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Transformational Leadership and Innovative Climate: An Examination of the Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment

Year 2015, , 149 - 162, 30.10.2015
https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2015.60.9

Abstract

Problem Statement: The most important characteristic of today’s organizations is too much change. The demand of organizations to fulfill objectives within dynamic environmental aspects has required strong leadership. Organizations’ accommodation to changes, generating new ideas, adapting these ideas to organizations, and also the individual and intellectual development of employees have revealed the transformational leadership concept. Transformational leaders empower participants independently from supervision and control of leadership; they create an environment free from punishment, so that participants feel themselves as empowered, and this leads to their behaving in an innovative manner. Transformational leaders empower employees and generate a climate that supports innovation. Research about transformational leadership, psychological empowerment, and innovative climate is generally conducted within a business organization, and there are so few studies about these variables within schools.

Purpose of The Study: The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating effect of psychological empowerment on the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative climate.

Method:The survey model was used in this study. 303 teachers working in Eskisehir Central Secondary School participated in this research. However, outlier values were examined, and the values of two participants including improper data sets were deleted; therefore,the number of participants was determined to be 301. Three different scaleswere used in this research. The validity and reliability of the scales were examined. Mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analysis techniques were used.

Findings:It was found thatthere was a significant positive relationship between transformational leadership and psychological empowerment. A significant positive relationship was found between psychological empowermentand innovative climate, as well. The stepwise regression analysis showed a significant relationship between transformational leadership and innovative climate. According tothe Sobel test results, therelationship between transformational leadership and innovative climate wasdecreasingbut significant (z=2.43, p<0.05). Therefore, it has been determined that psychological empowerment partially mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative climate.

Conclusion and Recommendations: Transformational leadership affects innovative climate both directly and indirectly through psychological empowerment.However,research about psychological empowerment in educational organizations and innovation and creativity at schools is very limited. In relation to this study, the effect of the leadership roles of principals, on the level of the psychological empowerment of teachers on their innovative and creative behaviors, can be examined.

Key Words: Transformational leadership, empowerment, innovation, innovative climate 

