288. https://doi.org/10.2307/503442
• Campbell ve Healey, 2016: S. Campbell, E. Healey, “Multiple sources: The pXRF analysis of obsidian from Kenan Tepe, S.E. Turkey”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 10, 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.10.014
• Cann vd., 1969: J. R. Cann, J. E. Dixon, C. Renfrew, “Obsidian analysis and the obsidian trade”, Science and Archaeology: A Survey of Progress and Research (Eds. D. R. Brothwell, E. Higgs ), New York: Praeger Publishers, 578–591.
• Carter, 2016: T. Carter, “Obsidian consumption in the Late Pleistocene – Early Holocene Aegean: contextualising new data from Mesolithic Crete”, The Annual of the British School at Athens, 111, 13–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S006824541600006X
• Carter, 2011: T. Carter, “A true gift of mother earth: the use and significance of obsidian at Çatalhöyük”, Anatolian Studies, 61, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0066154600008759
• Carter ve Milić, 2013: T. Carter, M. Milić, “The consumption of obsidian at Neolithic Çatalhöyük: a long-term perspective”, Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East 7th Conference on PPN Chipped and Ground Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent (Eds. F. Borrell, J. J. Ibáñez, M. Molist), Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Servei de Publicacions. 495–508.
• Carter ve Shackley, 2007: T. Carter, M. S.Shackley, “Sourcing obsidian from Neolithic Çatalhöyük (Turkey) using energy dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence*” Archaeometry, 49(3), 437–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00313.x
• Carter vd., 2008: T. Carter, S. Dubernet, R. King, F.-X. Le Bourdonnec, M. Milić, G. Poupeau, M. S. Shackley, “Eastern Anatolian obsidians at Çatalhöyük and the reconfiguration of regional interaction in the Early Ceramic Neolithic”, Antiquity, 82(318), 900–909. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00097660
• Carter vd., 2006: T. Carter, G. Poupeau, C. Bressy, N. J. G. Pearce, “A new programme of obsidian characterization at Çatalhöyük, Turkey”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 33(7), 893–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.023
• Carter vd., 2001: T. Carter, G. Poupeau, C. Bressy, N. J. G. Pearce, “From chemistry to consumption: towards a history of obsidian use at Çatalhöyük through a programme of inter-laboratory trace-elemental characterization”, Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995–99 Seasons (Ed. I. Hodder ), British Institute at Ankara, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 285–305.
• Cessford, 2001: C. Cessford, “A new dating sequence for Çatalhöyük”, Antiquity, 75(290), 717–725. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00089225
• Dixon vd., 1968: J. E. Dixon, J. R. Cann, C. Renfrew, “Obsidian and the Origins of Trade”, Scientific American, 218(3), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0368-38
• Frahm, 2020: E. Frahm, “Variation in Nemrut Dağ obsidian at Pre-Pottery Neolithic to Late Bronze Age sites (or: all that’s Nemrut Dağ obsidian isn’t the Sıcaksu source)”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 32, 102438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102438
• Frahm, 2016: E. Frahm, “Can I get chips with that? Sourcing small obsidian artifacts down to microdebitage scales with portable XRF”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 9, 448–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JASREP.2016.08.032
• Frahm ve Tryon, 2019: E. Frahm, C. A. Tryon, “Origin of an Early Upper Palaeolithic obsidian burin at Ksar Akil (Lebanon): Evidence of increased connectivity ahead of the Levantine Aurignacian?”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 28, 102060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102060
• Frahm ve Hauck, 2017: E. Frahm, C. T. Hauck, “Origin of an obsidian scraper at Yabroud Rockshelter II (Syria): Implications for Near Eastern social networks in the early Upper Palaeolithic”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 13, 415–427. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.04.021
• French, 1972: D. H. French, “Excavations at Can Hasan III 1969-1970”, Papers in Economic Prehistory: Studies by Members and Associates of the British Academy Major Research Project in the Early History of Agriculture (Ed. E. Higgs ), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 181–190.
• Gemici vd., 2024: H. C. Gemici, Ç. Atakuman, N. Kolankaya-Bostancı, E. Fidan, “Diversity of obsidian sources in the northwest Anatolian site of Bahçelievler and the dynamics of Neolithisation”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 329, 108543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108543
• Gemici vd., 2022: H. C. Gemici, M. Dirican, Ç.Atakuman, “New insights into the Mesolithic use of Melos obsidian in Anatolia: a pXRF analysis from the Bozburun Peninsula (southwest Turkey)”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 41, 103296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103296
• Healey, 2022: E. Healey, “Raw material matters. Lithic Studies: Anatolia and Beyond”, (Ed. A. Baysal), Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 11–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2fcctqs.6
• Hodder, 2007: I. Hodder, “Çatalhöyük in the context of the Middle Eastern Neolithic”, Annual Review of Anthropology, 36(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.36.081406.094308
• Inizan vd., 1999: M.-L., Inizan, M. Reduron-Ballinger, H. Roche, J. Tixier, Inizan, Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone: Tome 5 (translate by J, Feblot-Augustin), Nanterre Cedex: CNRS.
