Müzik Terapinin 6-12 Yaş Arası Çocuklarda Anksiyete Ve Ağrı Yönetimine Etkisi: Randomize Kontrollü Bir Çalışma
Year 2020,
Volume: 36 Issue: 3, 175 - 188, 28.12.2020
Özgür Bahadır
,
Meltem Kürtüncü
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışma, müzik terapinin cerrahi girişim uygulanan çocuklarda anksiyete ve ameliyat sonrası ağrı yönetimine etkisinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Yöntem: Araştırma randomize kontrollü deneysel olarak, 1 Ocak-19 Ağustos 2016 tarihleri arasında bir üniversite hastanesinde yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, bir Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezinde 1 Ocak-19 Ağustos 2016 tarihleri arasında cerrahi işlem geçiren 60 çocuk (30 deney, 30 kontrol grubu) oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın verileri “Tanımlayıcı Bilgi Formu”, ‘’Çocuklar İçin Anksiyete Duyarlılığı İndeksi (ÇADİ)” ve “Görsel Ağrı Skalası (VAS)” ile toplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Ameliyat öncesi her iki grubunda anksiyete düzeyleri belirlenmiş ve sonraki ölçümlerde deney grubuna müzik dinletme uygulaması uygulanmış ve tekrar ölçümlerle değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmelerde deney ve kontrol grupları arasında anksiyete, düzeylerinde anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Çocukların ölçümler arası VAS ağrı puanında meydana gelen değişim de anlamlıdır (p=0,000).
Sonuç: Çalışmanın sonuçları doğrultusunda non-farmakolojik yöntemlerden biri olan müziğin; preoperatif anksiyete ve postoperatif ağrıyı azaltmada etkili olduğu görülmektedir. .
References
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- Ahmed,M., Farrell, M,&Parrish, K. (2011). Preoperative anxiety in children risk factors and non-pharmacological management. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology,21,153–170.
- Ataman, Z.K. (2006). Okul Çağı Çocuklarına Verilen Bilginin Çocukların Tıbbi İşlem Korkularına Etkisini İncelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). D.E.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
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- Bradt, J. (2010). The effects of music entrainment on postoperative pain perception in pediatric patients. Music and Medicine, 2, 150-157.
- Calcaterra, V., Ostuni, S., Bonomelli, İ., Mencherini, S., Brunero, M., Zambaiti, E., Mannarino,S., Larizza, D., Albertini, R., Tinelli, C., Pelizzo,G. (2014). Music benefits on postoperative distress and pain in pediatric day care surgery. Pediatric report, 6(3).
- Chatchumni, M., Namvongprom, A., Eriksson, H., Mazaheri, M. (2016). Treating without seeing: pain management practice in a thai context, Pain Research and Management,1-9.
- Chieng, Y. J. S., Chan, W. C. S., Liam, J. L. W., Klainin-Yobas, P., Wang, W., Hong-Gu, H. (2013). Exploring influencing factors of postoperative pain in school-age children undergoing elective surgery. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 18, 243-252.
- Choi, S., Park, S., Bellan, L., Lee, H., Chung, S.K. (2018). Crossover clinical trial of pain relief in cataract surgery, International Ophthalmology, 38(1), 1027-1033.
- Chow CHT, Lieshout RJV, Schmidt LA, Dobson KG, Buckley N. (2016). Systematic review: Audio visual interventions for reducing preoperative anxiety in children undergoing elective surgery. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 41(2):182-203.
- Cimete, G., Kuğuoğlu, S., Dede Çınar, N. (2013). Çocuk, Hastalık ve Hastane Ortamı. Conk, Z., Başbakkal, Z., Bal Yılmaz, H., Bolışık, B. (Ed)., Pediatri Hemşireliği (s.130-141), Ankara, Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi.
- Çubukçu, E.Ç., Ercan, İ. (2008). Tıp Fakültesi Bünyesindeki Ağız ve Diş Sağlığı Birimine Başvuran Çocuklarda Sosyo-demografik Faktörlerin Dental Anksiyete Üzerine Etkisi, Güncel Pediatri Dergisi, 9(6),53- 57.
- Durualp, E. (2015). Çocukların ve Ailelerin Tanı, Tedavi ve Ameliyata Hazırlanması. In: Bütün Ayhan A. Hasta çocukların gelişimi ve eğitimi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, p.114–7.
- Esch T, Guarna M, Bianchi E et al (2004) Commonalities in the central nervous system’s involvement with complementary medical therapies: limbic morphinergic processes. Medical Science Monitor 10: MS6-17.
