Research Article
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Koruyucu Sağlık Eğitimi

Year 2016, Volume: 16 Issue: 65, 277 - 294, 15.10.2016

Abstract

Problem
Durumu:

Savaşlar, açlık, trafik kazaları, bulaşıcı hastalıklar, çocuk cinayetleri,
çocuk işçiliği, okul, ev kazaları, çocuk ve genci koruma yasalarının
yetersizliği gibi birçok nedenden dolayı dünyadaki çocuk ölümleri ciddi bir
problemdir. Ölüm oranlarının azaltılmasında alınacak önlemlerden bir tanesi
koruyucu sağlık eğitimidir. Sağlık eğitiminin amacı,  bilgi ve temel becerilerle donanımlı
kişilerin hastalıklardan, kazalardan, yaralanmalardan ve ölümlerden korunmasını
sağlamaktır. Bu bağlamda yapılan araştırmanın etkisinin sürdürülebilir olması
için çalışmanın ana problemi, “ Koruyucu sağlık eğitim materyallerinin üretimi
ve okul öncesi öğrencilerine bu materyallerle yapılan uygulamaların okul öncesi
öğretmen adaylarının koruyucu sağlık bilgi düzeylerine nasıl etkilemektedir? “
Araştırmanın alt problemleri şunlardır: Hijyen, bağışıklık, beslenme, trafik
kuralları, zihin sağlığı, fiziksel aktivite ve diş sağlığı konularında eğitim
materyallerinin hazırlanması ve uygulanması okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının
koruyucu sağlık bilgi düzeylerine etkisi nedir? Sağlık eğitiminde yeni öğretim
yöntemlerin geliştirilmesi için uygulamaların güçlü ve zayıf yönleri nelerdir?

Araştırmanın
Amacı:

Okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının öğretim teknolojileri ve materyal geliştirme
dersinde öğrendikleri teorik bilgileri kullanarak koruyucu sağlık öğretim
materyalleri üretmeleri, bu materyalleri kullanarak okul öncesi öğrencilerine
koruyucu sağlık eğitimi vermesi ve tüm bunların sonucunda öğretmen adaylarının
koruyucu sağlık bilgi düzeylerinin artırılması araştırmanın amacıdır.

Araştırmanın
Yöntemi:

Araştırma sıralı eş zamanlı karma yöntem deseninde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Amaçlı
örneklem olarak seçilen 131 okul öncesi öğretmen adayına, uzman görüşüne
başvurularak araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen koruyucu sağlık bilgi düzeyi
ölçeği nicel veri elde etmek için kullanılırken, bu örneklem gruptan seçilen 22
öğretmen adayıyla yapılan yüz yüze görüşmede elde edilen veriler nitel veriler
için kullanılmıştır. Nicel ve nitel verilerin birleştirilmesiyle elde edilen
sonuçların yorumlanmasıyla çocuk ölümlerinin azaltılması ve sağlıklı bir toplum
için bir eğitim modeli önerilmeye çalışılmıştır. Koruyucu sağlık bilgi düzeyi
ölçeği 20 açık uçlu sorudan oluşmaktadır. Her doğru cevaba 1, yanlış veya boş
bırakılmış soruya 0 puan verilerek değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçeğin güvenirliği ön
test sonuçlarına göre KR20 = 0.64 ve son test sonuçlarına göre KR20 = 0.82
olarak bulunmuştur. Nitel veri kaynağı olarak 2 açık uçlu sorudan oluşan
yapılandırılmış görüşme formu araştırmanın uygulamaları sonunda kullanılmıştır.
Araştırma, öğretim teknolojileri ve materyal geliştirme dersine devam eden 2.
sınıf okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarıyla 12 haftada gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Öncellikle dersin içeriğine uygun teorik bilgiler ve uygulamalar araştırmacı
tarafından öğretmen adaylarına verilmiş ve gruplar halindeki öğretmen
adaylarına verilen koruyucu sağlık konularında materyal üretmeleri ve bunları
sınıf ortamında sunmaları istenmiştir. Bilgisayar oyunları, filmler, yap
bozlar, drama, kuklalar, boyama, deneyler ve hikaye okumaları gibi bir çok
çeşitte materyal öğretmen adayları tarfından üretilmiştir. Sınıf ortamındaki
öneriler ve eklemelerle materyal ve materyallerin okul öncesi öğrencilerine
uygulama planları hazırlanmıştır. Daha sonra tüm öğrenciler yakın çevredeki bir
anaokulunda 4-5 yaş grubu öğrencilerin yer aldığı 4 sınıfta 2 hafta sürede
materyalleri kullanarak uygulamalarını gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Koruyucu sağlık
bilgi düzeyi ölçeği son test olarak uygulandıktan sonra, gönüllülük esasında
seçilen 22 öğretmen adayıyla nitel veriler için görüşmeler
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Nicel verilerde SPSS istatistik 17 programı kullanılarak
ön test, son test karşılaştırması t- test ve görüşme sonuçları araştırmacı ve 2
uzman tarafından kodlar verilerek (Miles and Huberman = 0.92 güvenirlik)
gerçekleştirilen içerik analiziyle temalar belirlenerek değerlendirilmiştir.

