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Retrospektif Bir Çalışma: Çevrimiçi Haberlere Göre Okulda Yaşanan Cinsel İstismar Olaylarında Mağdurlar, Failler ve Olayın Özellikleri

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 86, 115 - 134, 31.03.2020

Abstract

Problem Durumu: Öğrenciler için en güvenli yerlerden biri olması gereken okul ortamı yaşanan çocukluk dönemi cinsel istismarı (Cİ) ile güvensiz bir ortam olabilmekte ve öğrencilerde çeşitli psiko-sosyal sorunlara yol açabilmektedir (Çelik vd., 2012). Her ne kadar ev dışı sosyal alanlarda Cİ mağduriyetlerinin daha az olabildiği (Shattuck, Finkelhor, Turner ve Hamby, 2016) alanyazında vurgulansa da okul ortamında yaşanan Cİ’ye yönelik çalışmalar kısıtlı sayıdadır (Gebeyehu, 2012; Shakeshaft ve Cohan, 1995). Var olan çalışmalarda da okul ortamında yaşanan Cİ’ye yönelik çok farklı oranların saptandığı görülmektedir.


Araştırmanın Amacı:
Alanyazında kısıtlı sayıda araştırmanın olması ve okul ortamında gerçekleşen Cİ’nin, mağdurların ve istismarcı öğretmenlerin özelliklerinin tam olarak bilinememesi, araştırma yapmak için bu mağdurlara ulaşılamaması, okul Cİ olaylarının haberlerden öğrenilebilmesi (Çelik vd., 2012) ve Türkiye’de toplumun haber alma kaynağı olarak en çok interneti ve televizyonu kullanmaları (Olkun, 2017) sebebiyle, bu çalışmanın amacı internetteki haber sitelerinde yer alan okul ortamında yaşanan Cİ’lere yönelik haberlerin incelenerek Cİ olaylarının niteliğinin, istismarcılara ve mağdurlara dair bireysel özelliklerin belirlenmesidir.

