Öz
This study focuses on the characterization of mortar samples from a large Byzantine Basilica dating back to 5th/6th century CE and a smaller Basilica from late Byzantine period in Side, Türkiye. Samples were collected from various parts of the remains and investigated for their basic physical, physico-mechanical and compositional properties to gather essential information to be used in conservation/restoration interventions of the basilicas. For the determination of the basic physical and physico-mechanical properties density and porosity tests, ultrasonic velocity measurements were conducted. The characterization of the binder and aggregates were performed by petrographic analyses of thin sections and XRPD analyses. Mortars were treated with dilute HCl acid solution for the estimation of the binder/aggregate ratios. Particle size distribution of acid insoluble aggregates was evaluated by sieve analyses. Pozzolanic activity tests were carried out on the finer aggregates. Mortar samples were found to have relatively low density and high porosity. Binder is observed to be pure lime in all samples with high percentages of acid soluble parts. Aggregates of the samples were observed to be composed of mainly limestone and siliceous rock fragments. Use of crushed brick was observed in some of the mortar samples. Fine aggregates of mortars were found to have comparatively good pozzolanicity.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ASTM D2845 2000: ASTM D2845, Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Pulse Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock. ASTM International
- Bakolas et al. 1995: A. Bakolas, G. Biscontin,., A. Moropoulou & E. Zendri, Physico-chemical characteristics of traditional mortars in Venice. www.witpress.com
- Belfiore et al. 2023: C. M. Belfiore, G. Montalto, C. Finocchiaro, G. Cultrone & P. Mazzoleni, Durability tests on lime-based mortars from the historic built heritage of Catania (Eastern Sicily, Italy): An experimental study. Journal of Building Engineering, 80, 108137. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2023.108137
- Borges et al. 2014: C. Borges, A. Santos Silva & R. Veiga, Durability of ancient lime mortars in humid environment. Construction and Building Materials, 66, 606–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.019
- Caner and Güney 2018: E. Caner & B. A. Güney, Investigation of Mortars and Plasters of a Byzantine Church in Southwest Anatolia with Emphasis on Possible Pozzolan Use. Materials Science, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.24.3.18590
- Faria et al., 2008: P. Faria, F. Henriques & V. Rato, Comparative evaluation of lime mortars for architectural conservation. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 9(3), 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2008.03.003
- Franzini et al., 2000: M. Franzini, L. Leoni & M. Lezzerini, A procedure for determining the chemical composition of binder and aggregate in ancient mortars: its application to mortars from some medieval buildings in Pisa. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 1(4), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(00)01092-X
- Kaderli, 2017: L. Kaderli, Side Liman Bölgesi Kutsal Alanının Tarihsel Gelişimi İçinde Küçük Bazilika Yapısı ve Mimari Özellikleri. Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Çalışmaları Dergisi, 19, 32–45
- Klisińska-Kopacz et al., 2010: A. Klisińska-Kopacz, R. Tišlova, G. Adamski, R. Kozłowski, Pore structure of historic and repair Roman cement mortars to establish their compatibility. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11(4), 404–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CULHER.2010.03.002
- Leslie and Gibbons, 2000: A. B. Leslie and P. Gibbons, Mortar analysis and repair specifications in the conservation of Scottish historic buildings. In International RILEM Workshop on Historic Mortars: Characteristics and Tests: Paisley, Scotland
- Luxán et al. 1989: M. P. Luxán, F. Madruga & J. Saavedra, Rapid evaluation of pozzolanic activity of natural products by conductivity measurement. Cement and Concrete Research, 19(1), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(89)90066-5
- Normal 1983: Normal, 12/83, Aggregati Artificiali di Clasti a Matrice Legante non Argillosa: Schema di Descrizione. CNR-ICR
- TC 25-PEM 1980: TC 25-PEM, Recommended Tests to Measure the Deterioration of Stone and to Assess the Effectiveness of Treatment Methods. Materials and Structures, 13(73), 173–253
- Papayianni and Stefanidou, 2003: I. Papayianni and M. Stefanidou, Mortars for intervention in monuments and historical buildings. In Structural studies, repairs, and maintenance of heritage architecture VIII, 57–64 Tenconi et al. 2018: M. Tenconi, I. Karatasios, F. Bala’awi & V. Kilikoglou, Technological and microstructural characterization of mortars and plasters from the Roman site of Qasr Azraq, in Jordan. Journal of Cultural Heritage. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CULHER.2018.03.005
- Tunçoku and Caner-Saltik 2006: S. S. Tunçoku & E. N. Caner-Saltik, Opal-A rich additives used in ancient lime mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(10), 1886–1893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.06.012
Öz
Bu çalışmada, Side, Türkiye’de bulunan MS 5./6. yüzyıla tarihlenen Bizans Bazilikası ve bu bazilikanın içinde bulunan ve geç Bizans dönemine tarihlenen küçük bazilikaya ait harç örneklerinin karakterizasyonu yapılmıştır. Bazilikalara ait kalıntıların farklı bölümlerinden alınan örneklerin; koruma ve onarım müdahalelerinde yardımcı olabilecek temel malzeme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla fiziksel, fiziko-mekanik ve bileşimsel özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Fiziksel ve fiziko-mekanik özellikler, birim hacim ağırlığı ve gözeneklilik değerlerinin belirlenmesi, ultrasonik hız ölçümleri ile incelenmiştir. Bağlayıcı ve agregaların karakterizasyonu, ince kesitlerin petrografik analizleri ve XPRD analizleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Harçların, bağlayıcı/agrega oranlarının yaklaşık olarak tespit edilmesi için seyreltik HCl asit çözeltisi kullanılmıştır. Asitte çözünmeyen agregaların parçacık büyüklüğü dağılımı elek analizleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. İnce agregalar üzerinde, puzolanik aktivite deneyleri yapılmıştır. Harç örneklerinin nispeten düşük yoğunluğa ve yüksek gözenekliliğe sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Bağlayıcının, tüm numunelerde kireç olduğu ve örneklerin asitte çözünen kısımlarının yüksek oranda olduğu gözlenmiştir. Agregalarının ağırlıklı olarak kireçtaşı ve silisli kaya parçalarından oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Harç örneklerinin bir kısmında terracotta kırıklarının kullanımına rastlanmıştır. İnce harç agregalarının görece olarak yüksek puzolanikliğe sahip olduğu görülmüştür.
