Türkiye’de Lisansüstü Eğitimde Öğrenciyi Okulda Tutma: Örgütsel Faktörlerin Lisansüstü Eğitim Mezuniyetindeki Rolü

Abstract

Lisansüstü eğitim, kendi uzmanlık alanlarında bir kariyer takip etmeleri doğrultusunda öğrencileri yönlendirir. Bu bağlamda, lisansüstü eğitim öğrenciler için cezbedici olmaktadır. Fakat öğrencilerin lisansüstü eğitimi tamamlamamalarına sebep olan belli etkenler vardır. Bu çalışma, yüksek lisans ve doktora eğitimlerinde öğrencilerin mezuniyet durumlarını kontrol etmeyi ve lisansüstü eğitimde mezuniyet oranlarına etki eden örgütsel faktörleri araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma deseni ilişkisel tarama olup ikincil veri analizi yapılmıştır. Derece tamamlayamama oranı bağımlı değişken iken üniversite türü, öğretim üyesi başına düşen öğrenci sayısı ve öğretim üyesi başına düşen makale sayısı bağımsız değişkenlerdir. Çalışmanın amacını gerçekleştirmek için betimleyici istatistik ve eş zamanlı çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma bulguları yüksek lisans öğrenci kaybının doktora öğrenci kaybından yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, öğretim üyesi başına düşen makale sayısı hem yüksek lisans hem doktora tamamlamama oranını yordarken üniversite türü ise sadece yüksek lisans tamamlamama oranını yordamıştır. Tamamlama oranlarının artırılması için akademik personelin performansının hesaba katılması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

• Yükseköğretim
• Lisansüstü eğitim
• Öğrenciyi okulda tutma
• Derece tamamlayamama
• Öğrenci kaybı

Student Retention in Graduate Education in Turkey: Role of Organizational Factors on the Degree Completion in Graduate Education

Abstract

Graduate education leads students to follow a career in their expertise fields. In this respect, graduate education is attractive to students. However, in graduate education, there are several factors affecting the students’ degree completion. This study aims to check the student attrition rates for master’s and doctoral education and to investigate the role of organizational factors on the degree non-completion in graduate education. This study was designed as a correlational study using secondary data. The non-completion rate was the criterion variable, while the university type, the students per faculty member, and the articles published per faculty member were the predictors. Descriptive statistics and Simultaneous Multiple Regression Analysis were performed to achieve the purpose of the study. The findings of the current study showed that the student attrition rates for master’s education were higher than those for doctoral education. Furthermore, the articles per faculty member predicted the non-completion both in master’s and doctoral degree, while the university type predicted only the non-completion in master’s degree. It was recommended that the performance of the academic staff should be taken into consideration to increase the degree completion rates.

Keywords

• Higher education
• Graduate education
• Student retention
• Degree non-completion
• Student attrition

References

1. Adams, T., Banks, M., Davis, D., & Dickson, J. (2010). The Hobsons retention project: Context and factor analysis report. Melbourne, Australia: Tony Adams and Associates.
2. Alabaş, R., Kamer, S. T., & Polat, Ü. (2012). Master's degree education in the career development of teachers: reasons of preference and the problems that they face throughout the process. E-International Journal of Educational Research, 3(4), 89-107.
3. Aljohani, O. (2016). Analyzing the findings of the Saudi research on student attrition in higher education. International Education Studies, 9(8), 184-193. doi:10.5539/ies.v9n8p184
4. American Psychological Association. (2016). Graduate study in psychology summary report: Student attrition. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/education/grad/survey-data/2016-report.pdf
5. Araque, F., Roldán, C., & Salguero, A. (2009). Factors influencing university drop out rates. Computers & Education, 53(3), 563-574. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.03.013
6. Bair, C. R., & Haworth, J. G. (2004). Doctoral student attrition and persistence: A meta-synthesis of research. In J. C. Smart (Ed.). Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (pp. 481-534). Dordrecht: Springer.
7. Bean, J. P. (1980). Dropouts and turnover: The synthesis and test of a causal model of student attrition. Research in Higher Education, 12(2), 155-187.
8. Bean, J. P. (1982). Student attrition, intentions, and confidence: Interaction effects in a path model. Research in Higher Education, 17(4), 291-320.

