Kurbağa Hastalıkları

Year 2018, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 371 - 385, 01.12.2018

Selmin Özer , Gülşah Dökenel

https://doi.org/10.22392/egirdir.414371

Abstract

Kurbağa eti birçok dünya mutfağında yerini
almış gıda değeri yüksek bir besin kaynağıdır. Evcil hayvan, eğitim ve
araştırma aracı olarak da önemli olan kurbağaların tüm organ ve dokuları farklı
sanayi kollarında değerlendirilmektedir. Günümüzde kurbağa ihtiyacı doğadan yakalveığı
gibi daha çok yetiştiricilik yoluyla sağlanmaktadır. Yaban kurbağalarda son
yıllarda meydana gelen kitlesel kurbağa ölümleri yanında, yetiştirilen kurbağalarda
meydana gelen hastalıklar ekonomik kayıpların oluşmasında önemli bir yer
tutmaktadır. Gerek yaban ve gerekse de yetiştiriciliği yapılan farklı kurbağa
türlerinin birçok enfeksiyöz ve enfeksiyöz olmayan hastalıkları bulunmaktadır.
Enfeksiyöz olmayan hastalıkları daha çok beslenme düzensizliklerine ve çevresel
faktörlere bağlı olarak gelişmektedir. Kurbağaların enfeksiyöz hastalıklarında
paraziter, fungal, viral ve bakteriyel etkenler rol almaktadır. Paraziter
hastalıkları protozoan, metazoan parazitler ve artropodlar meydana getirirken,
kitridiomikozis, zigomikozis, kromomikozis, saprolegniazis ve ihtyofoniazis en
sık rastlanılan mantar hastalıklarıdır. Ranavirus
en çok görülen viral hastalık etkenidir. Kurbağaların en çok bilinen bakteriyel
hastalıkları arasında ise dermatoseptisemi, streptokokkozis, flavobakteriozis,
mikobakteriozis ve klamidiozis bildirilmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı, kurbağa
hastalıklarının tanıtılarak ülkemiz için çok yeni olan kurbağa
yetiştiriciliğinin başarılı olabilmesine katkı sağlamaktır. 

Keywords

Kurbağa, hastalık

Frog Diseases

Abstract

Frog meat is a high nutrient source of food that has taken its place in many world cuisines. All organs and
tissues of frogs, which are also important as pets, education and research tools, are evaluated in different
industries. Nowadays, the need for frogs is provided rather by raniculture than hunting. In addition to the
massive deaths that have taken place in wild frogs in recent years, diseases that occur in reared frogs have an
important place in economic losses. Many infectious and non-infectious diseases have been reported in
different species of frogs, both wild and cultured. Non-infectious diseases mostly occur due to nutritional
disorders and environmental factors. Parasitic, fungal, viral and bacterial agents are involved also in the
infectious diseases of frogs. While parasitic diseases are caused by protozoan, metazoan parasites and
arthropods, chytridiomycosis, zygomycosis, chromomycosis, saprolegniasis and ichtyophoniasis are the most
common fungal diseases. Ranavirus is the most common cause of viral diseases. Among the most common
bacterial diseases of frogs are dermatosepticemia, streptococcosis, flavobacteriosis, mycobacteriosis and
chlamydiosis. The aim of this review is to contribute to the success of frog breeding, which is very new to our
country, by introducing frog diseases.