- Fayoux, P., Wood, C. (2014). Non-pharmacological treatment of post-tonsillectomy pain. European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck diseases, 239–241.
- Freyd, M. (1923). The graphic rating scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 14,83-102.
- Göl, İ., Özsoy, S.A. (2017). Aşı enjeksiyonlarında ağrının azaltılmasına yönelik kanıta dayalı uygulamalar, Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences, 3(1),39-45.
- Hancı, V., Kiraz, H.A., Ömür, D., Yurtlu, B.S., Yurtlu, D.A. (2012). Postoperative pain in children. Journal Anesthesia Clinical Resaech ,3(6),219.
- Hartling, L., Newton, A. S., Liang, Y., Jou, H., Hewson, K., Klassen, T. P., &Curtis, S. (2013). Music to reduce pain an ddistress in the pediatric emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA pediatrics, 167(9),826-835.
- Jokić-Begić, N., Markanović, D., Korajlija, A.L.& Jurin, T. (2011). Examining the impact of a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention on anxiety sensitivity: Preliminary findings. In 41st EABCT Annual Congress.
- Karaçam, Z., Kurnaz, D. A., & Öztürk, G. G. (2020). Doğum Eyleminde Lavman Uygulamasının Anne-Bebek Sağlığına Etkisi: Randomize Kontrollü Bir Çalışma. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(1), 23-33.
- Lee, J.H. (2016). The effects of music on pain: a meta-analysis, Journal of Music Therapy, 53(4),430–477.
- Manyande, A.Cyna, A.M., Yip, P., Chooi, C.& Middleton, P. (2015). Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children. The Cochrane Library.
- Melo, G.M., Cardoso, M.V.L.M.L. (2017). Non-pharmacological measures in preterm newborns submitted to arterial puncture. Brazilian Journal of Nursing, 70(2),317-25.
- Miftah, R., Tilahun, W., Fantahun, A., Adulkadir, S., Gebrekirstos, K. (2017). Knowledge and factors associated with pain management for hospitalized children among nurses working in public hospital sin Mekelle City, North Ethiopia: crosss ectional study, BMC Research Notes, 122(10),1-6.
- Miladinia, M., Baraz, S., Zarea, K. (2016). Controlling acute post-operative pain in Iranian children with using of music therapy. International Journal of Pediatrics, 4, 1725-1730.
- Olmstead,D.L., Shannon, D. ,Mayan, M., Priscilla, M., Reid, K. (2014). Influences shaping nurses' use of distraction for children's procedural pain, Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing,19(2),162-171.
- Oran, S., Ergin, D. (2013). Ortopedi Servisinde Yatan 7-12 Yaş Grubu Çocuk Hastalarda Post-operatif Ağrı Yönetiminde Müziğin Etkisinin İncelenmesi. 4. Ulusal Pediatri Hemşireliği Kongresi, Adıyaman, s: 143.
- Özkalaycı, Ö. (2015). Pediatrik Dental Girişimlerde Müzik Dinletilmesinin Sedasyon Gereksinimi ve Düzeyine Etkisi (Uzmanlık Tezi). Başkent Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Anesteziyoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, 48.
- Özveren, H., Faydalı, S., Özdemir, S. (2016). Hemşirelerin ağrının farmakolojik olmayan yöntemlerle kontrolüne ilişkin bilgi ve uygulamaları, Türkiye Klinik ve Laboratuvar Dergisi, 7(4),99-105.
- Panella, J.J. (2016). Preoperativecare of children: Strategies from a child life perspective. AORN Journal, 104(1),11-22.
- Patel, A., Schieble, T., Davidson, M., Tran, M.C., Schoenberg, C., Delphin, E.& Bennett, H. (2006). Distraction with a hand‐held video game reduces pediatric preoperative anxiety. Pediatric Anesthesia, 16(10),1019-1027.
- Perry, J.N., Hooper, V.D.& Masiongale, J. (2012). Reduction of preoperative anxiety in pediatric surgery patients using age-appropriate teaching interventions. Journal of Peri Anesthesia Nursing, 27(2),69-81.
- Pillai Riddell, R.R., Racine, N.M., Gennis, H.G., Turcotte, K., Uman, L.S., Horton, R.E., Ahola Kohut S, Hillgrove Stuart, J., Stevens, B., Lisi, D.M. (2015). Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain, Database of Systematic Reviews,2(12), 1-200.