9. Bean, J. P. (1983). The application of a model of turnover in work organizations to the student attrition process. The Review of Higher Education, 6(2), 129-148 doi:10.1353/rhe.1983.0026
10. Bennett, R. (2003). Determinants of undergraduate student dropout rates in a university business studies department. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 27(2), 123-141 doi:10.1080/030987703200065154
11. Bentler, P. M., & Speckart, G. (1981). Attitudes "cause" behaviors: A structural equation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(2), 226-238.
12. Bozan, M. (2012). Lisansüstü eğitimde nitelik arayışları. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 177-187.
13. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32, 513-531.
14. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22(6), 723-742.
15. Bülbül, T. (2012). Yüksekögretimde okul terki: Nedenler ve çözümlere yönelik bir olgubilim çalısması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37(166), 219-235.
16. Cabrera, A. F., Nora, A., & Castaneda, M. B. (1993). College persistence: Structural equations modeling test of an integrated model of student retention. The Journal of Higher Education, 64(2), 123-139. doi:10.1080/00221546.1993.11778419
17. Chaney, B. W., & Farris, E. (1991). Survey on retention at higher education institutions. US Department of Education, Planning and Evaluation Service.
18. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159.
19. Council of Higher Education [CoHE]. (2015). The Turkish Higher Education dataset. Retrieved from https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
20. Council of Higher Education [CoHE]. (2017). The Turkish Higher Education dataset. Retrieved from https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
21. Council of Higher Education [CoHE]. (2019). The Turkish Higher Education dataset. Retrieved from https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
22. Cooke, D. K., Sims, R. L., & Peyrefitte, J. (1995). The relationship between graduate student attitudes and attrition. The Journal of Psychology, 129(6), 677-688. doi:10.1080/00223980.1995.9914938
23. Crede, E., & Borrego, M. (2014). Understanding retention in US graduate programs by student nationality. Studies in Higher Education, 39(9), 1599-1616. doi:10.1080/03075079.2013.801425
24. Celik, K. (2013). The contribution of supervisors to doctoral students in doctoral education: A qualitative study. Creative Education, 4(1), 9-17.
25. Çelik, Z. ve Gür, B. (2014). Yükseköğretim sistemlerinin yönetimi ve üniversite özerkliği: Küresel eğilimler ve Türkiye örneği. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 4(1), 18-27. doi:10.5961/jhes.2014.085
26. Çetinsaya, G. (2014). Büyüme, kalite, uluslararasılaşma: Türkiye yükseköğretimi için bir yol haritası. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Basımevi Müdürlüğü.
27. Çoruk, A., Çağatay, Ş. M. ve Öztürk, H. (2016). Lisansüstü eğitimde kayıt ve devam Sorunları. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 165-178.
28. Davidson, W. B., Beck, H. P., & Milligan, M. (2009). The college persistence questionnaire: Development and validation of an instrument that predicts student attrition. Journal of College Student Development, 50(4), 373-390. doi:10.1353/csd.0.0079
29. Demetriou, C., & Schmitz-Sciborski, A. (2011). Integration, motivation, strengths and optimism: Retention theories past, present and future. In R. Hayes (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th National Symposium on student retention (pp. 300-312). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma.
30. DesJardins, S. L., Ahlburg, D. A., & McCall, B. P. (2002). An event history model of student departure. Economics of Education Review, 18(3), 375-390. doi:10.1080/00221546.2002.11777168
31. Di Pietro, G., & Cutillo, A. (2008). Degree flexibility and university drop-out: The Italian experience. Economics of Education Review, 27(5), 546-555. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2007.06.002
32. Durbin, J., & Watson, G. S. (1951). Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression. II. Biometrika, 38(1/2), 159-177. doi:10.2307/2332391
33. Durkheim, E. (1961). Suicide. (J. Spaulding & G. Simpson, trans.). Glencoe: The Free Press.
34. Elgar, F. J. (2003). PhD degree completion in Canadian universities. Nova Scotia, Canada: Dalhousie University.
35. Erkılıç, T. A. (2007). Factors affecting graduate education intentness of teacher candidates (Eskişehir sample). GAU Journal of Social &Applied Sciences, 3(5), 46-72.
36. Ertem, H. Y. (2018). The role of personal and organizational factors on student attrition from graduate education: do or die? (Unpublished dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara. Retrieved from https://lib.metu.edu.tr/e-theses
