Kalkolitik Gülpınar Çanak Çömlekleri Üzerindeki Teknolojik İzler

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 26, 47 - 64, 06.05.2021

Abdulkadir Özdemir , Ayşe Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.51493/egearkeoloji.820660

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışma kuzey batı Anadolu da Kalkolitik dönem Gülpınar yerleşiminde çanak çömlek kaideleri üzerinde gözlemlenen teknolojik izleri incelemeyi amaçlar. Seramik üretimiyle ilişkilendirilen bu teknolojik izler daha çok seramiklerin şekillenmesi sürecinden kaynaklanan hasır, sepet, yün dokuma, ağaç yaprağı ve parmak izlerini kapsar. Söz konusu negatif izler Gülpınar’da hem Erken Kalkolitik tabaka (Evre II) hem de Orta Kalkolitik tabaka (Evre III) boyunca oldukça yaygındır ve neredeyse tüm seramik kaidelerinde karşımıza çıkar. Bu teknolojik izlerin incelenmesi dolaylı olarak bize Gülpınar’da ne tür hasır dokuma, yün dokuma ve sepet örme teknikleri kullanılmış olabileceği ve bunların üretimi sırasında ne tür ham maddelerin tercih edildiği konularında bilgiler sunar. Seramik kaideleri üzerinde görülen hasır, sepet, yün dokuma veya ağaç yaprağı izleri bunların bir tür ilkel çark olarak kullanılmasından kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Batı Anadolu, Kalkolitik Dönem, Gülpınar, Seramik, Teknoloji

Technological Marks On Pot Bases from Chalcolithic Gülpınar

Öz

This essay aims to examine the technological marks observed on the pot bases from the Chalcolithic site of Gülpınar in northwestern Anatolia. These technological marks, which are mainly related to stage of the forming of the pots, represents the negative impressions of mats, baskets, cloth, and tree leaves, as well as finger prints. These negative impressions on pot bases are characteristic of both Early Chalcolithic (phase II) and Middle Chalcolithic period (phase III) at Gülpınar and they appear almost on pot bases recovered from the site during excavations. Examination of these technological marks in the shape of negative impressions on pot bases from Gülpınar help us to obtain information on the techniques used to make the woollen cloth, mats, and baskets and what kind of raw materials were used in their production. The negative impressions of mats, baskets, cloth, or tree leaves on pot bases result from their use as primitive turntables.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Western Anatolia, Chalcolithic Period, Gülpınar, Pottery, Technology