References

  • AAUW Educational Foundation. (2001). Hostile hallways: Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in School. Washington, DC: AAUW Educational Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/hostile-hallways-bullying-teasing-and-sexual-harassment-in-school.pdf
  • Benbenishty, R., Zeira, A., & Astor, R. A. (2002). Children’s reports of emotional, physical and sexual maltreatment by educational staff in Israel. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(8), 763-782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00350-2
  • Blakemore, T., Herbert, J. L., Arney, F., & Parkinson, S. (2017). The impacts of institutional child sexual abuse: a rapid review of the evidence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 74, 35-48. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.08.006
  • Burgess, A.W., Welner, M. & Willis, D.G. (2010). Educator sexual abuse: Two case reports. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(4), 387-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.495045
  • Celik, G. G., Tahiroglu, A. Y., Avci, A., Cekin, N., Evliyaoglu, A. Y., & Yoruldu, B. (2012). Sexual abuse in a classroom of ten male students: A group victimization. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 21(5), 543-552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2012.694403
  • Cromer, L. D., & Goldsmith, R. E. (2010). Child sexual abuse myths: Attitudes, beliefs, and individual differences. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(6), 618-647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.522493
  • Gebeyehu, K. F. (2012). The prevalence and determinant factors of child sexual abuse of female students in Gondar Town High Schools (Master thesis, University of Gondar, Ethiopia). Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/32894938/kele_thesis.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1527341438&Signature=0Imip8f8r3GFh1f%2FcVKyniJSER4%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DRunning_Head_CHILD_SEXUAL_ABUSE_The_Prev.pdf
  • Hall, R. C., & Hall, R. C. (2007). A profile of pedophilia: Definition, characteristics of offenders, recidivism, treatment outcomes, and forensic issues. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 82(4), 457-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/82.4.457
  • Kaufman, K., Erooga, M., Stewart, K., Zatkin, J., McConnell, E., Tews H., & Higgins D. (2016). Risk profiles for institutional child sexual abuse. Retrieved from http://www.alecomm.com/images/cwattachments/1419_e40b0106ac006eecfdae16635d0b15ff.pdf
  • Keser, N., Yuksel, F., & Calık, M. (2014, December). Cinsel istismar bildiriminde okul psikolojik danışmanlarının önemi [The importance of school counselors on disclosure of child sexual abuse]. V. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Uygulama Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Kocturk, N. (2018). Çocuk ihmalini ve istismarını önlemede okul çalışanlarının sorumlulukları [The responsibilities of school employees in preventing child abuse and neglect]. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 38-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21666/muefd.336170
  • Kocturk, N., & Bilge, F. (2018). The risky behaviours of the adolescents exposed to sexual revictimization and one-time sexual abuse. Education and Science, 143(193), 109-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2018.7000
  • Kocturk, N., & Yuksel, F. (2018). The characteristics of child sexual abuse in the school environment. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(7), 852-869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1501787
  • Knoll, J. (2010). Teacher sexual misconduct: Grooming patterns and female offenders. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(4), 371-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.495047
  • Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., Fabris, M. A., & Settanni, M. (2017). Violence in school: An investigation of physical, psychological, and sexual victimization reported by Italian adolescents. Journal of School Violence, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080 /15388220.2017.1387128
  • Mawdsley, R. D. (2010). Student allegations of teacher sexual misconduct and a teacher’s right to privacy: The US context. International Journal of Law and Education, 15(1), 23-40.
  • Moulden, H. M., Firestone, P., Kingston, D. A., & Wexler, A. F. (2010). A description of sexual offending committed by Canadian teachers. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(4), 403-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.495046
  • Mototsune, T. (2015). Ontario College of Teachers cases of teacher sexual misconduct (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Western Ontario). Retrieved from https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2840/
  • Odabas, E., Keser, N., & Yuksel, F. (2012, November). Zorbalıga maruziyetten cinsel istismar magduriyetine [From exposure to bullying to exposure to sexual abuse]. IV. Ulusal Psikolojik Danısma ve Rehberlik Uygulamaları Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Olkun, E.O. (2017). Medya haberlerinin güven algısı üzerinde etkili olan faktörler: Konya örneği [Effective factors the on reliability perceptions of media news: Konya example]. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Ratliff, L., & Watson, J. (2014). A descriptive analysis of public school educators arrested for sex offenses. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 23(2), 217-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2014.870275
  • Ruffin, C. M. (2017). School social workers' roles involving teacher-student sexual misconduct and exploitation (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). 10641996. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1970870598?pq-origsite=gscholar
  • Shakeshaft, C. (2003). Educator sexual abuse. Hofstra Horizons, 10-13.
  • Shakeshaft, C. (2004). Educator sexual misconduct: A synthesis of existing literature PPSS 2004-09. US Department of Education. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED483143.pdf
  • Shakeshaft, C. (2013). Know the warning signs of educator sexual misconduct. Phi Delta Kappan, 94(5), 8-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003172171309400503
  • Shakeshaft, C. (2018). Because they can: Adult to student sexual abuse in preK-12 schools. In J. K. Beggan & S. T. Allison (Eds.), Leadership and sexuality: Power, principles and processes (pp. 91-105). UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Shakeshaft, C., & Cohan, A. (1995). Sexual abuse of students by school personnel. Phi Delta Kappan, 76(7), 512-520.
  • Shattuck, A., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. (2016). Children exposed to abuse in youth-serving organizations: results from national sample surveys. JAMA pediatrics, 170(2), e154493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4493
  • Stranger, M. B. (2015). Female teachers who sexually offend against students: A collective case study (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1657424672?pq-origsite=gscholar
  • Sullivan, J., & Beech, A. (2002). Professional perpetrators: Sex offenders who use their employment to target and sexually abuse the children with whom they work. Child Abuse Review, 11(3), 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.737
  • Surface, J. L., Stader, D. L., & Armenta, A. D. (2014). Educator sexual misconduct and nondisclosure agreements: policy guidance from Missouri's Amy Hestir Student Protection Act. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 87(3), 130-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2014.891897
  • Timmerman, G. (2003). Sexual harassment of adolescents perpetrated by teachers and by peers: An exploration of the dynamics of power, culture, and gender in secondary schools. Sex Roles, 48(5-6), 231-244. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1023/A:1022821320739 Turkish Penal Code No 5237 (TCK, 2004). Retrieved from http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5237.pdf
  • Walter, J. S. (2018). Teacher license revocation and surrender in North Carolina due to sexual misconduct. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057083718754315

A Retrospective Study: According to Online News, the Victims, Perpetrators and Characteristics of Sexual Abuse at Schools

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 86, 115 - 134, 31.03.2020

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the characteristics of the children exposed to sexual abuse (SA) in the school environment.


Research Methods:
In this study, the online news which was between 01.01.2014 and 31.03.2018 was screened retrospectively through archive research method. Then, the news was analyzed using content analysis. In this context, qualitative research model was used.