Keywords

Frog, disease, infection, raniculture

References

• Alpbaz, A. (2009). Kurbağa yetiştiriciliği. Su Ürünleri Yetiştiriciliği. http://www.atillaalpbaz.com/?o=3&y=142. Erişim Tarihi: 16.12.2016.
• Amborski, R. L., Snider, T. G., Thune, R. L. & Culley, Jr. D. D. (1983). A non-haemolytic group B Streptococcus infection of cultured bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, in Brazil. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 19 (3), 180-184.
• Amin, O. M., Düşen, S. & Oğuz, M. C. (2012). Review of the helminth parasites of Turkish anurans (Amphibia). Scientia Parasitologica, 13(1),1-16.
• Arıman, H., Yanık, T. & Yılmaz, M. (2000). Kurbağa Yetiştiriciliği. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi IV. Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, (ss. 317-336). Erzurum.
• Forster, C. (2013). Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. 2013. https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis. Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2017.
• Berger, L., Volp, K., Mathews, S., Speare, R. & Timms, P. (1999). Chlamydia pneumoniae in a free-ranging giant barred frog (Mixophyes iteratus) from Australia. Journal Of Clinical Microbiology, 37(7), 2378-2380.
• Berger, L., Longcore, J.E., Speare R., Hyatt, A. & Skerratt, L. F. (2009). Fungal Disease of Amphibians. In H. Heatwole & J. W. Wilkinson (Eds.), Amphibian Biology. Vol.8. (pp. 2986-3052). Surrey Beatty & Sons.
• Blumer, C., Zimmermann, D. R., Weilenmann, R., Vaughan, L., & Pospischil A. (2007). Chlamydiae in free-ranging ve captive frogs in Switzerlve. Veterinary Pathology, 44, 144–150.
• Cagiltay, F., Erkan, N., Selcuk, A., Ozden, O., Tosun, D. D., Ulusoy, S. & Atanasoff, A. (2014). Chemical composition of wild ve cultured marsh frog (Rana ridibunda). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 20(5), 1250-1254.
• Campião, K. M., Ribas, A.C., Morais, D.H., Silva, R. & Tavares, L. E. R (2015). How Many Parasites Species a Frog Might Have? Determinants of Parasite Diversity in South American Anurans. PLoS ONE, 10(10): e0140577.
• Carr, A. H., Amborski, R. L., Culley, Jr. D. D. & Amborski, G. F. (1976). Aerobic bacteria in the intestinal tracts of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) maintained at low temperatures. Herpetologica, 32(3), 239-244.
• Chai, N., Deforges, L., Sougakoff, W., Truffot-Pernot, C., De Luze, A., Demeneix, B., Cle´Ment, M. & Bomsel, M. C. (2006). Mycobacterium szulgai infection in a captive population of African clawed frogs (Xenopus tropicalis). Journal of Zoo ve Wildlife Medicine, 37(1), 55–58.
• Daszak, P., Berger, L., Cunningham, A. A., Hyatt, A. D., Green, D. E. & Speare, R. (1999). Emerging Infectious Diseases ve Amphibian Population Declines. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5(6), 735-748.
• D’Silva, R. (2015). Frog culture-why not. International Journal Of Management & Behavioural Sciences (IJMBS), 6-7, 418-426.Densmore, C. L. & Green, D. E. (2007). Diseases of amphibians. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) Journal, 48(3), 235-254.
• Densmore, C. L. (2009). Susceptibility of Early Life Stages of the Fowler's Toad (Bufo fowleri) To the Tadpole Edema Virus. IAAAM 2009. National Fish Health Research Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, USA. http://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11285&meta=Generic&id=3976358. Erişim Tarihi: 17.12.2016.
• FAO 2015a. Food ve Aquaculture Organization of the United Nations. Yetiştiricilik üretim miktarı. http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/SQServlet?file=/work/FIGIS/prod/webapps/figis/temp/hqp_2053334975388995267.xml&outtype=html. Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2016.
• FAO 2015b. Food ve Aquaculture Organization of the United Nations. Avcılık üretim miktarı. http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/SQServlet?file=/work/FIGIS/prod/webapps/figis/temp/hqp_598294858019360480.xml&outtype=html. Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2016.
• Ferreira, R., Souza Fonseca, L., Afonso, A. M., Silva, M. G, Saad, M. H. & Lilenbaum, W. (2006). A report of mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium marinum in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). The Veterinary Journal, 171 (1), 177-180.
• Flores Nava, A. (2005). Cultured aquatic species information programme. Rana catasbeiana. In Food ve agriculture organization of the united nations (FAO). Fisheries ve Aquaculture Department (online). Rome.
• Fremont-Rahl, J. J., Ek, C., Williamson, H. R., Small, P. L. C., Fox, J. G. & Muthupalani, S. (2011). Mycobacterium liflveii outbreak in a research colony of Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis frogs. Veterinary Pathology, 48(4), 856–867.
• Godfrey, D., Williamson, H., Silverman, J. & Small, P. L. C. (2007). Newly identified Mycobacterium species in a Xenopus laevis colony. Comparative Medicine, 57, 97-104.