Kaynakça

• ADOVASIO and ILLINGWORTH 2003: M.J. Adovasio, J.S. Illingworth, “Basketry and Textile Impressions” In: E.S. Elster, C. Renfrew (Eds.) Prehistoric Sitagroi: Excavations in Northeast Greece, 1968-1970, vol. 2: The Final Report, Los Angeles, 252-257.
• CARRINGTON SMITH 1977: J. Carrington-Smith, “Cloth and Mat Impressions” In: J. Coleman, (Ed.) Keos I. Kephala: A Late Neolithic Settlement and Cemetry, Volume I, Princeton, 114-125.
• CARRINGTON SMITH 2000: J. Carrington-Smith, “The spinning and weaving implements” In: Ridley, C, K.A. Wardle, C. A. Mould (Eds.) Servia: Anglo-Hellenic Rescue Excavations 1971-73, (British School at Athens, Supplement 32), London, 207-263.
• CARTER et al. 2003: E. Carter, S. Campell, S. Gauld, “Elusive Complexity: New Data from Late Halaf Domuztepe in South Central Turkey”, Paleorient 29: 117-134.
• CROWFOOT 1934: G.M. Crowfoot, “The Mat Looms of Huleh, Palestine”, Palestine Exploration Quarterly 66: 195-198.
• ÇEVİK 2018: Ö. Çevik, “What follows the Late Neolithic occupation in central-western Anatolia? A view from Ulucak?” In: S. Dietz, F. Mavridis, Z. Tankosic, T. Takaoğlu (Eds.), Communities in Transition: The Circum-Aegean Later Neolithic Stage (ca. 5000/4800-3200/3000 BC, Oxford, 506-512.
• ÇİLİNGİROĞLU and ÇİLİNGİROĞLU 2007: A. Çilingiroğlu, Ç. Çilingiroğlu, “Ulucak” In: M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen (Eds.) Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem: Yeni Kazılar, Yeni Bulgular, İstanbul, 2007, 361-372.
• ÇİLİNGİROĞLU et al. 2012: A. Çilingiroğlu, Ö. Çevik, Ç. Çilingiroğlu, “Ulucak Höyük” In: M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, P. Kuniholm (Eds.) The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations & New Research, Volume 4. Western Turkey, İstanbul, 139-75.
• ERİM-ÖZDOĞAN 2012: A. Erim-Özdoğan, “Çayönü” In: M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, P. Kuniholm (Eds.) The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations & New Research, Volume 1. The Tigris Basin, İstanbul, 185-269.
• EVANS and RENFREW 1968: J.D. Evans, C. Renfrew, Excavations at Saliagos near Antiparos. London.
• FURNESS 1956: A. “Furness, Some early pottery of Samos, Kalimnos and Chios”, Proceedings of Prehistoric Society 9: 173-213.
• GABRIEL 2014: U. Gabriel, “Die keramik der troadischen Funorte Kumtepe IA, Beşik-Sivritepe und Çıplak Köyü im Kontext ihrer überregionalen Vergleichsfunde” In: E. Pernicka, C.B. Rose, P. Jablonka (Eds.) Studia Troica, Monography 5, Bonn, 990-1057.
• GÜNEL 2014: S. Günel, “New contributions regarding prehistoric cultures in the Meander region: Çine-Tepecik” In: B. Horejs, M. Mehofer (Eds) Western Anatolia Before Troy: Proto-Urbanization before the 4th millennium BC?, Vienna, pp. 83-108
• HEIDENREICH 1935/36: R. Heidenreich, “Vorgeschichtlisches in der stadt Samos”, Athenische Mitteilungen 60/61, 125-183.
• IMMERWAHR 1971: S.A. Immerwahr, The Athenian Agora XIII: The Neolithic and Bronze Ages, Princeton.
• JOHNSTON 1974: R.H. Johnston, “The Biblical Potter”, The Biblical Archaeologist 37: 86-106.
• LABRIOLA 2008: L. Labriola, “First Impressions: A Preliminary Account of Mat-Impressed Pottery in the Prehistoric Aegean” In: H. Erkanal, H. Hauptmann, V. Şahoğlu, R. Tuncel (Eds.) The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age, Ankara, 309-322.
• LUCAS 1962: A. Lucas, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, London
• MARI 1993: A. Mari, “Αγγεία με ασλβωτή δıaκόσμηση” In: A. Sampson (Ed.) Skoteini Tharrounia. The Cave, Settlement and the Cemetery. Athens, 135-98.
• MELLAART 1963: J. Mellaart, “Chatal Hüyük in Anatolia: Excavations which revolutionise the history of the earliest civilisations, Part III, Pottery and Textiles”, ILN 242, 9th February, 196-8.
• MELLAART 1967: J. Mellaart, Çatalhöyük. A Neolithic Town in Anatolia, London.
• MELLAART 1970: J. Mellaart, Excavations at Hacılar, Edinburg.
• MOCK 1976: R. Mock, “Anza I-III (pre-Vina) ceramics” In: M. Gimbutas (Ed.) Neolithic Macedonia: as Reflected by Excavation at Anza, Southeat Yugoslavia, (Monumenta Archaeologica I), Los Angeles, 78-116.