Araştırmanın
Bulguları:

Yapılan t- testi ile koruyucu sağlık bilgi düzeyi ölçeği son test ortalaması
(  = 12.17) ön test ortalamasından (
=9.19) daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Dolayısıyla yapılan t testi sonucu ön test ve
son test arasında anlamlı bir fark (t (131) = 10.53,  p<.00 ) elde edilmiştir. Koruyucu sağlık
eğitiminin alt boyutlarında ise bağışıklık (t(131)= 5.51, p <.00), trafik
kuralları (t (131)=1.53, p <.00), beslenme ( t (131) = 6.38, p <.00),
hijyen ( t (131) = 5.83, p<.00), zihin sağlığı (t (131)=4.05, p<.00)
konularında anlamlı bir fark elde edilirken, diş sağlığı  (t (131) = 1.53, p >.00) ve fiziksel
aktivitelerde (t (131) =1.53, p >.00) anlamlı bir fark elde
edilmemiştir.  Nitel veriler sonucu;
koruyucu sağlık eğitim materyali hazırlarken karşılan güçlükler, uygulamada
yaşanan güçlükler ve öğretmen adaylarının öğrenme deneyimleri şeklinde 3 tema
elde edilmiştir.









Araştırmanın
Sonuçları ve Önerileri:

Koruyucu sağlık eğitim materyallerinin üretilmesi, materyallerin derslerde
kullanılması, okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının bağışıklık, beslenme, trafik
kuralları, zihin sağlığı, hijyen konularında koruyucu sağlık bilgi düzeylerinde
anlamlı bir artışa neden olmuştur. Öğretmen adaylarının kavram yanılgıları,
konu içerik bilgilerindeki eksiklikler ve henüz 2. sınıf olmalarından kaynaklı
sınıf yönetimi, zaman yönetimi, pedagojik bilgilerindeki yetersizliklerinden
dolayı uygulamalarda bazı güçlükler yaşamışlardır. Ancak yapılan tüm
uygulamalar sonucu konuları daha anlamlı öğrendikleri, kendi yaşamlarında
uyguladıkları, kavram bilgisinin ne kadar önemli olduğu, takım çalışmasının
önemini, oyun, film gibi farklı eğitim materyallerinin öğrencinin derse
motivasyonunu nasıl etkilediği uygulamalarla deneyimlemişlerdir. Çalışmanın
sonucunda, geleneksel gösteri yöntemi ve düz anlatım yönteminden farklı olarak
uygulamalı olarak yapılacak koruyucu sağlık eğitiminin, tüm öğretmen adaylarına
uygulamalı olarak verilmesi, onların bir öğretmen, aile ve toplumda bir birey
olarak çocuk ölümlerinin azaltılmasında ve sağlıklı bir toplum olmamızda önemli
rol oynadığı düşünülerek önerilmektedir.

References

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  • Berzin, S. C., O'Brien, K. H. M., Frey, A., Kelly, M. S., Alvarez, M. E., & Shaffer, G. L. (2011).Meeting the social and behavioral health needs of students: Rethinking the relationship between teachers and school social workers. Journal of School Health, 81(8), 493-501.
  • Boschi-Pinto, C., Velebit, L., & Shibuya, K. (2008). Estimating child mortality due to diarrhea in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(9), 710-717. Retrieved May 7, 2013 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC2649491/pdf/07-050054.pdf
  • Braakmann, N. (2011). The causal relationship between education, health and health related behaviour: Evidence from a natural experiment in England. Journal of Health Economics, 30(4), 753-763.
  • Bransford, J. D., Franks, J. J., Vye, N. J., & Sherwood, R. D. (1989). New approaches to instruction: Because wisdom can’t be told. In Similarity and analogical reasoning (pp. 188). Newyork, Cambridge University Press.
  • Butler, J., Fryer, C. S., Reed, E. A., & Thomas, S. B. (2011). Utilizing the school health index to build collaboration between a university and an urban school district. Journal of School Health, 81(12), 774-782.
  • Böckerman, P., & Maczulskij, T. (2016). The Education-health Nexus: Fact and fiction. Social Science & Medicine, 150, 112-116. Retrieved 2 March 2013 from <http://www.gundemcocuk.orgbelgeler/yayinlarimiz/raporlar>
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  • Clark, V. L. P., Anderson, N., Wertz, J. A., Zhou, Y., Schumacher, K., & Miaskowski, C. (2014). Conceptualizing longitudinal mixed methods designs: A methodological review of health sciences research. Educational Psychology Papers and Publications. Retrieved August 31, 2014 from <http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/edpsychpapers/160>
  • Creswell, J. W., Fetters, M. D., & Ivankova, N. V. (2004). Designing a mixed methods study in primary care. The Annals of Family Medicine, 2(1), 7-12.
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  • Hammig, B., Ogletree, R., & Wycoff‐Horn, M. R. (2011). The relationship between professional preparation and class structure on health instruction in the secondary classroom. Journal of School Health, 81(9), 513-519. Retrieved April 8, 2014 from, http://jsn.sagepub.com/content/29/1/10.full.pdf+html>.
  • Hassoy, H., Mandiracioglu, A., Ergin, I., Durusoy, R., & Davas, A. (2011). School health education program of medical student, Ege University School of Medicine. TAF Prev Med Bull, 10(6), 649-656. Retrieved March 1, 2013 from http://www.scopemed.org/?mno=4086>.
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Protective Health Education