37. Ertem, H. Y. ve Gökalp, G. (2016). Sayıların dili: Lisansüstü eğitimde okul terki. K. Beycioğlu, N. Özer, D. Koşar ve İ. Şahin (Ed.), Eğitim yönetimi araştırmaları içinde (ss. 239-250). Ankara: PegemA.
38. Ferreira, M. (2003). Gender issues related to graduate student attrition in two science departments. International Journal of Science Education, 25(8), 969-989. doi:10.1080/09500690305026
39. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage.
40. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1974). Attitudes towards objects as predictors of single and multiple behavioral criteria. Psychological Review, 81(1), 59-74. doi:10.1037/h0035872
41. Gall, G., Gall, J., & Borg, P. (2003). Educational research: An introduction (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
42. Gardner, S. K. (2009). Student and faculty attributions of attrition in high and low-completing doctoral programs in the United States. Higher Education, 58(1), 97-112. doi:10.1007/s 10734-008-9184-7
43. Geisinger, B. N., & Raman, D. R. (2013). Why they leave: Understanding student attrition from engineering majors. International Journal of Engineering Education, 29(4), 914-925.
44. Golde, C. M. (2000). Should I stay or should I go? Student descriptions of the doctoral attrition process. The Review of Higher Education, 23(2), 199-227.
45. Graduate Education and Teaching Regulation. (2016). T. C. Resmi Gazete, 29690, 20 Nisan 2016.
46. Grebennikov, L., & Shah, M. (2012). Investigating attrition trends in order to improve student retention. Quality Assurance in Education, 20(3), 223-236. doi:10.1108/09684881211240295
47. Gregerman, S. R., Lerner, J. S., von Hippel, W., Jonides, J., & Nagda, B. A. (1998). Undergraduate student-faculty research partnerships affect student retention. The Review of Higher Education, 22(1), 55-72. doi:10.1353/rhe.1998.0016
48. Herman, C. (2011). Obstacles to success-doctoral student attrition in South Africa. Perspectives in Education, 29(1), 40-52.
49. Hürriyet. (2015). ‘Pasif’ yüksek lisans http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pasif-yuksek-lisans-29598522 adresinden elde edildi.
50. Ishitani, T. T. (2006). Studying attrition and degree completion behavior among first-generation college students in the United States. Journal of Higher Education, 77(5), 861-885.
51. Jex, S. M., & Britt, T. W. (2008). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment. In S. M. Jex & T. W. Britt (Eds.) Organizational psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach (2nd. Ed) (pp. 131-166). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
52. Johnes, J., & Taylor, J. (1989). Undergraduate non-completion rates: differences between UK universities. Higher Education, 18(2), 209-225. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2004.00068.x
53. Kahn, J. H., & Nauta, M. M. (2001). Social-cognitive predictors of first-year college persistence: The importance of proximal assessment. Research in Higher Education, 42(6), 633-652.
54. Karakütük, K. (1989). Türkiye’de lisansüstü öğretim, sorunları ve çözüm önerileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 505-528. doi:10.1501/Egifak_0000000881
55. Karakütük, K. ve Özdemir, Y. (2011). Bilim Insanı Yetiştirme Projesi (BİYEP) ve Öğretim Üyesi Yetiştirme Programı’nın (ÖYP) değerlendirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(161), 26-38.
56. Lassibille, G., & Navarro Gómez, L. (2008). Why do higher education students drop out? Evidence from Spain. Education Economics, 16(1), 89-105 doi:10.1080/09645290701523267
57. Litalien, D., & Guay, F. (2015). Dropout intentions in PhD studies: A comprehensive model based on interpersonal relationships and motivational resources. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 41, 218-231. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.03.004
58. Lovitts, B. E. (1996). Who is responsible for graduate student attrition--the individual or the institution? toward an explanation of the high and persistent rate of attrition. Oral Presentation, Annual Meeting of American Educational Research Association, New York, USA.
59. Lovitts, B. E. (2001). Leaving the ivory tower: The causes and consequences of departure from doctoral study. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
60. Lundquist, C., Spalding, R. J., & Landrum, R. E. (2002). College student's thoughts about leaving the university: The impact of faculty attitudes and behaviors. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 4(2), 123-133. doi:10.2190/FLAL-7AM5-Q6K3-L40P
61. Mallette, B. I., & Cabrera, A. F. (1991). Determinants of withdrawal behavior: An exploratory study. Research in Higher Education, 32(2), 179-194.
62. Moore, S., Armstrong, C., & Pearson, J. (2008). Lecture absenteeism among students in higher education: a valuable route to understanding student motivation. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 30(1), 15-24. doi:10.1080/13600800701457848
