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WOMEN'S WEAVING ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE IRON AGE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ROLES IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN, URARTIAN, AND NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1, 311 - 351, 30.07.2025

Pınar Pınarcik

https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1645583

Öz

Weaving is one of the oldest handicrafts in the history of mankind and is one of the basic elements of both economic and social life in ancient societies. In this process, women occupied a central position and weaving was largely identified with women's labour. Written and visual documents obtained from archaeological excavations show that spinning and weaving were mostly performed by women. The depictions of spindles and spindle whorls found in grave finds and stelae also support this situation. Weaving, which was initially carried out by women as domestic production, was transferred to palaces, temples and private workshops due to increasing demand. While textile production was predominantly carried out by women in the Early and Middle Bronze Age, it is observed that men were more involved in the institutional sector from the Late Bronze Age onwards. While this trend continued in Middle Babylonia, both men and women worked as weavers in Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian palaces. However, there are very few references to women weavers in documents from temple and palace archives during the Neo-Assyrian period. The underrepresentation of women labourers in texts has led researchers to describe them as ‘invisible workers’. Gender researchers emphasise that women's labour is often missing or ignored in historical documents. In the 1st millennium BC, the social structure became male-dominated, and war and centralised states reinforced this situation. Although women's role was restricted, their status as mothers was preserved. In artistic depictions, women are depicted as wives and mothers within the family, and are also shown with weaving tools. Although women have long been addressed in academic research, early studies generally had a male-centred historiography. Women were mostly analysed as an isolated category and only exceptional figures were included in historical narratives. Women were constantly positioned as the ‘other’. This article examines the place of women's labour in the weaving sector, its limits and its invisibility within the economic system in Neo-Assyrian, Urartian and Late Hittite kingdoms. Drawing attention to the fact that historical documents do not adequately reflect women's labour, this study offers an evaluation from a gender perspective.

Anahtar Kelimeler

weaving Neo-assyrian urartian Neo-hittite kingdom female labor

Kaynakça

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WOMEN'S WEAVING ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE IRON AGE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ROLES IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN, URARTIAN, AND NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1, 311 - 351, 30.07.2025

Pınar Pınarcik

https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1645583

Öz

Dokumacılık, insanlık tarihindeki en eski el sanatlarından biri olup, Eskiçağ toplumlarında hem ekonomik hem de toplumsal yaşamın temel unsurlarından biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu süreçte kadınlar merkezi bir konumda yer almış ve dokumacılık, büyük ölçüde kadın emeğiyle özdeşleşmiştir. Arkeolojik kazılardan elde edilen yazılı ve görsel belgeler, ip eğirme ve dokuma işlerinin çoğunlukla kadınlar tarafından gerçekleştirildiğini göstermektedir. Mezar buluntularında ve stellerde rastlanan ağırşaklar ile iğ tasvirleri de bu durumu desteklemektedir. Başlangıçta kadınlar tarafından ev içi üretim olarak yapılan dokumacılık, artan talep nedeniyle saraylar, tapınaklar ve özel atölyelere taşınmıştır. Erken ve Orta Bronz Çağı'nda tekstil üretimi ağırlıklı olarak kadınlar tarafından yapılırken, Geç Bronz Çağı'ndan itibaren erkeklerin kurumsal sektörde daha fazla yer aldığı görülmektedir. Orta Babil’de bu eğilim devam ederken, Yeni Asur ve Yeni Babil saraylarında hem erkekler hem de kadınlar dokumacılık yapmıştır. Ancak, Yeni Asur döneminde tapınak ve saray arşivlerinden gelen belgelerde kadın dokumacılara dair çok az referans bulunmaktadır. Kadın işçilerin metinlerde yeterince temsil edilmemesi, araştırmacılar tarafından “görünmez işçiler” olarak tanımlanmalarına yol açmıştır. Toplumsal cinsiyet araştırmacıları, tarihsel belgelerde kadın emeğinin genellikle eksik veya göz ardı edildiğini vurgulamaktadır. MÖ 1. binyılda toplumsal yapı erkek egemen hale gelmiş, savaş ve merkezi devletler bu durumu pekiştirmiştir. Kadınların rolü kısıtlansa da annelik statüsü korunmuştur. Sanatsal betimlemelerde kadınlar, aile içinde eş ve anne olarak tasvir edilirken, dokuma aletleriyle de gösterilmiştir. Kadınlar, akademik araştırmalarda uzun süredir ele alınsa da, erken dönem çalışmalar genellikle erkek merkezli bir tarih yazımına sahipti. Kadınlar, çoğunlukla izole bir kategori olarak incelenmiş ve sadece istisnai figürler tarihsel anlatılara dâhil edilmiştir. Kadınlar, sürekli “öteki” olarak konumlandırılmıştır. Bu makale, Yeni Asur, Urartu Krallığı ve Geç Hitit Krallıklarında kadın emeğinin dokumacılık sektöründeki yeri, sınırları ve ekonomik sistem içindeki görünmezliği ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışma, tarihsel belgelerin kadın emeğini yeterince yansıtmadığına dikkat çekerek, toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden bir değerlendirme sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dokumacılık Urartu Geç Hitit Krallıkları Yeni Asur Kadın işgücü