Year 2016, Volume: 16 Issue: 65, 277 - 294, 15.10.2016

Abstract

Problem
Statement:
As a result of wars, starvation, traffic accidents,
homicide, infectious diseases, insufficient adult protection, migration, and
inadequate legal reforms the mortality rate of children has become a serious
problem in the world. Protective health education contributes to a child’s
physical and social health. In this case, the main problem of research is ‘How
does the production and applications of educational materials affect the protective
health knowledge level of prospective pre-school teachers? ‘.

Purpose of the
Study:
The aims of this study are, to increase the health
knowledge level of prospective teachers, to produce protective health education
materials for children and to experience the applications of produced materials
with these children.

Method: The present
study was used partially mixed sequential equal status design model.  The quantitative data from the protective
health knowledge level test including 20 open-ended questions were combined
with qualitative data from interviews who (n=131) were the pre-school
prospective teachers. The qualitative data that were gathered from face to face
interviews with 22 of the sample group. The interventions of research including
theoretical and production of protective health education tools took place 12
weeks then prospective teachers applied tools on children. T-test and content
analysis techniques were used to analyze the data.

Findings: There was a
significant difference in the protective health knowledge level test scores of
participants (t (131) = 10.53, p<.00) before and after the research. There
was a significant difference between the mean values of pre-test and post-test
results on the immunity (t (131) = 5.51, p<.00), traffic (t (131) = 1.53,
p<.00), nutrition (t (131) = 6.38, p<.00), hygiene (t (131) = 5.83,
p<.00), mental health (t(131) = 4.05, p<.00). There was no significant
difference between the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test of tooth
health (t (131) = 1.53, p>.00) and physical activities (t (131) = 1.53,
p>.00). The difficulties during the production of materials, the
difficulties during the applications with students and the experiences of
prospective teachers were obtained as themes from the qualitative data.









Conclusion and
Recommendations:
Protective health education should be given to all
prospective teachers in all subjects including practical as well as conceptual
knowledge. In the future they can use this knowledge and these practices to
decrease the mortality rate of countries as a teacher, as an individual in a
society or as a parent.