References

  • Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron, M. (1996). Assessing the work environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39 (5), 1154-1184.
  • Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 951-968.
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6), 1173-1182.
  • Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
  • Bass, B. M. (1999). Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8 (1), 9-32.
  • Bass, B. M. &Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. Public Administration Quarterly, 17, 112-121.
  • Bass, B. M. &Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 10 (2), 181-217.
  • Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
  • Carlson, D. S. &Perrewe, P. L. (1995). Institutionalization of organizational ethics through transformational leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 14, 829-838.
  • Conger, J. A., &Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13 (3), 471-482.
  • Davis, J., & Wilson, S. M. (2000). Principals’ efforts to empower teachers: Effect on teacher motivation and job satisfaction and stress. The Clearing House, 73 (6), 349-353.
  • Dee, J. R., Henkin, A. B., &Duemer, L. (2003). Structural antecedents and psychological correlates of teacher empowerment. Journal of Educational Administration, 41 (3), 257-277.
  • Doğan, N. &Başokçu, T. O. (2010). İstatistiktutumölçeğiiçinuygulananfaktöranaliziveaşamalıkümelemeanalizisonuçlarınınkarşılaştırılması. [Comparing the results of the exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis for the scale of statistical attitude] EğitimdevePsikolojideÖlçmeveDeğerlendirmeDergisi, 1(2), 65-71.
  • Edwards, J. L., Green, K. E., & Lyons, C. A. (2002). Personal empowerment, efficacy, and environmental characteristics. Journal of Educational Administration, 40 (1), 67-86.
  • Geijsel, F. P., Sleegers, P .J. C., Stoel, R. D., &Krüger, M. L. (2009). The effect of teacher psychological and school organizational and leadership factors on teachers’ professional learning in Dutch schools. The Elementary School Journal, 109 (4), 406-427.
  • Gumusluoglu, L., &Ilsev, A. (2007). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62, 461-473.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J.,& Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Jung, D. I. (2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and their effects on creativity in groups. Creativity Research Journal, 13 (2), 185-195.
  • Jung, D. I., Chow, C., & Wu, A. (2003). The role transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 525-544.
  • Jung, D. I., &Sosik, J. J. (2002). Transformational leadership in work groups. The role of empowerment, cohesiveness, and collective-efficacy on perceived group performance. Small Group Research, 33 (3), 313-336.
  • Kanungo, R. N. (2001). Ethical values of transactional and transformational leaders. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 18(4), 257-265.
  • Keedy, J. L., & Finch, A. M. (1994). Examining teacher-principal empowerment: An analysis of power. The Journal of Research and Development in Education, 27 (3), 162-175.
  • Krishnan, V. R. (2012). Transformational leadership and personal outcomes: empowerment as mediator. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 33 (6), 550-563.
  • Moolenaar, N. M., Daly, A. J., &Sleegers, P. J. C. (2010). Occupying the principal position: Examining relationships between transformational leadership, social network position, and schools’ innovative climate. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46 (5), 623-670.
  • Moye, M. J., Henkin, A. B., &Egley, R. J. (2005). Teacher-principal relationships: Exploring linkages between empowerment and interpersonal trust. Journal of Educational Administration, 43 (3), 260-277.
  • Mumford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103 (1), 27-43.
  • Mumford, M. D., Scott, G. M., Gaddis, B., & Strange, J. M. (2002). Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationship. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 705-750.
  • Quinn, R. E., &Spreitzer, G. M. (1997). The road to empowerment: Seven questions every leader
  • Rinehart, J. S., & Short, P. M. (1994). Job satisfaction and empowerment among teacher leaders, reading recovery teachers and regular classroom teachers. Education, 114 (4), 570-580.
  • Sağnak, M. (2012). The Empowering Leadership and Teachers’ Innovative Behavior: The Mediating Role of Innovative Climate. African Journal of Business Management, 6 (4), 1635-1641.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8 (2), 23-74.
  • Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37 (3), 580-607.
  • Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J. (2003). Transformational leadership, conservation, and creativity: Evidence from Korea. Academy of Management Journal, 46 (6), 703-714.
  • Spreitzer, G. M. (1995) Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38 (5), 1442-1465.
  • Thomas, K. W., &Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An interpretive model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15 (4), 666-681.
  • Tierney, P., Farmer, S. M., &Graen, G. B. (1999). An examination of leadership and employee creativity: The relevance of traits and relationship. Personnel Psychology, 52 (3), 591-620.
  • Trevino, L. K., Butterfield, K. D., & McCabe, D. L. (1998). The ethical context in organizations: Influences on employee attitudes and behaviors. Business Ethics Quarterly, 8 (3), 447-476.
  • Wan, E. (2005). Teacher empowerment: Concepts, strategies, and implications for schools in Hon Kong. Teachers College Record, 107 (4), 842-861.
  • Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18 (2), 293-321.
  • Yılmaz, V. &Çelik, H. E. (2009). Lisrelileyapısaleşitlikmodellemesi. [Structural Equating Modelling with Lisrel]Ankara: Pegem A Yayınları.
  • Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2003). Awakening employee creativity: the role of leader emotional intelligence. The leadership Quarterly, 14, 545-568.

Dönüşümcü Liderlik ve Yenilikçi İklim: Psikolojik Güçlendirmenin Aracılık Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Year 2015, , 149 - 162, 30.10.2015
https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2015.60.9