Findings:
The number of victims varied between 1 and 100 in each incident, 39.3% of the incidents include only one victim; the perpetrators committed abuse once in 13.5% of the SA incidents while they did it more than once. The findings showed that 95.5% of the SA incidents included physical contact,27.6% included verbal abuse, 6.4% included exposure to pornographic content and 5.8% included exhibitionism. In addition, at least 14.7% of the incidents included cyber SA, 9.2% included video recording, 12.6% included threat and 3.7% included physical violence. 60.7% of perpetrators were teachers, 14.7% were principals or vice-principals, 12.3% were peers or higher grade students, 9.2% were school staff other than teachers and administrators and 3.1% were outsiders, such as school bus drivers. The tactics of the perpetrators were examined according to whether they were teachers and peer, it was found out that perpetrators were exhibited different tactics. The students respectively disclosed SA to family members, counselors, school management or a friend.


Implications for Research and Practice:
Based on the findings, training aimed to prevent SA may be organized at school for students, teachers, other school staff and parents on a regular basis.

References

  • AAUW Educational Foundation. (2001). Hostile hallways: Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in School. Washington, DC: AAUW Educational Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/hostile-hallways-bullying-teasing-and-sexual-harassment-in-school.pdf
  • Benbenishty, R., Zeira, A., & Astor, R. A. (2002). Children’s reports of emotional, physical and sexual maltreatment by educational staff in Israel. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(8), 763-782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00350-2
  • Blakemore, T., Herbert, J. L., Arney, F., & Parkinson, S. (2017). The impacts of institutional child sexual abuse: a rapid review of the evidence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 74, 35-48. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.08.006
  • Burgess, A.W., Welner, M. & Willis, D.G. (2010). Educator sexual abuse: Two case reports. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(4), 387-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.495045
  • Celik, G. G., Tahiroglu, A. Y., Avci, A., Cekin, N., Evliyaoglu, A. Y., & Yoruldu, B. (2012). Sexual abuse in a classroom of ten male students: A group victimization. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 21(5), 543-552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2012.694403
  • Cromer, L. D., & Goldsmith, R. E. (2010). Child sexual abuse myths: Attitudes, beliefs, and individual differences. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(6), 618-647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.522493
  • Gebeyehu, K. F. (2012). The prevalence and determinant factors of child sexual abuse of female students in Gondar Town High Schools (Master thesis, University of Gondar, Ethiopia). Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/32894938/kele_thesis.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1527341438&Signature=0Imip8f8r3GFh1f%2FcVKyniJSER4%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DRunning_Head_CHILD_SEXUAL_ABUSE_The_Prev.pdf
  • Hall, R. C., & Hall, R. C. (2007). A profile of pedophilia: Definition, characteristics of offenders, recidivism, treatment outcomes, and forensic issues. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 82(4), 457-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/82.4.457
  • Kaufman, K., Erooga, M., Stewart, K., Zatkin, J., McConnell, E., Tews H., & Higgins D. (2016). Risk profiles for institutional child sexual abuse. Retrieved from http://www.alecomm.com/images/cwattachments/1419_e40b0106ac006eecfdae16635d0b15ff.pdf
  • Keser, N., Yuksel, F., & Calık, M. (2014, December). Cinsel istismar bildiriminde okul psikolojik danışmanlarının önemi [The importance of school counselors on disclosure of child sexual abuse]. V. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Uygulama Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Kocturk, N. (2018). Çocuk ihmalini ve istismarını önlemede okul çalışanlarının sorumlulukları [The responsibilities of school employees in preventing child abuse and neglect]. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 38-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21666/muefd.336170
  • Kocturk, N., & Bilge, F. (2018). The risky behaviours of the adolescents exposed to sexual revictimization and one-time sexual abuse. Education and Science, 143(193), 109-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2018.7000
  • Kocturk, N., & Yuksel, F. (2018). The characteristics of child sexual abuse in the school environment. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(7), 852-869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1501787
  • Knoll, J. (2010). Teacher sexual misconduct: Grooming patterns and female offenders. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(4), 371-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.495047
  • Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., Fabris, M. A., & Settanni, M. (2017). Violence in school: An investigation of physical, psychological, and sexual victimization reported by Italian adolescents. Journal of School Violence, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080 /15388220.2017.1387128
  • Mawdsley, R. D. (2010). Student allegations of teacher sexual misconduct and a teacher’s right to privacy: The US context. International Journal of Law and Education, 15(1), 23-40.
  • Moulden, H. M., Firestone, P., Kingston, D. A., & Wexler, A. F. (2010). A description of sexual offending committed by Canadian teachers. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(4), 403-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.495046
  • Mototsune, T. (2015). Ontario College of Teachers cases of teacher sexual misconduct (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Western Ontario). Retrieved from https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2840/
  • Odabas, E., Keser, N., & Yuksel, F. (2012, November). Zorbalıga maruziyetten cinsel istismar magduriyetine [From exposure to bullying to exposure to sexual abuse]. IV. Ulusal Psikolojik Danısma ve Rehberlik Uygulamaları Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Olkun, E.O. (2017). Medya haberlerinin güven algısı üzerinde etkili olan faktörler: Konya örneği [Effective factors the on reliability perceptions of media news: Konya example]. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Ratliff, L., & Watson, J. (2014). A descriptive analysis of public school educators arrested for sex offenses. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 23(2), 217-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2014.870275
  • Ruffin, C. M. (2017). School social workers' roles involving teacher-student sexual misconduct and exploitation (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). 10641996. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1970870598?pq-origsite=gscholar
  • Shakeshaft, C. (2003). Educator sexual abuse. Hofstra Horizons, 10-13.
  • Shakeshaft, C. (2004). Educator sexual misconduct: A synthesis of existing literature PPSS 2004-09. US Department of Education. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED483143.pdf
  • Shakeshaft, C. (2013). Know the warning signs of educator sexual misconduct. Phi Delta Kappan, 94(5), 8-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003172171309400503
  • Shakeshaft, C. (2018). Because they can: Adult to student sexual abuse in preK-12 schools. In J. K. Beggan & S. T. Allison (Eds.), Leadership and sexuality: Power, principles and processes (pp. 91-105). UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Shakeshaft, C., & Cohan, A. (1995). Sexual abuse of students by school personnel. Phi Delta Kappan, 76(7), 512-520.
  • Shattuck, A., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. (2016). Children exposed to abuse in youth-serving organizations: results from national sample surveys. JAMA pediatrics, 170(2), e154493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4493
  • Stranger, M. B. (2015). Female teachers who sexually offend against students: A collective case study (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1657424672?pq-origsite=gscholar
  • Sullivan, J., & Beech, A. (2002). Professional perpetrators: Sex offenders who use their employment to target and sexually abuse the children with whom they work. Child Abuse Review, 11(3), 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.737
  • Surface, J. L., Stader, D. L., & Armenta, A. D. (2014). Educator sexual misconduct and nondisclosure agreements: policy guidance from Missouri's Amy Hestir Student Protection Act. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 87(3), 130-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2014.891897
  • Timmerman, G. (2003). Sexual harassment of adolescents perpetrated by teachers and by peers: An exploration of the dynamics of power, culture, and gender in secondary schools. Sex Roles, 48(5-6), 231-244. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1023/A:1022821320739 Turkish Penal Code No 5237 (TCK, 2004). Retrieved from http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5237.pdf
  • Walter, J. S. (2018). Teacher license revocation and surrender in North Carolina due to sexual misconduct. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057083718754315
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nilufer Kocturk This is me