63. Napoli, A. R., & Wortman, P. M. (1998). Psychosocial factors related to retention and early departure of two-year community college students. Research in Higher Education, 39(4), 419-455.
64. Nayır, F. (2011). Eğitim bilimleri alanında lisansüstü öğrenim görmekte olan müfettiş, okul yöneticisi ve öğretmenlerin sorunları. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 44(2), 199-222. doi:10.1501/Egifak_0000001230
65. Örer, H. S. (2011). Türkiye’nin bilimsel yayın performansı. Ankem Dergisi, 25(2), 134-138.
66. Özbaş, M. (2010). İlköğretim okullarında öğrenci devamsızlığının nedenleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(156), 32-44.
67. Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1980). Predicting freshman persistence and voluntary dropout decisions from a theoretical model. The Journal of Higher Education, 51(1), 60-75 doi:10.1080/00221546.1980.11780030
68. Pascarella, E. T., & Chapman, D. W. (1983). A multiinstitutional, path analytic validation of Tinto’s model of college withdrawal. American Educational Research Journal, 20(1), 87-102. doi:10.3102/00028312020001087
69. Radloff, A., Coates, H., James, R., & Krause, K. L. (2011). Report on the development of the University Experience Survey. Canberra: Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations
70. Saraç, Y. (2016). Üniversitelerde ihtisaslaşma için düğmeye basıldı. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/universitelerde-ihtisaslasma-icin-dugmeye-basildi-40115469 adresinden elde edildi.
71. Sevinç, B. (2001). Türkiye’de lisansüstü eğitim uygulamaları, sorunlar ve öneriler. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(1-2), 125-137. doi:10.1501/Egifak_0000000052
72. Shelton, E. N. (2003). Faculty support and student retention. Journal of Nursing Education, 42(2), 68-76 doi:10.3928/0148-4834-20030201-07
73. Smith, J. P., & Naylor, R. A. (2001). Dropping out of university: a statistical analysis of the probability of withdrawal for UK university students. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 164(2), 389-405. doi:10.1111/1467-985X.00209
74. Spady, W. G. (1970). Dropouts from higher education: An interdisciplinary review and synthesis. Interchange, 1(1), 64-85.
75. Stevens, J. P. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. New York: Routledge.
76. Şenses, F. (2007). Uluslararası gelişmeler ışığında Türkiye yükseköğretim sistemi: temel eğilimler, sorunlar, çelişkiler ve öneriler. http://erc.metu.edu.tr/en/system/files/menu/series07/0705.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
77. Şimşek, H. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinde okulu bırakma eğilimi ve nedenleri. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 27-47.
78. Xu, Y. J. (2014). Advance to and persistence in graduate school: identifying the influential factors and major-based differences. Journal of College Student Retention, 16, 391-417 doi:10.2190/CS.16.3.e
79. Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 89-125. doi:10.3102/00346543045001089
80. Tonbul, Y. (2014). A comparative study of selection, training and advisory practices for doctoral education. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 55, 263-282. doi:10.14689/ejer.2014.55.15
81. Tonbul, Y. (2017). Sosyal Bilimler Enstitülerinin lisansüstü eğitimin niteliğini artırmadaki rolü. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 7(1), 150-162 doi:10.5961/jhes.2017.193
82. Turkish Official Journal. (2012). Katkı payı ve öğrenim ücretlerinin tespitine dair karar. Retrived from http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/08/20120829-1.htm
83. Turkish Statistical Association [TUİK]. (2019). İşgücü istatistikleri-Mart 2019. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30683
84. University Ranking by Academic Performance. (2018). URAP Türkiye sıralaması (2018-2019) basın bildirisi. Retrieved from http://tr.urapcenter.org/2018/2018_t9.php
85. Ünver, G. (2005). Yüksek lisans öğrencilerinin tez danışmanlarına ilişkin beklentileri. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(17), 293-300.
86. Ünver, G., Bümen, N. T., ve Başbay, M. (2010). Ortaöğretim alan öğretmenliği tezsiz yüksek lisans derslerine öğretim elemanı bakışı: Ege Üniversitesi örneği. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(155), 63-77.
87. Weiner, B. (1972). Attribution theory, achievement motivation, and the educational process. Review of Educational Research, 42(2), 203–215.
88. Yorke, M., & Thomas, L. (2003). Improving the retention of students from lower socio-economic groups. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 25(1), 63-74. doi:10.1080/13600800305737
89. Yorke, M., & Longden, B. (2008). The first-year experience of higher education in the UK. New York: Higher Education Academy.