- Pourmovahed, Z., Salimie, T., Dehghani, K., Yassinie, M., Shakiba, M., Tavangar, H.& Shahrie, T. (2005). Comparative study of the effect of music distraction and Emla cream on pain of the children during intravenous cannulation. Iran Journal of Nursing, 21(55), 47-53.
- Robb, S.L., Carpenter, J.S., Burns, D.S. (2011). Reporting guidelines for music-based interventions (Journal of Health Psychology. Journal of HealthPsychology, 16(2),393.
- Sikorova, L., Hrazdilova, P. (2011). Theeffect of psychological intervention on perceived pain in children under going venipuncture. Biomedical Papers of theMedical Faculty of PalackyUniversity in Olomouc, 155(2), 149-154.
- Silverman, W.K., Fleisig, W., Rabian, B., Peterson, R.A. (1991). Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20,162–168.
- Sinha,M., Christopher, N.C., Fenn, R.&Reeves, L. (2006). Evaluation of non-pharmacologic methods of pain and anxiety management for laceration repair in the pediatri cemergency department. Pediatrics, 117(4),1162-1168.
- Sng, O.W., Taylor, B., Liam, J.L.W., Klainin-Yobas, P., Wang, W., Hong-Gu, H. (2013). Postoperative pain management experiences among school-aged children: a qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22, 958–968.
- Song, I.K., Park, Y.H., Lee, J.H., Kim J.T., Choi, I.H., Kim, H. S. (2016). Randomized controlled trial on pre emptive analgesia for acute postoperative pain management in children, Pediatric Anesthesia, 24(6), 438–443.
- Suresh, B.S., De Oliveira,G.S., Suresh, S. (2015). The effect of audio therapy to treat post operative pain in children under going major surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Surgery International, 31, 197–201.
- Sülü Uğurlu E.(2017). Çocuklarda girişimsel işlemlerde nonfarmakolojik ağrı giderme yöntemleri, Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4),198-201.
- Tunney, A.M., Boore, J. (2013). The effectiveness of a story book in lessening anxiety in children under going tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in Northern Ireland. Issues in comprehensive pediatric nursing, 36(4),319-335.
- Van Der Heijden, M.J., Araghi, S.O., Van Dijk, M., Jeekel, J., &Hunink, M.M. (2015). The effects of perioperative music interventions in pediatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoSone,10(8), e0133608.
- Yamada, J., Squires, J.E., Estabrooks, C.A., Victor, C., Stevens, B. (2017). The role of organizational context in moderating the effect of research use on pain outcomes in hospitalized children: across sectional study, BMC Health Services Research,17(68), 1-11.
- Yılmaz, S. ve Kılıç, E. Z. (2015). Çocuklar İçin Anksiyete Duyarlılığı İndeksi’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26(3), 197-203.
- Yip, P., Middleton,P., Cyna, A.M. & Carlyle, A.V. (2011). Cochrane Review: Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children. Evidence‐Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 6(1), 71-134.
Year 2020,
Volume: 36 Issue: 3, 175 - 188, 28.12.2020
Özgür Bahadır
,
Meltem Kürtüncü
References
- Abd-Elshafy, S.K., Khalaf, G.S., Abo-Kerisha, M.Z., Ahmed, N.T., Abd El-Aziz, M.A., Mohamed, M.A. (2015). Not all sounds have negative effects on children undergoing cardiac surgery, Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 29(5), 1277-1284.
- Ahmed,M., Farrell, M,&Parrish, K. (2011). Preoperative anxiety in children risk factors and non-pharmacological management. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology,21,153–170.
- Ataman, Z.K. (2006). Okul Çağı Çocuklarına Verilen Bilginin Çocukların Tıbbi İşlem Korkularına Etkisini İncelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). D.E.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
- Belknap, D.C. (2011). Music therapy as a post-operative mechanism for pain management in children, Weill Medical College Of Cornell University, 24.
- Bradt, J. (2010). The effects of music entrainment on postoperative pain perception in pediatric patients. Music and Medicine, 2, 150-157.
- Calcaterra, V., Ostuni, S., Bonomelli, İ., Mencherini, S., Brunero, M., Zambaiti, E., Mannarino,S., Larizza, D., Albertini, R., Tinelli, C., Pelizzo,G. (2014). Music benefits on postoperative distress and pain in pediatric day care surgery. Pediatric report, 6(3).
- Chatchumni, M., Namvongprom, A., Eriksson, H., Mazaheri, M. (2016). Treating without seeing: pain management practice in a thai context, Pain Research and Management,1-9.