• Jia vd., 2010: P. W. Jia, T. Doelman, C. Chen, H. Zhao, S. Lin, R. Torrence, M. D. Glascock, “Moving sources: A preliminary study of volcanic glass artifact distributions in northeast China using PXRF”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(7), 1670–1677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.027
• Karakoç, 2019: M. Karakoç, Sofular Yontmataş Buluntu Topluluğu, Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Karakoç vd., 2023: M. Karakoç, H. C. Gemici, M. Dirican, O. Başoğlu, Ç. Atakuman, “Techno-typology and provenance of the obsidian chipped stones from Sofular Höyük, an Early Neolithic settlement near the Kızılırmak in Central Anatolia”, Documenta Praehistorica, 50, 290–313. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.50.5
• Kayacan, 2003: N. Kayacan, “Chipped stone industry of the neolithic site of Musular (Cappadocia): Preliminary results”, Anatolia Antiqua, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3406/anata.2003.991
• Kayacan ve Altınbilek-Algül, 2018: N. Kayacan, Ç. Altınbilek-Algül, “Aşıklı Höyük obsidian studies: production, use and diachronic changes”, The Early Settlement at Aşıklı Höyük (Eds. M. Özbaşaran, G. Duru, M. C. Stiner ), İstanbul: Ege Yayınları, 363–382.
• Kayacan ve Özbaşaran, 2007: N. Kayacan, M. Özbaşaran, “The choice of obsidian and its use at Musular, Central Anatolia”, Systèmes techniques et communautés du Néolithique précéramique au Proche-Orient: actes du 5e colloque international; Fréjus, du 29 février au 5 mars 2004 = Technical systems and Near Eastern PPN communities : proceedings of the 5th international workshop (Eds. L. Astruc, D. Binder, F. Briois ), Antibes: APDCA, 229–233.
• Kobayashi ve Mochizuki, 2007: K. Kobayashi, A. Mochizuki, “Source identification of obsidian projectile points from Kaman-Kalehöyük”, Anatolian Archaeological Studies, 16, 177-182.
• Martinón-Torres, 2002: M. Martinón-Torres, “Chaîne Opératoire: The Concept and Its Applications within the Study of Technology”, Gallaecia, 21, 29-43.
• Milić, 2014: M. Milić, “PXRF characterisation of obsidian from central Anatolia, the Aegean and central Europe”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 41(14), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.08.002
• Mouralis vd., 2018: D. Mouralis, M. Massussi, G. Palumbi, E. Akköprü, F. B. Restelli, D. Brunstein, M. Frangipane, B. Gratuze, F. Mokadem, A.-K.Robin, “The procurement of obsidian at Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia) during the chalcolithic and early Bronze Age: connections with Anatolia and Caucasus”, Quaternary International, 467(Part B, 22), 342–359. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.11.041
• Muller vd., 2018: A. Muller, C. Clarkson, D. Baird, A. Fairbairn, “Reduction intensity of backed blades: Blank consumption, regularity and efficiency at the early Neolithic site of Boncuklu, Turkey”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 21, 721–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.042
• Orange vd., 2019: M. Orange, T. Carter, F.-X. Le Bourdonnec, “Obsidian consumption at Qdeir 1, a Final Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Syria: An integrated characterisation study”, Comptes Rendus Palevol, 18(2), 268–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2018.08.002
• Özbaşaran vd., 2012: M. Özbaşaran, G. Duru, N. Kayacan, B. Erdoğu, H. Buitenhuis, “Musular: The 8th Millennium cal. BC Satellite Site of Aşıklı”, The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations & New Research: Central Anatolia (Eds. M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, P. Kuniholm), İstanbul: Archaeology and Art Publications, 159–180.
• Özdöl, 2007: S. Özdöl, “Anadolu platosunda en eski Çanak Çömlekli Neolitik: “Erken Gelenek” Orta Anadolu ve Göller yöresi Kanıtları”, Ege Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Dergisi, 10(2007/2).
• Özdöl, 2008: S. Özdöl, “Çatalhöyük, Süberde ve Erbaba Neolitik Dönem çanak çömleğinin yeniden değerlendirilmesi: Erken, orta ve geç gelenekler”, Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 25(3), 375–392.-
• Özdöl, 2012: S. Özdöl, “The Development and Traditions of Pottery in the Neolithic of the Anatolian Plateau: Evidence from Çatalhöyük, Süberde and Erbaba”, Oxford: BAR International Series 2439, https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407310381
• Pirie, 2011: A. Pirie, “The Epipalaeolithic chipped stone from Pınarbaşı, on the Central Anatolian plateau”, The State of the Stone: Terminologies, Continuities and Contexts in Near Eastern Lithics (Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment Vol. 13). (Eds. E. Healey, S. Campbell ve O. Maeda), Berlin: ex oriente, 89-95.