Abstract

Problem Durumu: Günümüzün en önemli özelliği değişimin çok hızlı yaşanmasıdır.
Örgütler yaşamını devam ettirebilmesi için çok hızlı değişen çevre koşullarına uyum
sağlamak zorundadır. Dinamik çevre koşullarında örgütlerin amaçlarını başarma
arzusu liderlik gereksinimini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Örgütlerin hem değişime uyum
sağlaması hem de yeni fikirler üretmesi ve bu fikirlerin örgütlere uyarlanması ve aynı
zamanda çalışanların kişisel ve entelektüel olarak gelişmesi dönüşümcü liderlik
kavramını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Dönüşümcü liderler izleyenlerin öz yeterlik, özsaygı ve
özgüvenlerini geliştirerek onların amaç başarımına ve motivasyonlarına pozitif etkide
bulunurlar. Lider ve izleyenler arasında güçlü bağlılığa dayalı olarak dönüşümcü
liderler, izleyenlerin kişisel değerlerini ve kendilik kavramlarını dönüştürmenin
yollarını arar. Dönüşümcü liderler, liderin denetiminden ve kontrolünden bağımsız
olarak izleyenleri güçlendirir, cezadan bağımsız öyle bir çevre oluşturur ki izleyenler
kendilerini güçlendirilmiş hissederler, bu durum da izleyenlerin yenilikçi davranışlar
sergilemesine yol açar. Dönüşümcü liderler entelektüel uyarım yoluyla yaratıcılığa yol
açacak çevre oluştururlar, izleyenlerin eski problemleri yeni yollarla düşünmeleri
yönünde özendirirler. Böylelikle dönüşümcü liderler örgütlerde çalışanları
güçlendirir ve yeniliği destekleyen bir iklim oluştururlar. Dönüşümcü liderlik,
psikolojik güçlendirme ve yenilikçi iklim araştırmalarının genellikle işletme
örgütlerinde yapıldığı, okullarda bu değişkenlerle ilgili araştırmaların oldukça sınırlı
olduğu söylenebilir.
Araştırmanın Amacı: Bu araştırmanın amacı, okulu müdürlerinin dönüşümcü liderlik
davranışlarının okulun yenilikçi iklimi ile ilişkisinde psikolojik güçlendirmenin
aracılık etkisini belirlemektir. Bu amaca yönelik şu sorulara yanıt aranmıştır: 1.
Dönüşümcü liderliğin psikolojik güçlendirme ve okulun yenilikçi iklimi ile ilişkisi var
mıdır? 2. Psikolojik güçlendirme ile okulun yenilikçi iklimi arasında ilişki var mıdır?
3. Psikolojik güçlendirme dönüşümcü liderlik ile yenilikçi iklim arasındaki ilişkiye
aracılık etmekte midir?
Araştırmanın Yöntemi: Bu araştırma, ilişkisel tarama modelinde bir çalışmadır.
Araştırmaya Eskişehir Merkez Orta okullarında çalışan 303 öğretmen katılmıştır.
Ancak uç değerler incelenmiş, veri setine uygun olmayan iki katılımcıya ilişkin
değerler veri setinden silinmiş ve böylece katılımcı sayısı 301 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu
araştırmada dönüşümcü liderlik ölçeği, psikolojik güçlendirme ölçeği ve yenilikçi
iklim ölçeği olmak üzere üç farklı ölçme aracı kullanılmıştır. Ölçeklerin geçerlik ve
güvenirlik çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın amacına uygun olarak, dönüşümcü
liderlik ile okulun yenilikçi iklimi arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik güçlendirmenin
aracılık rolü, Baron ve Kenny (1986) tarafından önerilen süreç izlenerek test edilmiştir.
Verileri analiz etmek için aritmetik ortalama, standart sapma, Pearson korelasyonu ve
adım adım (stepwise) regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır.
Araştırmanın Bulguları: Dönüşümcü liderlik ile psikolojik güçlendirme (r=.16; p