- Chieng, Y. J. S., Chan, W. C. S., Liam, J. L. W., Klainin-Yobas, P., Wang, W., Hong-Gu, H. (2013). Exploring influencing factors of postoperative pain in school-age children undergoing elective surgery. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 18, 243-252.
- Choi, S., Park, S., Bellan, L., Lee, H., Chung, S.K. (2018). Crossover clinical trial of pain relief in cataract surgery, International Ophthalmology, 38(1), 1027-1033.
- Chow CHT, Lieshout RJV, Schmidt LA, Dobson KG, Buckley N. (2016). Systematic review: Audio visual interventions for reducing preoperative anxiety in children undergoing elective surgery. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 41(2):182-203.
- Cimete, G., Kuğuoğlu, S., Dede Çınar, N. (2013). Çocuk, Hastalık ve Hastane Ortamı. Conk, Z., Başbakkal, Z., Bal Yılmaz, H., Bolışık, B. (Ed)., Pediatri Hemşireliği (s.130-141), Ankara, Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi.
- Çubukçu, E.Ç., Ercan, İ. (2008). Tıp Fakültesi Bünyesindeki Ağız ve Diş Sağlığı Birimine Başvuran Çocuklarda Sosyo-demografik Faktörlerin Dental Anksiyete Üzerine Etkisi, Güncel Pediatri Dergisi, 9(6),53- 57.
- Durualp, E. (2015). Çocukların ve Ailelerin Tanı, Tedavi ve Ameliyata Hazırlanması. In: Bütün Ayhan A. Hasta çocukların gelişimi ve eğitimi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, p.114–7.
- Esch T, Guarna M, Bianchi E et al (2004) Commonalities in the central nervous system’s involvement with complementary medical therapies: limbic morphinergic processes. Medical Science Monitor 10: MS6-17.
- Fayoux, P., Wood, C. (2014). Non-pharmacological treatment of post-tonsillectomy pain. European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck diseases, 239–241.
- Freyd, M. (1923). The graphic rating scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 14,83-102.
- Göl, İ., Özsoy, S.A. (2017). Aşı enjeksiyonlarında ağrının azaltılmasına yönelik kanıta dayalı uygulamalar, Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences, 3(1),39-45.
- Hancı, V., Kiraz, H.A., Ömür, D., Yurtlu, B.S., Yurtlu, D.A. (2012). Postoperative pain in children. Journal Anesthesia Clinical Resaech ,3(6),219.
- Hartling, L., Newton, A. S., Liang, Y., Jou, H., Hewson, K., Klassen, T. P., &Curtis, S. (2013). Music to reduce pain an ddistress in the pediatric emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA pediatrics, 167(9),826-835.
- Jokić-Begić, N., Markanović, D., Korajlija, A.L.& Jurin, T. (2011). Examining the impact of a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention on anxiety sensitivity: Preliminary findings. In 41st EABCT Annual Congress.
- Karaçam, Z., Kurnaz, D. A., & Öztürk, G. G. (2020). Doğum Eyleminde Lavman Uygulamasının Anne-Bebek Sağlığına Etkisi: Randomize Kontrollü Bir Çalışma. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(1), 23-33.
- Lee, J.H. (2016). The effects of music on pain: a meta-analysis, Journal of Music Therapy, 53(4),430–477.
- Manyande, A.Cyna, A.M., Yip, P., Chooi, C.& Middleton, P. (2015). Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children. The Cochrane Library.
- Melo, G.M., Cardoso, M.V.L.M.L. (2017). Non-pharmacological measures in preterm newborns submitted to arterial puncture. Brazilian Journal of Nursing, 70(2),317-25.
- Miftah, R., Tilahun, W., Fantahun, A., Adulkadir, S., Gebrekirstos, K. (2017). Knowledge and factors associated with pain management for hospitalized children among nurses working in public hospital sin Mekelle City, North Ethiopia: crosss ectional study, BMC Research Notes, 122(10),1-6.
- Miladinia, M., Baraz, S., Zarea, K. (2016). Controlling acute post-operative pain in Iranian children with using of music therapy. International Journal of Pediatrics, 4, 1725-1730.
- Olmstead,D.L., Shannon, D. ,Mayan, M., Priscilla, M., Reid, K. (2014). Influences shaping nurses' use of distraction for children's procedural pain, Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing,19(2),162-171.
- Oran, S., Ergin, D. (2013). Ortopedi Servisinde Yatan 7-12 Yaş Grubu Çocuk Hastalarda Post-operatif Ağrı Yönetiminde Müziğin Etkisinin İncelenmesi. 4. Ulusal Pediatri Hemşireliği Kongresi, Adıyaman, s: 143.