• Poupeau vd., 2010: G. Poupeau, F.-X. Le Bourdonnec, T. Carter, S. Delerue, M. S. Shackley, J.-A. Barrat, S. Dubernet, P. Moretto, T. Calligaro, M. Milić, K. Kobayashi, “The use of SEM-EDS, PIXE and EDXRF for obsidian provenance studies in the Near East: a case study from Neolithic Çatalhöyük (central Anatolia)”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(11), 2705–2720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.007
• Quade vd., 2018: J. Quade, M. C. Stiner, A. Copeland, E. A. Clark, M. Özbaşaran, “Summary of Carbon-14 Dating of the Cultural Levels of Aşıklı Höyük”, The Early Settlement at Aşıklı Höyük, (Eds. M. Özbaşaran, G. Duru, M. ve C. Stiner), İstanbul: Ege Yayınları, 43–56.
• Renfrew vd., 1969: C. Renfrew, J. E. Dixon, J. R. Cann, “Further analysis of Near Eastern obsidians”, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 34, 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X0001392X
• Renfrew, 1977: C. Renfrew, “The later obsidian of Deh Luran–the evidence of Chagha Sefid”, Studies in the Archaeological History of the Deh Luran Plain, (Ed. F. Hole), University of Michigan Press, University of Michigan Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, 289-311. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11395563
• Riebe vd., 2018: D. J. Riebe, G. M. Feinman, S. E. Nash, “P-XRF compositional analysis of obsidian from O Block Cave, New Mexico”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 18, 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.12.039
• Robin vd., 2015: A.-K. Robin, D. Mouralis, C. Kuzucuoğlu, E. Akköprü, B. Gratuze, A. F. Doğu, K. Erturaç, J. Cétoute, “Les affleurements d’obsidiennes du Nemrut (Anatolie orientale): mise en évidence d’une source exploitable, premiers résultats”, Géomorphologie : Relief, Processus, Environnement, 21(3), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.11055
• Sellet, 1993: F. Sellet, “Chaine operatoire; the concept and its applications”, Lithic Technology, 18(1–2), 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.1993.11720900
• Sheppard vd., 2011: P. J. Sheppard, G. J. Irwin, S. C. Lin, C. P. McCaffrey, “Characterization of New Zealand obsidian using PXRF”. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.08.007
• Slimak vd., 2008: L. Slimak, S. L. Kuhn, H. Roche, D. Mouralis, H. Buitenhuis, N. Balkan-Atlı, D. Binder, C. Kuzucuoğlu, H. Guillou, “Kaletepe Deresi 3 (Turkey): Archaeological evidence for early human settlement in Central Anatolia”, Journal of Human Evolution, 54(1), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.07.004
• Solecki, 1965: R. S. Solecki, “An archaeological reconnaissance in the Beyşehir Suğla area of south western Turkey”, Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, 13(1 (1964), 129–148.
• Soressi ve Geneste, 2011: M. Soressi, J. M. Geneste, “Reduction Sequence, Chaîne Opératoire, and Other Methods: The Epistemologies of Different Approaches to Lithic Analysis. The History and Efficacy of the Chaîne Opératoire Approach to Lithic Analysis: Studying Techniques to Reveal Past Societies in an Evolutionary Perspective”, PaleoAnthropology, 334-350. doi:10.4207/PA.2011.ART63
• Tykot ve Martin, 2020: R. H. Tykot, F. F. Martin, “Analysis by pXRF of Prehistoric Obsidian Artifacts From Several Sites on Ustica (Italy): Long-Distance Open-Water Distribution From Multiple Island Sources During the Neolithic and Bronze Ages”, Open Archaeology, 6(1), 348–392. https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0118
• Williams‐Thorpe, 1995: O. Williams‐Thorpe, “Obsidian in the Mediterranean and the Near East: a Provenancing Success Story”, Archaeometry, 37(2), 217–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1995.tb00740.x
• Yeğingil vd., 1998: Z. Yeğingil, G. Bigazzi, G. Poupeau, L. Bellot-Gurlet, “Provenance Studies of Obsidian Artefacts in Anatolia: The Contribution of the Fission Track Analyses”, Karatepe’deki Işık / Light on Top of the Black Hill. Studies Presented to Halet Çambel (Eds. G. Arsebük, Machteld J. Mellink, W. Schirmer), İstanbul: Ege Yayınları, 823–844.
• Yıldırım-Balcı, 2007: S. Yıldırım-Balcı, Orta Anadolu Obsidiyen Teknolojisi: Aşıklı Höyük Modeli, Tekno Kültürel Kökeni ve Evrimi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Yıldırım-Balcı, 2011: S. Yıldırım-Balcı, “Aşıklı Höyük obsidiyen teknolojisi”, TÜBA-AR, 14, 19–39. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.2011.0004