References

  • Bryn Austin, S., Cohen-Bearak, A., Wardle, K., Fung, T. T., & Cheung, L. W. Y. (2006). Facilitating change in school health: a qualitative study of schools’ experiences using the School Health Index. Journal of School Health, 3(2), A35.
  • Berzin, S. C., O'Brien, K. H. M., Frey, A., Kelly, M. S., Alvarez, M. E., & Shaffer, G. L. (2011).Meeting the social and behavioral health needs of students: Rethinking the relationship between teachers and school social workers. Journal of School Health, 81(8), 493-501.
  • Boschi-Pinto, C., Velebit, L., & Shibuya, K. (2008). Estimating child mortality due to diarrhea in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(9), 710-717. Retrieved May 7, 2013 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC2649491/pdf/07-050054.pdf
  • Braakmann, N. (2011). The causal relationship between education, health and health related behaviour: Evidence from a natural experiment in England. Journal of Health Economics, 30(4), 753-763.
  • Bransford, J. D., Franks, J. J., Vye, N. J., & Sherwood, R. D. (1989). New approaches to instruction: Because wisdom can’t be told. In Similarity and analogical reasoning (pp. 188). Newyork, Cambridge University Press.
  • Butler, J., Fryer, C. S., Reed, E. A., & Thomas, S. B. (2011). Utilizing the school health index to build collaboration between a university and an urban school district. Journal of School Health, 81(12), 774-782.
  • Böckerman, P., & Maczulskij, T. (2016). The Education-health Nexus: Fact and fiction. Social Science & Medicine, 150, 112-116. Retrieved 2 March 2013 from <http://www.gundemcocuk.orgbelgeler/yayinlarimiz/raporlar>
  • Clark, D., & Royer, H. (2013). The effect of education on adult mortality and health: Evidence from the United Kingdom. American Economic Review. USA, American Economic Association Press, 103; 6, 2087-2120.
  • Clark, V. L. P., Huddleston-Casas, C. A., Churchill, S. L., Green, D. O. N., & Garrett, A. L. (2008). Mixed methods approaches in family science research. Journal of Family Issues, 29(11), 1543-1566.
  • Clark, V. L. P., Anderson, N., Wertz, J. A., Zhou, Y., Schumacher, K., & Miaskowski, C. (2014). Conceptualizing longitudinal mixed methods designs: A methodological review of health sciences research. Educational Psychology Papers and Publications. Retrieved August 31, 2014 from <http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/edpsychpapers/160>
  • Creswell, J. W., Fetters, M. D., & Ivankova, N. V. (2004). Designing a mixed methods study in primary care. The Annals of Family Medicine, 2(1), 7-12.
  • Creswell, J.W. & Clark, V.L.(2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Cutler, D. M., Huang, W., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2015). When does education matter? The protective effect of education for cohorts graduating in bad times. Social Science & Medicine, 127, 63-73.
  • Doyle, L., Brady, A. M., & Byrne, G. (2009). An overview of mixed methods research. Journal of Research in Nursing, 14(2), 175-185.
  • Grossman, M. (2006). Education and nonmarket outcomes. Handbook of the Economics of Education, 1, 577-633. Retrieved January 2015 from http://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6708284.pdf>
  • Geckil, E., Savas, R., Sahin, T., Kutlu, F. T., & Yologlu, S. (2010). Evaluation of the efficiency of training programs given to second stage primary school students on hepatitis. Journal of Hacettepe Faculty of Nursing, 17(1), 030-030.
  • Hammig, B., Ogletree, R., & Wycoff‐Horn, M. R. (2011). The relationship between professional preparation and class structure on health instruction in the secondary classroom. Journal of School Health, 81(9), 513-519. Retrieved April 8, 2014 from, http://jsn.sagepub.com/content/29/1/10.full.pdf+html>.
  • Hassoy, H., Mandiracioglu, A., Ergin, I., Durusoy, R., & Davas, A. (2011). School health education program of medical student, Ege University School of Medicine. TAF Prev Med Bull, 10(6), 649-656. Retrieved March 1, 2013 from http://www.scopemed.org/?mno=4086>.
  • Heron, M., & Tejada-Vera, B. (2009). Deaths: leading causes for 2005. National vital statistics reports: from the centers for disease control and prevention, national center for health statistics. National Vital Statistics System, 58(8), 1-97. Retrieved January 10, 2013 from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/nvsr.htm>.
  • Jackson, C. (1997). Behavioral science theory and principles for practice in health education. Health Education Research, 12(1), 3- 4.
  • Johnston, D. W., Lordan, G., Shields, M. A., & Suziedelyte, A. (2015). Education and health knowledge: evidence from UK compulsory schooling reform. Social Science & Medicine, 127, 92-100. Retrieved March 10, 2015 from www.elsevier.com/locate/socscimed.
  • Kenkel, D. S., Lillard, D. R., & Mathios, A. D. (2006). The roles of high school completion and GED receipt in smoking and obesity (No. w11990). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Koshino, M., Kojima, Y., & Kanedera, N. (2013). Development and evaluation of educational materials for embedded systems to increase the learning motivation. US-China Education Review A, 3(5), 305-313.
  • Kulhánová, I., Hoffmann, R., Judge, K., Looman, C. W., Eikemo, T. A., Bopp, M., ... & Wojtyniak, B. (2014). Assessing the potential impact of increased participation in higher education on mortality: Evidence from 21 European populations. Social Science & Medicine, 117, 142-149. Retrieved April 15, 2015 from www.elsevier.com/locate/socscimed.
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There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ganime Aydın

Publication Date October 15, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 16 Issue: 65

Cite

APA Aydın, G. (2016). Protective Health Education. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 16(65), 277-294.
AMA Aydın G. Protective Health Education. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. October 2016;16(65):277-294.
Chicago Aydın, Ganime. “Protective Health Education”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 16, no. 65 (October 2016): 277-94.
EndNote Aydın G (October 1, 2016) Protective Health Education. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 16 65 277–294.
IEEE G. Aydın, “Protective Health Education”, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, vol. 16, no. 65, pp. 277–294, 2016.
ISNAD Aydın, Ganime. “Protective Health Education”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 16/65 (October 2016), 277-294.
JAMA Aydın G. Protective Health Education. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2016;16:277–294.
MLA Aydın, Ganime. “Protective Health Education”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, vol. 16, no. 65, 2016, pp. 277-94.
Vancouver Aydın G. Protective Health Education. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2016;16(65):277-94.