• Göçmen, B., Veith, M., Iğci, N., Akman, B., Godmann, O. & Wagner, N. (2013). No detection of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in terrestrial Turkish salamveers (Lycia salamvera) despite its occurrence in syntopic frogs (Pelophylax bedriagae). Salamvera, 49(1), 51–55.
• Gray, M. J., Miller, D. L. & Hoverman, J. T. (2009). Ecology ve pathology of amphibian ranaviruses. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 87: 243–266.
• Green, S., Liflve, B., Bouley, D., Brown, B., Wallace, R. & Ferrell, J. (2000). Disease attributed to Mycobacterium chelonae in South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Comparative Medicine, 50, 675–679.
• Green, E. D., Converse, A. K. & Schra, A. K. (2002). Epizootiology of sixty-four amphibian morbidity ve mortality events in the USA, 1996-2001. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 969, 323-339.
• Hacioglu, N. & Tosunoglu, M. (2014). Determination of antimicrobial ve heavy metal resistance profiles of some bacteria isolated from aquatic amphibian ve reptile species. Environmental Monitoring ve Assessment, 186, 407–413.
• Hacioglu, N., Gul, C. & Tosunoglu, M. (2015). Bacteriological screening ve antibiotic – heavy metal resistance profile of the bacteria isolated from some amphibian ve reptile species of the Biga stream in Turkey. International Scholarly ve Scientific Research & Innovation, 9(4), 422- 426.
• Haridy, M., Tachikawa, Y., Yoshida, S., Tsuyuguchi, K., Tomita, M., Maeda, S., Wada, T., Ibi, K., Sakai, H., & Yanai, T. (2014). Mycobacterium marinum Infection in Japanese Forest Green Tree Frogs (Rhacophorus arboreus). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 151: 277-289.
• Hemmingway, V., Brunner, J., Speare, R. & Berger, L. (2009). Viral ve bacterial diseases of amphibians. In H, Heatwole & J. W. Wilkinson (Eds.), Amphibian Biology, Vol. 8 (pp 2963-2983). Surrey Beatty & Sons, NSW.
• Holt, J. G., Krieg, N. R., Sneath, P. H. A., Staley, J. T. & Williams, S. T. (2000) Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology. 9th ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp. 787.
• Hoverman, J. T., Gray, M. J., Haislip, N. A. & Miller, D. L. (2011). Phylogeny, life history, ve ecology contribute to differences in amphibian susceptibility to ranaviruses. EcoHealth, 8, 301-319.
• Huang, Y.-H., Huang, J., Hu, D.-S., Wen, H.-C. & Shi, J.-G. (2010). Isolation ve identification of pathogenic bacteria from Rana tigrina Cantor infected with red-leg disease ve drug sensitivity tests. Guangxi Agricultural Sciences, 11.
• Huys, G., Pearson, M., Kämpfer, P., Denys, R., Cnockaert, M., Inglis, V. & Swings, J. (2003). Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. ranae subsp. nov., isolated from septicaemic farmed frogs in Thailve. International Journal of Systematic ve Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 885-891.
• Jancovich, J. K., M. Bremont, J. W. Touchman & B. L. Jacobs. (2010). Evidence for multiple recent host species shifts among the ranaviruses (Family Iridoviridae). Journal of Virology, 84, 2636-2647.
• Jeong, Y.-J., Kim, J.-T. & Suh, G.-H.. (2014). Case report: Mass death of frogs (Rana dybowskii) caused by septicemia in artificial raising farm. Korean Journal of Veterinary Service, 37 (3), 203-212.
• Koyun, M., Birlik, S., Sümer, N. & Yıldırımhan, H. S. (2015). Helminth fauna of Eurasian marsh frog, Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771), (Anura: Ranidae) from Bingöl, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Biharean Biologist, 9(2), 128-132.
• Lee, S.W., Najiah, M., Wendy, W., Nadirah, M. & Faizah, S.H. (2009). Occurrence of heavy metals ve antibiotic resistance in bacteria from internal organs of American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) raised in Malaysia. Journal of Venomous Animals ve Toxins İncluding Tropical Diseases, 15(2), 353-358.
• Mauel, M. J., Miller, D. L., Frazier, K. S. ve Hines II, M. E. (2002). Bacterial pathogens isolated from cultured bullfrogs (Rana castesbeiana). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 14, 431-433.
• Miles, J., Williams, J., & Hailey, A. (2004). Frog farming: Investigation of biological ve mechanical agents to increase the consumption of pelleted food by adult Rana temporaria, Applied Herpetology, 1(3), 271–286.
• Nieto, N. C., Camann, M. A., Foley, J. E. & Reiss, J. O. (2007). Disease associated with integumentary ve cloacal parasites in tadpoles of northern red-legged frog Rana aurora aurora. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 78, 61–71.
• Neveu, A. (2009). Suitability of European green frogs for intensive culture: Comparison between different phenotypes of the esculenta hybridogenetic complex. Aquaculture, 295, 30-37.