- Özkalaycı, Ö. (2015). Pediatrik Dental Girişimlerde Müzik Dinletilmesinin Sedasyon Gereksinimi ve Düzeyine Etkisi (Uzmanlık Tezi). Başkent Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Anesteziyoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, 48.
- Özveren, H., Faydalı, S., Özdemir, S. (2016). Hemşirelerin ağrının farmakolojik olmayan yöntemlerle kontrolüne ilişkin bilgi ve uygulamaları, Türkiye Klinik ve Laboratuvar Dergisi, 7(4),99-105.
- Panella, J.J. (2016). Preoperativecare of children: Strategies from a child life perspective. AORN Journal, 104(1),11-22.
- Patel, A., Schieble, T., Davidson, M., Tran, M.C., Schoenberg, C., Delphin, E.& Bennett, H. (2006). Distraction with a hand‐held video game reduces pediatric preoperative anxiety. Pediatric Anesthesia, 16(10),1019-1027.
- Perry, J.N., Hooper, V.D.& Masiongale, J. (2012). Reduction of preoperative anxiety in pediatric surgery patients using age-appropriate teaching interventions. Journal of Peri Anesthesia Nursing, 27(2),69-81.
- Pillai Riddell, R.R., Racine, N.M., Gennis, H.G., Turcotte, K., Uman, L.S., Horton, R.E., Ahola Kohut S, Hillgrove Stuart, J., Stevens, B., Lisi, D.M. (2015). Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain, Database of Systematic Reviews,2(12), 1-200.
- Pourmovahed, Z., Salimie, T., Dehghani, K., Yassinie, M., Shakiba, M., Tavangar, H.& Shahrie, T. (2005). Comparative study of the effect of music distraction and Emla cream on pain of the children during intravenous cannulation. Iran Journal of Nursing, 21(55), 47-53.
- Robb, S.L., Carpenter, J.S., Burns, D.S. (2011). Reporting guidelines for music-based interventions (Journal of Health Psychology. Journal of HealthPsychology, 16(2),393.
- Sikorova, L., Hrazdilova, P. (2011). Theeffect of psychological intervention on perceived pain in children under going venipuncture. Biomedical Papers of theMedical Faculty of PalackyUniversity in Olomouc, 155(2), 149-154.
- Silverman, W.K., Fleisig, W., Rabian, B., Peterson, R.A. (1991). Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20,162–168.
- Sinha,M., Christopher, N.C., Fenn, R.&Reeves, L. (2006). Evaluation of non-pharmacologic methods of pain and anxiety management for laceration repair in the pediatri cemergency department. Pediatrics, 117(4),1162-1168.
- Sng, O.W., Taylor, B., Liam, J.L.W., Klainin-Yobas, P., Wang, W., Hong-Gu, H. (2013). Postoperative pain management experiences among school-aged children: a qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22, 958–968.
- Song, I.K., Park, Y.H., Lee, J.H., Kim J.T., Choi, I.H., Kim, H. S. (2016). Randomized controlled trial on pre emptive analgesia for acute postoperative pain management in children, Pediatric Anesthesia, 24(6), 438–443.
- Suresh, B.S., De Oliveira,G.S., Suresh, S. (2015). The effect of audio therapy to treat post operative pain in children under going major surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Surgery International, 31, 197–201.
- Sülü Uğurlu E.(2017). Çocuklarda girişimsel işlemlerde nonfarmakolojik ağrı giderme yöntemleri, Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4),198-201.
- Tunney, A.M., Boore, J. (2013). The effectiveness of a story book in lessening anxiety in children under going tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in Northern Ireland. Issues in comprehensive pediatric nursing, 36(4),319-335.
- Van Der Heijden, M.J., Araghi, S.O., Van Dijk, M., Jeekel, J., &Hunink, M.M. (2015). The effects of perioperative music interventions in pediatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoSone,10(8), e0133608.
- Yamada, J., Squires, J.E., Estabrooks, C.A., Victor, C., Stevens, B. (2017). The role of organizational context in moderating the effect of research use on pain outcomes in hospitalized children: across sectional study, BMC Health Services Research,17(68), 1-11.
- Yılmaz, S. ve Kılıç, E. Z. (2015). Çocuklar İçin Anksiyete Duyarlılığı İndeksi’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26(3), 197-203.
- Yip, P., Middleton,P., Cyna, A.M. & Carlyle, A.V. (2011). Cochrane Review: Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children. Evidence‐Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 6(1), 71-134.