References

  • Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron, M. (1996). Assessing the work environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39 (5), 1154-1184.
  • Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 951-968.
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6), 1173-1182.
  • Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
  • Bass, B. M. (1999). Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8 (1), 9-32.
  • Bass, B. M. &Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. Public Administration Quarterly, 17, 112-121.
  • Bass, B. M. &Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 10 (2), 181-217.
  • Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
  • Carlson, D. S. &Perrewe, P. L. (1995). Institutionalization of organizational ethics through transformational leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 14, 829-838.
  • Conger, J. A., &Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13 (3), 471-482.
  • Davis, J., & Wilson, S. M. (2000). Principals’ efforts to empower teachers: Effect on teacher motivation and job satisfaction and stress. The Clearing House, 73 (6), 349-353.
  • Dee, J. R., Henkin, A. B., &Duemer, L. (2003). Structural antecedents and psychological correlates of teacher empowerment. Journal of Educational Administration, 41 (3), 257-277.
  • Doğan, N. &Başokçu, T. O. (2010). İstatistiktutumölçeğiiçinuygulananfaktöranaliziveaşamalıkümelemeanalizisonuçlarınınkarşılaştırılması. [Comparing the results of the exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis for the scale of statistical attitude] EğitimdevePsikolojideÖlçmeveDeğerlendirmeDergisi, 1(2), 65-71.
  • Edwards, J. L., Green, K. E., & Lyons, C. A. (2002). Personal empowerment, efficacy, and environmental characteristics. Journal of Educational Administration, 40 (1), 67-86.
  • Geijsel, F. P., Sleegers, P .J. C., Stoel, R. D., &Krüger, M. L. (2009). The effect of teacher psychological and school organizational and leadership factors on teachers’ professional learning in Dutch schools. The Elementary School Journal, 109 (4), 406-427.
  • Gumusluoglu, L., &Ilsev, A. (2007). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62, 461-473.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J.,& Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Jung, D. I. (2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and their effects on creativity in groups. Creativity Research Journal, 13 (2), 185-195.
  • Jung, D. I., Chow, C., & Wu, A. (2003). The role transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 525-544.
  • Jung, D. I., &Sosik, J. J. (2002). Transformational leadership in work groups. The role of empowerment, cohesiveness, and collective-efficacy on perceived group performance. Small Group Research, 33 (3), 313-336.
  • Kanungo, R. N. (2001). Ethical values of transactional and transformational leaders. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 18(4), 257-265.
  • Keedy, J. L., & Finch, A. M. (1994). Examining teacher-principal empowerment: An analysis of power. The Journal of Research and Development in Education, 27 (3), 162-175.
  • Krishnan, V. R. (2012). Transformational leadership and personal outcomes: empowerment as mediator. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 33 (6), 550-563.
  • Moolenaar, N. M., Daly, A. J., &Sleegers, P. J. C. (2010). Occupying the principal position: Examining relationships between transformational leadership, social network position, and schools’ innovative climate. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46 (5), 623-670.
  • Moye, M. J., Henkin, A. B., &Egley, R. J. (2005). Teacher-principal relationships: Exploring linkages between empowerment and interpersonal trust. Journal of Educational Administration, 43 (3), 260-277.
  • Mumford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103 (1), 27-43.
  • Mumford, M. D., Scott, G. M., Gaddis, B., & Strange, J. M. (2002). Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationship. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 705-750.
  • Quinn, R. E., &Spreitzer, G. M. (1997). The road to empowerment: Seven questions every leader
  • Rinehart, J. S., & Short, P. M. (1994). Job satisfaction and empowerment among teacher leaders, reading recovery teachers and regular classroom teachers. Education, 114 (4), 570-580.
  • Sağnak, M. (2012). The Empowering Leadership and Teachers’ Innovative Behavior: The Mediating Role of Innovative Climate. African Journal of Business Management, 6 (4), 1635-1641.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8 (2), 23-74.
  • Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37 (3), 580-607.
  • Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J. (2003). Transformational leadership, conservation, and creativity: Evidence from Korea. Academy of Management Journal, 46 (6), 703-714.
  • Spreitzer, G. M. (1995) Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38 (5), 1442-1465.
  • Thomas, K. W., &Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An interpretive model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15 (4), 666-681.
  • Tierney, P., Farmer, S. M., &Graen, G. B. (1999). An examination of leadership and employee creativity: The relevance of traits and relationship. Personnel Psychology, 52 (3), 591-620.
  • Trevino, L. K., Butterfield, K. D., & McCabe, D. L. (1998). The ethical context in organizations: Influences on employee attitudes and behaviors. Business Ethics Quarterly, 8 (3), 447-476.
  • Wan, E. (2005). Teacher empowerment: Concepts, strategies, and implications for schools in Hon Kong. Teachers College Record, 107 (4), 842-861.
  • Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18 (2), 293-321.
  • Yılmaz, V. &Çelik, H. E. (2009). Lisrelileyapısaleşitlikmodellemesi. [Structural Equating Modelling with Lisrel]Ankara: Pegem A Yayınları.
  • Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2003). Awakening employee creativity: the role of leader emotional intelligence. The leadership Quarterly, 14, 545-568.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mesut Sağnak This is me

Mehmet Kuruöz This is me

Betül Polat

Ayşe Soylu This is me

Publication Date October 30, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015

Cite

APA Sağnak, M., Kuruöz, M., Polat, B., Soylu, A. (2015). Transformational Leadership and Innovative Climate: An Examination of the Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 15(60), 149-162. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2015.60.9
AMA Sağnak M, Kuruöz M, Polat B, Soylu A. Transformational Leadership and Innovative Climate: An Examination of the Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. October 2015;15(60):149-162. doi:10.14689/ejer.2015.60.9
Chicago Sağnak, Mesut, Mehmet Kuruöz, Betül Polat, and Ayşe Soylu. “Transformational Leadership and Innovative Climate: An Examination of the Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 15, no. 60 (October 2015): 149-62. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2015.60.9.
EndNote Sağnak M, Kuruöz M, Polat B, Soylu A (October 1, 2015) Transformational Leadership and Innovative Climate: An Examination of the Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 15 60 149–162.
IEEE M. Sağnak, M. Kuruöz, B. Polat, and A. Soylu, “Transformational Leadership and Innovative Climate: An Examination of the Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment”, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, vol. 15, no. 60, pp. 149–162, 2015, doi: 10.14689/ejer.2015.60.9.
ISNAD Sağnak, Mesut et al. “Transformational Leadership and Innovative Climate: An Examination of the Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 15/60 (October 2015), 149-162. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2015.60.9.
JAMA Sağnak M, Kuruöz M, Polat B, Soylu A. Transformational Leadership and Innovative Climate: An Examination of the Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2015;15:149–162.
MLA Sağnak, Mesut et al. “Transformational Leadership and Innovative Climate: An Examination of the Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, vol. 15, no. 60, 2015, pp. 149-62, doi:10.14689/ejer.2015.60.9.
Vancouver Sağnak M, Kuruöz M, Polat B, Soylu A. Transformational Leadership and Innovative Climate: An Examination of the Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2015;15(60):149-62.