Kaynakça
- ASTM D2845 2000: ASTM D2845, Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Pulse Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock. ASTM International
- Bakolas et al. 1995: A. Bakolas, G. Biscontin,., A. Moropoulou & E. Zendri, Physico-chemical characteristics of traditional mortars in Venice. www.witpress.com
- Belfiore et al. 2023: C. M. Belfiore, G. Montalto, C. Finocchiaro, G. Cultrone & P. Mazzoleni, Durability tests on lime-based mortars from the historic built heritage of Catania (Eastern Sicily, Italy): An experimental study. Journal of Building Engineering, 80, 108137. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2023.108137
- Borges et al. 2014: C. Borges, A. Santos Silva & R. Veiga, Durability of ancient lime mortars in humid environment. Construction and Building Materials, 66, 606–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.019
- Caner and Güney 2018: E. Caner & B. A. Güney, Investigation of Mortars and Plasters of a Byzantine Church in Southwest Anatolia with Emphasis on Possible Pozzolan Use. Materials Science, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.24.3.18590
- Faria et al., 2008: P. Faria, F. Henriques & V. Rato, Comparative evaluation of lime mortars for architectural conservation. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 9(3), 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2008.03.003
- Franzini et al., 2000: M. Franzini, L. Leoni & M. Lezzerini, A procedure for determining the chemical composition of binder and aggregate in ancient mortars: its application to mortars from some medieval buildings in Pisa. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 1(4), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(00)01092-X
- Kaderli, 2017: L. Kaderli, Side Liman Bölgesi Kutsal Alanının Tarihsel Gelişimi İçinde Küçük Bazilika Yapısı ve Mimari Özellikleri. Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Çalışmaları Dergisi, 19, 32–45
- Klisińska-Kopacz et al., 2010: A. Klisińska-Kopacz, R. Tišlova, G. Adamski, R. Kozłowski, Pore structure of historic and repair Roman cement mortars to establish their compatibility. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11(4), 404–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CULHER.2010.03.002
- Leslie and Gibbons, 2000: A. B. Leslie and P. Gibbons, Mortar analysis and repair specifications in the conservation of Scottish historic buildings. In International RILEM Workshop on Historic Mortars: Characteristics and Tests: Paisley, Scotland
- Luxán et al. 1989: M. P. Luxán, F. Madruga & J. Saavedra, Rapid evaluation of pozzolanic activity of natural products by conductivity measurement. Cement and Concrete Research, 19(1), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(89)90066-5
- Normal 1983: Normal, 12/83, Aggregati Artificiali di Clasti a Matrice Legante non Argillosa: Schema di Descrizione. CNR-ICR
- TC 25-PEM 1980: TC 25-PEM, Recommended Tests to Measure the Deterioration of Stone and to Assess the Effectiveness of Treatment Methods. Materials and Structures, 13(73), 173–253
- Papayianni and Stefanidou, 2003: I. Papayianni and M. Stefanidou, Mortars for intervention in monuments and historical buildings. In Structural studies, repairs, and maintenance of heritage architecture VIII, 57–64 Tenconi et al. 2018: M. Tenconi, I. Karatasios, F. Bala’awi & V. Kilikoglou, Technological and microstructural characterization of mortars and plasters from the Roman site of Qasr Azraq, in Jordan. Journal of Cultural Heritage. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CULHER.2018.03.005
- Tunçoku and Caner-Saltik 2006: S. S. Tunçoku & E. N. Caner-Saltik, Opal-A rich additives used in ancient lime mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(10), 1886–1893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.06.012
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Arkeoloji (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 12 Ağustos 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 17 Aralık 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 34 |
