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The Diagnostic Dilemma of Acute Cholecystitis in Heart Failure: A Review Based on Tokyo Criteria

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 55 - 57, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55994/ejcc.1780213

Abstract

Diagnosing acute cholecystitis in patients with heart failure presents a significant clinical challenge due to overlapping symptoms, imaging findings, and inflammatory markers. The Tokyo Guidelines (TG18) provides a structured diagnostic framework based on clinical signs, imaging, and laboratory parameters. However, heart failure, particularly right-sided—factors such as hepatic congestion, peritoneal stretching, and systemic inflammation can mimic cholecystitis. Gallbladder wall thickening, a key imaging criterion, is often observed in heart failure due to venous congestion rather than true inflammation. Similarly, elevated inflammatory markers like CRP and leukocytosis can result from the systemic inflammatory milieu of heart failure, not infection. This overlap risks both misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. This review highlights the diagnostic dilemma and emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, advanced imaging modalities, and dynamic monitoring. It also advocates for the development of integrated diagnostic tools tailored for this patient population. Accurate differentiation between true acute cholecystitis and heart failure-related changes is essential to avoid unnecessary interventions and optimize patient outcomes.

References

  • Yokoe M, Hata J, Takada T, Strasberg SM, Asbun HJ, Wakabayashi G, et al. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2018 Jan;25(1):41–54.
  • Felker GM, Adams KF Jr, Konstam MA, O'Connor CM, Gheorghiade M. The Problem of Decompensated Heart Failure: Nomenclature, Classification, and Risk Stratification. Am Heart J. 2003;145(2 Suppl):S18–S25.
  • Krack A, Sharma R, Figulla HR, Anker SD. The importance of the gastrointestinal system in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2005 Nov;26(22):2368–2374.
  • Romeiro FG, Okoshi K, Zornoff LA, Okoshi MP. Gastrointestinal changes associated with heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012 Mar;98(3):273–277.
  • Sakamoto T, Uchida K, Endo A, Yoshitomi H, Tanabe K. Gallbladder Wall Thickness-Based Assessment of Organ Congestion in Patients With Heart Failure. Circ Rep. 2022 Jan 6;4(4):166–172.
  • Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2011.
  • Kirkpatrick ID, Greenberg HM. Evaluating the Gallbladder With Sonography: Clinical Issues and Controversies. Radiol Clin North Am. 2004;42(2):287–301.
  • Feliciano JV, Kuppalli K, Singh S. The Role of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Diagnosing Heart Failure. Am J Med Sci. 2015;349(6):517–524.
  • Kushner I, Rzewnicki D, Samols D. What Does Minor Elevation of C-Reactive Protein Signify? Am J Med. 2006;119(2):166.e17–166.e28.
  • Ponikowski P, Anker SD, AlHabib KF, Cowie MR, Force TL, Hu S, et al. Heart Failure: Preventing Disease and Death Worldwide. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(42):2888–2895.

Akut Kolesistitin Kalp Yetmezliğinde Tanısal İkilemi: Tokyo Kriterlerine Dayalı Bir Derleme

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 55 - 57, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55994/ejcc.1780213

Abstract

Kalp yetmezliği olan hastalarda akut kolesistit tanısı, semptomların, görüntüleme bulgularının ve inflamatuvar belirteçlerin örtüşmesi nedeniyle önemli bir klinik zorluk oluşturmaktadır. Tokyo Kılavuzları (TG18), klinik bulgular, görüntüleme ve laboratuvar parametrelerine dayalı yapılandırılmış bir tanısal çerçeve sunmaktadır. Ancak özellikle sağ kalp yetmezliğinde hepatik konjesyon, periton gerilimi ve sistemik inflamasyon gibi faktörler kolesistiti taklit edebilir. Görüntülemede ana kriterlerden biri olan safra kesesi duvar kalınlaşması, sıklıkla gerçek inflamasyondan ziyade venöz konjesyon nedeniyle kalp yetmezliği olgularında da gözlenmektedir. Benzer şekilde, CRP ve lökositoz gibi yüksek inflamatuvar belirteçler de enfeksiyon değil, kalp yetmezliğine eşlik eden sistemik inflamatuvar ortamdan kaynaklanabilir. Bu örtüşme, hem yanlış tanı hem de uygunsuz tedavi riskini beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu derleme, tanısal ikilemi vurgulamakta ve multidisipliner yaklaşımın, ileri görüntüleme yöntemlerinin ve dinamik izlemenin önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca bu hasta popülasyonuna özgü entegre tanı araçlarının geliştirilmesini savunmaktadır. Gerçek akut kolesistit ile kalp yetmezliğine bağlı değişikliklerin doğru şekilde ayırt edilmesi, gereksiz girişimlerden kaçınmak ve hasta sonuçlarını en iyi hale getirmek için kritik öneme sahiptir.

References

  • Yokoe M, Hata J, Takada T, Strasberg SM, Asbun HJ, Wakabayashi G, et al. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2018 Jan;25(1):41–54.
  • Felker GM, Adams KF Jr, Konstam MA, O'Connor CM, Gheorghiade M. The Problem of Decompensated Heart Failure: Nomenclature, Classification, and Risk Stratification. Am Heart J. 2003;145(2 Suppl):S18–S25.
  • Krack A, Sharma R, Figulla HR, Anker SD. The importance of the gastrointestinal system in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2005 Nov;26(22):2368–2374.
  • Romeiro FG, Okoshi K, Zornoff LA, Okoshi MP. Gastrointestinal changes associated with heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012 Mar;98(3):273–277.
  • Sakamoto T, Uchida K, Endo A, Yoshitomi H, Tanabe K. Gallbladder Wall Thickness-Based Assessment of Organ Congestion in Patients With Heart Failure. Circ Rep. 2022 Jan 6;4(4):166–172.
  • Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2011.
  • Kirkpatrick ID, Greenberg HM. Evaluating the Gallbladder With Sonography: Clinical Issues and Controversies. Radiol Clin North Am. 2004;42(2):287–301.
  • Feliciano JV, Kuppalli K, Singh S. The Role of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Diagnosing Heart Failure. Am J Med Sci. 2015;349(6):517–524.
  • Kushner I, Rzewnicki D, Samols D. What Does Minor Elevation of C-Reactive Protein Signify? Am J Med. 2006;119(2):166.e17–166.e28.
  • Ponikowski P, Anker SD, AlHabib KF, Cowie MR, Force TL, Hu S, et al. Heart Failure: Preventing Disease and Death Worldwide. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(42):2888–2895.
There are 10 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Emergency Medicine
Journal Section Letter to Editor
Authors

Serdar Özdemir 0000-0002-6186-6110

Submission Date September 8, 2025
Acceptance Date October 27, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

AMA Özdemir S. The Diagnostic Dilemma of Acute Cholecystitis in Heart Failure: A Review Based on Tokyo Criteria. Eurasian j Crit Care. December 2025;7(3):55-57. doi:10.55994/ejcc.1780213