Türkiye’de Resmi ve Özel Okullarda Çalışmanın Öğretmenlerin İş Doyumu Üzerindeki Etkisi: Bir Meta-Analiz Çalışması

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 89, 179 - 200, 30.09.2020

Tufan Aytac

Abstract

Problem Durumu: Eğitimin niteliği ile öğretmenlerin iş doyumu (İD) arasında ilişki olduğu günümüzde tartışılmaktadır. Rekabetin yoğun olarak yaşandığı resmi ve özel okullarda çalışan öğretmenlerin İD; okulun kültürü, çalışma koşulları, yönetim biçimi ve çalışanların iletişim biçimi gibi birçok faktörden etkilenebilir. Özellikle son yıllarda eğitimin özelleştirilmesi politikaları bağlamında özel okulların kurulması teşvik edilmekte ve velilere de bu yönde katkılar sağlanarak çocuklarını bu okullara gönderme konusunda destek sağlanmaktadır. Bir yandan da öğretmen istihdamı konusunda atanamayan öğretmenlerin bir çoğununda alternatif olarak özel okullarda çalışması, özel ve resmi okullarda çalışan öğretmenlerin İD düzeylerinin belirlenmesini önemli hale gelmektedir. Öğretmenlerin işten doyumunda, çalıştıkları okul türünün (özel/resmi) etkili olup olmadığının belirlenmesi, bu çalışmanın problemini oluşturmaktadır.

Araştırmanın Amacı: Bu araştırmanın amacı: öğretmenlerin çalıştıkları okul türünün (resmi ve özel okul) işten doyumlarına etki düzeyini belirlemektir.

Araştırmanın Yöntemi: Çalışmada, araştırma sentezleme yöntemlerinden biri olan ve ampirik çalışmaların bulgularının yeniden analiz edilmesinde kullanılan meta-analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Meta-analiz yöntemi aynı konu ile ilgili birbirinden bağımsız olarak yapılmış nicel çalışmaların verilerinin sistematik bir şekilde analiz edillmesi ve sentezlenmesi yöntemidir. Verilerin analizinde grup karşılaştırma meta-analiz yöntemlerinden (Rastgele etkiler modelleri) Grup Farklılığı yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Türkiye’de resmi ve özel okullarda çalışan öğretmenlerin iş doyumu (İD)’na ilişkin algılarını konu alan yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri ile araştırma makaleleri, bu çalışmanın temel veri kaynağını ve kapsamını oluşturmaktadır. İlgili araştırmalara ulaşmak için Web of Science, ERIC, ULAKBİM, EBSCOhost, Google Akademik, Scopus ve YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi veri tabanlarından “iş/işten doyumu”, “mesleki doyum”, “iş tatmini”, “resmi ve özel okul” ve “iş mennuniyeti” anahtar sözcükleri kullanılarak tarama yapılmıştır. Yapılan tarama sonrası araştırma konusuna yönelik yapılan 126 çalışmadan dâhil edilme kriterlerine uygun 43 çalışmanın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmaya dahil edilen çalışmaların seçiminde kullanılan dahil edilme kriterleri aşağıda verilmiştir;

(i) Kriter 1: Yayınlanmış veya yayımlanmamış çalışma kaynakları: Yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri ile alanyazında yayınlanmış araştırma makaleleri kapsama alınmıştır.

(ii) Kriter 2: Çalışmalardaki bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenin meta-analiz çalışmasına uygun olması: Meta-analiz çalışmalarında etki büyüklüğüne ulaşabilmek için dahil edilen çalışmaların empirik çalışmalar olması ve özel-resmi okulların bağımsız değişken olarak kullanılmış olması dikkate alınmıştır.

(iii) Kriter 3: Meta-analiz için gerekli nicel verileri içermesi: Meta-analiz çalışması için gerekli olan etki büyüklüklerinin hesaplanabilmesi için nicel veriler (ortalama, standart sapma, örneklem sayısı, p değeri vb.) içermesi dikkate alınmıştır.

(iv) Kriter 4: 1990 ve 2019 yılları arasında Türkiye’de yapılan çalışmalar dikkate alınmıştır. Bu çalışmalar kapsamındaki toplam örneklem sayısı 14599 olup bunun 4296’sı özel okullarda ve 10303’ü ise devlet okullarındaki öğretmenlerdir.

Hariç Tutma Kriterleri: Literatür taraması sonucu elde edilen 83 çalışma; farklı örneklemlerde yapılan çalışmalar olması (okul yöneticileri ve öğretim üyeleri), meta-analizi için gerekli istatistiksel verilere sahip olmaması ve yalnızca nitel bulgulara yer vermesi bağlamında dâhil edilme kriterlerine uygun olmadığı için yapılan meta-analiz çalışması dışında tutulmuştur.

Araştırmanın Güvenirliği: Kodlama işlemi yapıldıktan sonra kodlayıcılar arası güvenirliğin (interrater reliability) sağlanması için Cohen’s Kappa istatistiği kullanılmış ve güvenirlik .97 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu sonuç, kodlayıcılar arasında mükemmel bir uyumu göstermektedir.

Araştırmanın Geçerliği: Meta-analize dahil edilme kriterlerine uygun tüm çalışmaların ulaşılabilecek tüm veri tabanları kullanılarak taranması ve çalışmaya dahil edilmesi araştırmanın geçerliliğinin bir göstergesidir. Tarama sonucunda bütün çalışmalara ulaşılması bağlamında geçerliliğin sağlandığı söylenebilir. Bu bağlamda meta-analize dahil edilen 43 çalışmanın her biri ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiş, araştırmada kullanılan veri toplama araçlarının geçerliğinin ve güvenirliğin sağlandığı doğrulanmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu meta-analiz çalışmasının da geçerli olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışmanın istatistiksel hesaplamaları için, CMA Ver. 2. [Comprehensive Meta Analysis] yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde grup farklılığı meta-analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Genel etki büyüklüğünün hesaplanmasında rastgele etkiler modeli kullanılmıştır.

Keywords

İş tatmini, öğretmen, meta-analiz, özel ve resmi okul

The Effects of Working in Public or Private Schools on Job Satisfaction of Teachers in Turkey: A Meta-Analysis Study

Abstract

Purpose: The main problem of this study is to investigate whether the school type (private/public) has any effects on job satisfaction of teachers or not to reveal the effects of the school type (private/public) on job satisfaction of teachers in Turkey.

Research Methods: In this study, as one of the research synthesis methods, the meta-analysis method was used. In the analysis of the data, one of the group comparison meta-analysis methods, the Group Difference Method was used.

Findings: According to the results of this research, in accordance with the random effects model (d=.56; [.41; .70]), a statistically significant medium level of effect size was detected in favor of teachers working in private schools concerning the school type variable. As a result of the conducted moderator analysis, it was determined that the effect sizes of the studies varied by the grade of education (p=.002), and the place of research (p=.00). Effect sizes of the studies did not differ significantly publication type (p=.07), the title of the teacher (p=.13), and the scale (p=.23).

Implications for Research and Practice: In the context of this meta-analysis study, the findings suggest that qualitative and quantitative studies discussing which factors are effective in high job satisfaction of teachers working in private schools should be carried out.

Keywords

Job satisfaction, teacher, meta-analysis, private and public school

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