Kaynakça

  • Akyıldız 2021 Ş. Akyıldız, Urartu, Geç Hitit ve Yeni Asur Uygarlıklarında Şarap Kültürü, (Unpublished Master's Thesis) Iğdır University, Institute of Social Sciences, Iğdır.
  • Baccelli et al 2014 G. Baccelli - B. Bellucci - M. Vigo, “Elements for a Comparative Study of Textile Production and Use in Hittite Anatolia and in Neighbouring Areas”, M. Harlow - C. Michel - M.L. Nosch (Eds.), Prehistoric, Ancient Near Eastern and Aegean Textiles and Dress. An Interdisciplinary Anthology, Oxbow Books, pp. 97-142.
  • Baranowski 2018 K. J. Baranowski, “The Woman with Spindles in the Luwian-Phoenician Inscriptions from Karatepe”, Folia Orientalia, 55, pp. 11-19.
  • Batmaz 2022 A. Batmaz, “Urartu’da Dokumacılık”, D. Yılmaz (Ed.), Neolitik Çağ'dan Demir Çağı Sonuna Kadar Anadolu'da Dokumacılık, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 149-179.
  • Bengi 2010 Y. Bengi, Yazılı Belgeler Işığında Assur Geç-Hitit İlişkileri, (Unpublished Master's Thesis) Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
  • Bilen 2017 G. Bilen, Urartu’da Dokumacılık, (Unpublished Master's Thesis) Yüzüncü Yıl University, Institute of Social Sciences, Van.
  • Breniquet 2010 C. Breniquet, “Weaving in Mesopotamia during the Bronze Age: Archaeology, Techniques, Iconography”, M. Cecile - M.L. Nosch (Eds.), Textile Terminologies in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennia BC, Ancient Textile Series, Vol. 8, Oxbow Books, pp. 52-67.
  • Breniquet 2016 C. Breniquet, “Weaving, Potting, Churning: Women at Work During the Uruk Period”, B. Lion - C. Michel (Eds.), The Role of Women in Work and Society in the Ancient Near East, De Gruyter, Boston/Berlin, pp. 8-28.
  • Bryce 2023 T. Bryce, Geç Hitit Krallıkları / Politik ve Askeri Tarih, (Translator: İ. Kutluk), Alfa, İstanbul.
  • Budin 2023 S.L. Budin, Gender in the Ancient Near East, Routledge, New York.
  • Chavalas 2014 M. W. Chavalas, Women in the Ancient Near East: A Sourcebook, Routledge, USA/Canada.
  • Çavuşoğlu 2017 R. Çavuşoğlu, “Urartu Krallığı’nda Dokuma Tezgâhları”, N. Aydın - N. Yıldırım - S. Kılıç (Eds.) Uluslararası Geleneksel Sanatlar Sempozyumu - 20-21 Nisan, Trabzon, pp. 147-155.
  • Çavuşoğlu et al 2014 R. Çavuşoğlu - B. Gökce, - K. Işık, “Women and Their Status in Urartu: A Critical Review”, Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Vol. LI, 2014, pp. 235-261.
  • Çevik 2012 Ö. Çevik, “Urartu'da Kadınlar", I. Şahin (Ed.), İsmail Fazlıoğtu Armağanı, Trakya University Institute of Social Sciences Publishings, Edirne, pp. 67-74.
  • Çifçi 2012 A. Çifçi, “Textiles in the Urartian Kingdom”, Aramazd: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 2, pp. 36-48.
  • Darga 1992 A.M. Darga, Hitit Sanatı, Akbank Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Demirel 2012 C. Demirel, Geç Hitit Şehir Devletlerinden Samal Beyliği, (Unpublished Master's Thesis) Erciyes University, Institute of Social Sciences, Kayseri.
  • Diakanoff 1989 I.M. Diakonoff, “On Some New Trends in Urartian Philology and Some New Urartian Texts”, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, 22, pp. 77-102.
  • Doğan 2011 Ö. Doğan, Adana Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde Bulunan Geç Hitit Dönemi Stelleri, (Unpublished Master's Thesis) Çukurova University, Institute of Social Sciences, Adana.
  • Erdem and Çilingiroğlu 2010 A.Ü. Erdem - A. Çilingiroğlu, “Domestic Architecture in the Urartian Fortress at Ayanis”, P. Matthiae - F. Pinnock - L. Nigro - N. Marchetti (Eds.), In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: Excavations, Surveys and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 151-165.
  • Gaspa 2017 S. Gaspa, “Garments, Parts of Garments, and Textile Techniques in the Assyrian Terminology: The Neo-Assyrian Textile Lexicon in the 1st-Millennium BC Linguistic Context”, S. Gaspa - C. Michel - M.L. Nosch (Ed.), Textile Terminologies from the Orient to the Mediterranean and Europe, 1000 BC to 1000 AD., Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, pp. 47-90
  • Girginer 2018 K.S. Girginer, Geç Hitit Dönemi Tasvir Sanatında Mobilyalar, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Gökce 2016 B. Gökce, “Urartu Giyim Kuşamına Sosyo-Kültürel Bir Bakış”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 31(2), pp. 421-444.