• OIE (2007). World Organization for Animal Health. Infection with ranavirus. http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Internationa_Stveard_Setting/docs/pdf/Ranavirus_card_final.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2016.
• Olson, M. E., Gard, S., Brown, M., Hampton, R. & Morck, D. W. (1992). Flavobacterium indolgenes infection in leopard frogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 201, 1766-1770.
• Pasteris, S. E., Bühler, M. I. & Nader-Macias, M. E. (2006). Microbiological ve histological studies of farmed-bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tissues displaying red-leg syndrome. Aquaculture, 251, 11-18.
• Pasteris, S. E., Vera Pingitore, E., Roig Babot, G., Otero, M. C., Bühler, M. I., & Nader-Macías, M. E. (2009). Characterization of the beneficial properties of Lactobacilli isolated from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) hatchery. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 95, 373–385.
• Pilarski, F. & Schocken-Iturrino, R. P. (2010). Isolation ve antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus spp. strains from bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana). Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 62(5), 1275-1279.
• Poynton, S. L. & Whitaker, B. R. (2001). Protozoa ve metazoa infecting amphibians. In K. M. Wright & B. R. Whitaker (Eds.), Amphibian Medicine ve Captive Husbvery (pp. 193-222). Florida, Publishing Company Krieger Drive.
• Ransangan, J., Zainuri N., Lal, T. M., Jintoni, B. & Chung, V. S. 2013. Identification of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica from American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) farmed in Sabah, Malaysia using PCR method ve future management of outbreak. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 9(1), 13-23.
• Real, M., Martínez, I.P. & Álvarez, R. (2005) Progressive reductions in the movement induced in food when rearing Rana perezi Seoane, 1885, in captivity. Aquaculture 249: 189– 193.
• Reed, K. D., Ruth, G. R., Meyer, J. A., & Shukla, S. K. (2000). Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection in a Breeding Colony of African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus tropicalis). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 6(2), 114-117.
• Schadich, E. ve Cole, A. L. J. (2010). Pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae, ve Proteus mirabilis to brown tree frogs (Litoria ewingii). Comparative Medicine, 60, 114-117.
• Schloegel, L. M., Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A., Speare, R. & Hill, B. (2010). Two amphibian diseases, chytridiomycosis ve ranaviral disease, are now globally notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE): an assessment. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 92, 101–108.
• Stang, D. 2012. Ranavirüs. http://davidstang.com/?p=104. Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2016.
• Suykerbuyk, P., Vleminckx, K., Pasmans, F.rank, Stragier, P., Ablordey, A., Tran, H. T., Hermans, K., Fleetwood, M., Meyers, W. M., & Portaels, F. (2007). Mycobacterium liflveii infection in European Colony of Silurana tropicalis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(5), 743-746.
• Taylor, S. K., Green, D. E., Wright, K. M. & Whitaker, B. R. (2001). Bacterial Diseases. In K. M. Wright & B. R. Whitaker (Eds.), Amphibian Medicine ve Captive Husbvery (pp.159-180). Florida: Publishing Company Krieger Drive.
• Trott, K. A., Stacy, B. A., Liflve, B. D., Diggs, H. E., Harlve, R. M., Khokha, M. K., Grammer, T. C. & Parker, J. M. (2004). Characterization of a Mycobacterium ulcerans-like infection in a colony of African tropical clawed frogs (Xenopus tropicalis). Comparative Medicine, 54(3), 309-317.
• TUİK (2016). Avlanan içsu ürünleri miktarı. Kurbağa. Retrived from https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=97&locale=tr (Erişim Tarihi: 09.04.18).
• Voyles, J., Rosenblum, E. B. & Berger, L. 2011. Interactions between Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ve its amphibian hosts: a review of pathogenesis ve immunity. Microbes ve Infection, 13, 25-32.
• Yıldırımhan, H. S. & İncedoğan, S. (2013). Checklist of metazoon parasites recorded in Anura ve Urodela from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37, 562-575.
• Whitaker, B. R. & Wright, K. M. (2001). Clinical Techniques. In K. M. Wright & B. R. Whitaker (Eds.), Amphibian Medicine ve Captive Husbvery (pp.89-110). Florida: Publishing Company Krieger Drive.
• Wikipedia (2016). Kurbağa. Retrived from https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurbağa (Erişim Tarihi: 6.12.2016).
• Wikipedia (2017). Kurbağa. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_kurbağasıgiller. Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2017.
• Xiaoying, H., Dongren, Z., Yizhi, L., Weida, S. & Xueping, Y. (2015). Isolation ve identification of the pathogens of Bull-frog Streptococcus diesease. Animal Husbvery ve Feed Science, 7 (1), 36-38.