• MYRES 1898: J.L Myres, “Negative Impressions of an Early Clay Vessel from Amorgos”, The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 27, 178-180.
• ÖZDEMİR 2007: A. Özdemir, “An Experimental Study of Mat Impression on Pot Bases from Chalcolithic Gülpınar (Smintheion)” In: T. Takaoğlu, (Ed.) Ethnoarchaeological Investigations in Rural Anatolia, vol. 4, Istanbul, 73-86.
• ÖZDEMİR 2013: A. Özdemir, Kalkolitik Gülpınar (Gülpınar) Yerleşiminde Hasırcılık ve Dokumacılık, Studies on the Troad 3, Troia Vakfı Yayınları, Çanakkale.
• ÖZDEMİR 2015: Ayşe Özdemir, Kalkolitik Smintheion (Gülpınar) Yerleşimi Çanak Çömlekleri Üzerindeki Teknolojik İzler, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• ÖZDOĞAN 2007: M. Özdoğan, “Marmara Bölgesi Neolitik Çağ Kültürleri” In: M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen (Eds.) Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem: Yeni Kazılar, Yeni Bulgular, İstanbul, 401-426.
• ÖZDOĞAN 2013: M. Özdoğan, “Neolithic sites in the Marmara region: Fikirtepe, Pendik, Yarımburgaz, Toptepe, Hoca Çeşme and Aşağı Pınar” In: M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, N. Başgelen, P. Kuniholm, (Eds.) The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations & new Research, vol. 5: Northwestern Turkey and Istanbul, İstanbul, 167-269.
• PERLES 2001: C. Perlès, Early Neolithic in Greece: The First Farming Communities in Europe, Cambridge.
• PYKE and YIOUNI 1996: G. Pyke, P. Yiouni, Nea Nikomediea I. The Excavation and the Ceramic Assemblage, (British School of Archaeology at Athens Supplement 25), London.
• RENFREW 2006: J.M. Renfrew, “The leaf, mat and cloth impressions” In: L. Marangou, C. Renfrew, C. Doumas, G. Gavalas (Eds.) Markiani, Amorgos: An Early Bronze Age Fortified Settlement, London, 195-198
• RENFREW 2007: J.M. Renfrew, “Leaf, mat, and cloth impressions from Dhaskalios Kavos, Keros” In: C. Renfrew, C. Doumas, L. Marangou, G. Gavalas (Eds.) Keros, Dhaskalio Kavos. The Investigations of 1987-99, Cambridge, 374-76.
• RIDLEY and WARDLE 1979: C. Ridley, K.A. Wardle, “Rescue excavations at Servia 1971-73”, Bulletin of the Brtisih School of Archaeology at Athens 74: 185-230.
• RYDER 1965: M.L. Ryder, “Report of Textiles From Çatal Höyük”, Anatolian Studies 15: 175-176.
• SAMPSON 1987: A. Sampson, Η Νεολιθική περίοδος στα Δωδεκάνησα, Athens.
• SAMPSON 1988: A. Sampson, Η νεολιθική κατοίκηση στο Γυαλί της Νισύρου, Athens.
• SAMPSON 1993: A. Sampson, Skoteini at Tharrounia, The Cave, the Settlement and the Cemetery, Athens.
• SAMPSON 2002: A. Sampson, The Neolithic Settlement at Ftelia, Mykonos, Rhodes.
• SAMPSON 2008: A. Sampson, The Cave of Cyclopes on the Island of Gioura, Greece: Mesolithic and Neolithic Networks in the Northern Aegean Basin, Vol. I. Intra-Site Analysis, Local Industries and Regional Site Distribution, Philadelphia.
• SEEBACHER 1997: M. Seebacher, “Mattenabdrücke” In: S. Hiller, V. Nikolov (Eds.) Karanovo I.1: Die Ausgrabungen in Südsektör (1982-92), (Österreichisch-bulgarische Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Karanovo I), Salsburg, 229-233.
• TAKAOĞLU 2006: T. Takaoğlu, “The Late Neolithic in the Eastern Aegean: Excavations at Gülpınar in the Troad”, Hesperia 75, 289-31.
• TAKAOĞLU and ÖZDEMİR 2018: T. Takaoğlu, A. Özdemir, “The Middle Chalcolithic in the Troad: A new look from Gülpınar” In: S. Dietz, F. Mavridis, Z. Tankosic; T. Takaoğlu (Eds.) Communities in Transition: The Circum-Aegean Later Neolithic Stage (ca. 5000/4800-3200/3000 BC), Athens, 479-490.
• TSOUNTHAS 1898: C. Tsounthas, “Κυκλαδικά”, AEphem, 137-212.
• WEINDRICH 2006: W. Wendrich, Çatalhöyük Basketry” In: I. Hodder (Ed.) Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-1999 Seasons, Çatalhöyük Research Project, Vol. 5, Cambridge, 333-338.
• WEINDRICH 2007: W. Wendrich, ‘‘Neolithische Korbflechterei”, Vor 12.000 Jahren in Anatolien. Die altesten Monumente der Menschheit, Karlsruhe, 230-235.
• YAZICI 2009: D. Yazıcı, Ege Gübre Kazısında Ortaya Çıkarılan Kalkolitik Dönem Çanak Çömlekleri. Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.