  • Gökce and Bilen 2019 B. Gökce - G. Bilen, “Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Urartu Dönemi Dokuma Aletleri”, Anadolu, (45), pp. 33-56.
  • Gökce and Pınarcık 2020 B. Gökce - P. Pınarcık, “Geç Hitit Kent Devletleri Dönemi Dini Yapısı Üzerine Gözlemler”, Cedrus, 8, pp. 147-176.
  • Himmetoğlu 2013 M.F. Himmetoğlu, Geç Hitit Beyliklerinden Que ve Asur Devleti ile İlişkileri, (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation) Erciyes University, Institute of Social Sciences, Kayseri.
  • Justel 2018 J.J. Justel, "Remarkable Women from Tikunani. The Role of Women in Palatial Administration", S.L. Budin - M. Cifarelli - A. Garcia-Ventura - A.M. Albà (Eds.), Gender and Methodology in the Ancient Near East (Approaches from Assyriology and Beyond), Barcino Monographica Orientalia, Vol. 10, Barcelona, pp. 117-128.
  • Kağnıcı 2020 G. Kağnıcı, “Asur ve Babil Kroniklerinde Kadınlar: Kraliçeler, Eşler ve Tanrıçalar”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 39(68), pp. 23-49.
  • Karakaya 2020 M. Karakaya, Geç Hitit Krallıklarında Tanrıçaların Temsili, (Unpublished Master's Thesis) Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
  • Kellner 1991 H. J. Kellner, Gürtelbleche aus Urartu, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.
  • Konyar 2013 E. Konyar, “Demir Çağı'nda Anadolu Kadını: Urartu, Frig ve Lidya”, M.A. Darga (Ed.), Anadolu’da Kadın: On Bin Yıldır Eş, Anne, Tüccar, Kraliçe, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 241-267.
  • Kramer 2001 S.N. Kramer, Sümer Mitolojisi. Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Lafont 2016 B. Lafont, "Male and Female Professions in Sumer at the end of the IIIrd Millennium BC”, Orient, 51, pp. 63-67.
  • Langlois 2018 A.I. Langlois, "You Had None of a Woman's Compassion: Princess Iltani from Her Archive Uncovered at Tell al-Rimah (18th Century BCE)”, S.L. Budin - M. Cifarelli - A. Garcia-Ventura - A.M. Albà (Eds.), Gender and Methodology in the Ancient Near East (Approaches from Assyriology and Beyond), Barcino Monographica Orientalia, Vol. 10, Barcelona, pp. 129-148.
  • Lassen 2010 A.W. Lassen, “Tools, Procedures and Professions: A Review of the Akkadian Textile Terminology”, M. Cecile - M.L. Nosch (Eds.), Textile Terminologies in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennia BC, Ancient Textile Series, Vol. 8, Oxbow Books, pp. 272-282.
  • Laurito 2010 R. Laurito, “Textile Tools and Textile Production. The Archaeological Evidence of Weaving at Arslantepe”, M. Fringipane (Ed.), Economic Centralisation in Formative States. The Archaeological reconstruction of the economic system in 4th millennium Arslantepe, Vol. 3, Sapienza Università di Roma, pp. 275-285.
  • Lion and Michel 2016 B. Lion - C. Michel, “Women and Work in the Ancient Near East: An Introduction”, B. Lion & C. Michel (Eds.), The Role of Women in Work and Society in the Ancient Near East, Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records Vol. 13, De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1-7.
  • Marsman 2021 H.J. Marsman, Women in Ugarit and Israel: Their Social and Religious Position in the Context of the Ancient Near East, Series: Old Testament Studies, Volume: 49, Brill, Leiden - Boston.
  • Michel 2014 C. Michel, “Wool Trade in Upper Mesopotamia and Syria According to Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian Texts”, C. Breniquet - C. Michel (Eds.), Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East, Vol. 17. Oxbow Books, pp. 232-255.
  • Michel 2020 C. Michel, Women of Assur and Kanesh: Texts from the Archives of Assyrian Merchants, Vol. 42, The Society of Biblical Literature Press, Atlanta.
  • Michel and Klass 2010 C. Michel - V. Klaas, “The textiles traded by the Assyrians in Anatolia (19th-18th centuries BC)”, C. Michel - M.L. Nosch (Eds.) Textile Terminologies in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennia BC, Vol. 8, Oxbow Books, pp. 210-271.
  • Michel and Veenhof 2010 Cécile Michel - Klaas Veenhof, “The Textiles Traded by the Assyrians in Anatolia (19th–18th centuries BC)”, M. Cecile - M.L. Nosch (Eds.), Textile Terminologies in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennia BC, Ancient Textile Series, Vol. 8, Oxbow Books, pp. 210-271.