Publication Date March 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 20 Issue: 86

Cite

APA Kocturk, N. (2020). A Retrospective Study: According to Online News, the Victims, Perpetrators and Characteristics of Sexual Abuse at Schools. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 20(86), 115-134.
AMA Kocturk N. A Retrospective Study: According to Online News, the Victims, Perpetrators and Characteristics of Sexual Abuse at Schools. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. March 2020;20(86):115-134.
Chicago Kocturk, Nilufer. “A Retrospective Study: According to Online News, the Victims, Perpetrators and Characteristics of Sexual Abuse at Schools”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 20, no. 86 (March 2020): 115-34.
EndNote Kocturk N (March 1, 2020) A Retrospective Study: According to Online News, the Victims, Perpetrators and Characteristics of Sexual Abuse at Schools. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 20 86 115–134.
IEEE N. Kocturk, “A Retrospective Study: According to Online News, the Victims, Perpetrators and Characteristics of Sexual Abuse at Schools”, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, vol. 20, no. 86, pp. 115–134, 2020.
ISNAD Kocturk, Nilufer. “A Retrospective Study: According to Online News, the Victims, Perpetrators and Characteristics of Sexual Abuse at Schools”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 20/86 (March 2020), 115-134.
JAMA Kocturk N. A Retrospective Study: According to Online News, the Victims, Perpetrators and Characteristics of Sexual Abuse at Schools. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2020;20:115–134.
MLA Kocturk, Nilufer. “A Retrospective Study: According to Online News, the Victims, Perpetrators and Characteristics of Sexual Abuse at Schools”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, vol. 20, no. 86, 2020, pp. 115-34.
Vancouver Kocturk N. A Retrospective Study: According to Online News, the Victims, Perpetrators and Characteristics of Sexual Abuse at Schools. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2020;20(86):115-34.