  • Orthmann 1971 W. Orthmann, Untersuchungen zur späthethitischen Kunst, Rudolf Habelt Verlag, Bonn. Özkan 2017 H. Özkan, Eski Anadolu’da Geç Hitit beyliklerinden Pattin (MÖ 1200-600), (Unpublished Master's Thesis) Erciyes University, Institute of Social Sciences, Kayseri.
  • Pınarcık and Özkan 2022 Pınar Pınarcık - Süleyman Özkan “Eskiçağda Çalışma Hayatında Kadın Hakları İhlallerine Dair Gözlemler”, İ. Yaşayanlar (Ed.), Bir Ömür Tarih Prof. Dr. Yusuf Oğuzoğlu’na Armağan, Gaye Kitabevi, Bursa, pp.125-158.
  • Quillien 2016 L. Quillien, “Invisible Workers: The Role of Women in Textile Production During the 1st Millennium BC.”, B. Lion- C. Michel (Eds.), The Role of Women in Work and Society in the Ancient Near East, Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records, Vol. 13, De Gruyter, Boston/Berlin, pp. 473-493.
  • Sagona and Zimansky 2015 A. Sagona - P. Zimansky, Arkeolojik Veriler Işığında Türkiye’nin En Eski Kültürleri - MÖ 1.000.000-550, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Sallaberger 2014 W. Sallaberger, “The Value of Wool in Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia: On the Control of Sheep and the Handling of Wool in the Presargonic to the Ur III Periods (c. 2400–2000 BC)”, C. Breniquet - C. Michel (Eds.), Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean: From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry, Vol. 17, Oxbow Books, pp. 94-114.
  • Seidl 2004 U. Seidl, Bronzekunst Urartus, Phillip von Zabern, Mainz.
  • Steinkeller 2015 P. Steinkeller, “Introduction. Labor in the early states: An early Mesopotamian perspective”, P. Steinkeller - M. Hudson (Eds.), Labor in the Ancient World, Islet Verlag, Dresden, pp. 1-36.
  • Stol 2016 M. Stol, Women in the Ancient Near East, De Gruyter, Boston - Berlin.
  • Svärd 2016 S. Svärd, “Studying Gender: A Case Study of Female Administrators in Neo-Assyrian Palaces”, The Role of Women in Work and Society in the Ancient Near East., B. Lion - C. Michel (Eds.), Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records Vol. 13, De Gruyter, Boston/Berlin, pp. 447-458.
  • Svärd and Garcia-Ventura 2018 S Svärd - A. Garcia-Ventura, “Theoretical Approaches, Gender, and the Ancient Near East: An Introduction", S Svärd - A. Garcia-Ventura (Eds.), Studying Gender in the Ancient Near East, Eisenbrauns, pp. 1-13.
  • Tamsü and Akça 2002 R. Tamsü - S. Akça, “Eskiçağ’da Dokumacılığın Başlangıcı ve Pişmiş Toprak Dokuma Aletleri”, II. International Terra Cotta Symposium, June 2002, Eskişehir, pp. 201-209.
  • Tanret 2004 M. Tanret, “The Fruit of The Loom: Spinning A Yarn About the Sumerian Goddess Uttu”, K. De Graef (Ed.), Ba’al Milim: Liber Amicorum Julien Klener, University of Ghent, pp. 175-197.
  • Teppo 2005 S. Teppo, Women and Their Agency in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, (Unpublished Master's Thesis) University of Helsinki, Institute for Asian and African Studies, Department of Assyriology, Helsinki. Teppo 2007a S. Teppo, “Agency and the Neo-Assyrian Women of the Palace”, Studia Orientalia Electronica, 101, pp. 381-420.
  • Teppo 2007b S. Teppo, “The Role and the Duties of the Neo-Assyrian šakintu in the Light of Archival Evidence”, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, 16, pp. 257-272.
  • Tiryaki 2010 S.G. Tiryaki, Erken Demirçağ Gurgum (Kahramanmaraş) Kabartmalı Mezartaşları, (Doctoral Dissertation) Akdeniz University, Institute of Social Sciences, Antalya.
  • Vigo 2016 M. Vigo, “Sources for the Study of the Role of Women in the Hittite Administration”, B. Lion - C. Michel (Eds.), The Role of Women in Work and Society in the Ancient Near East, Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records Vol. 13, De Gruyter, Boston/Berlin, pp. 328-353.
  • Yıldırım 2010 Nurgül Yıldırım, “Anadolu’da Bulunan Yeni Asurca Belgeler”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 29(48), pp. 119-135.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyasi Tarih (Diğer)
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Pınar Pınarcik 0000-0002-6757-1719

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Pınarcik, P. (2025). WOMEN’S WEAVING ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE IRON AGE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ROLES IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN, URARTIAN, AND NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 40(1), 311-351. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1645583
AMA Pınarcik P. WOMEN’S WEAVING ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE IRON AGE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ROLES IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN, URARTIAN, AND NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS. TID. Temmuz 2025;40(1):311-351. doi:10.18513/egetid.1645583
Chicago Pınarcik, Pınar. “WOMEN’S WEAVING ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE IRON AGE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ROLES IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN, URARTIAN, AND NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 40, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2025): 311-51. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1645583.
EndNote Pınarcik P (01 Temmuz 2025) WOMEN’S WEAVING ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE IRON AGE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ROLES IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN, URARTIAN, AND NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 40 1 311–351.
IEEE P. Pınarcik, “WOMEN’S WEAVING ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE IRON AGE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ROLES IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN, URARTIAN, AND NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS”, TID, c. 40, sy. 1, ss. 311–351, 2025, doi: 10.18513/egetid.1645583.
ISNAD Pınarcik, Pınar. “WOMEN’S WEAVING ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE IRON AGE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ROLES IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN, URARTIAN, AND NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 40/1 (Temmuz 2025), 311-351. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1645583.
JAMA Pınarcik P. WOMEN’S WEAVING ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE IRON AGE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ROLES IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN, URARTIAN, AND NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS. TID. 2025;40:311–351.
MLA Pınarcik, Pınar. “WOMEN’S WEAVING ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE IRON AGE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ROLES IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN, URARTIAN, AND NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, c. 40, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 311-5, doi:10.18513/egetid.1645583.
Vancouver Pınarcik P. WOMEN’S WEAVING ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE IRON AGE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ROLES IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN, URARTIAN, AND NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS. TID. 2025;40(1):311-5.
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