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Year 2009, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 10 - 16, 14.01.2013

Abstract

References

  • Graytson JT, Campbell LA and Kuo CC. A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. K. Infect Dis 1990; 161: 618-625.
  • Schachter J and Grossman M. Chlamydial infections. Ann Rev Med 1981; 32: 45-61.
  • Bailey RL, Kajbaf M, Whitte HE, Ward WE and Maybey DCW. The influence of local anti chlamydial antibody on the acquisition and persistence of human ocular chlamydial infection; IgG antibodies are not protective. Epidemiol infect 1993; 3: 312-324.
  • Karvonen M, Tuonillento J, Naukkarinem A and Saikku P. The regional distribution of antibody against Chlamydia pneumoniae (strain TWAR) in Finland in 1958. Int J Epidemiol 1992; 21: 391-397.
  • Ekman MR, Graytson JT, Visakorpi R, Kleemola M, Kuo CC and Saikku P. An epidemic infection due to Chlamydia pneumoniae in military conscripts. Clinical Infect Dis 1993; 17: 420-425.
  • Hollows FC. Community based action for the control of trachoma. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7: 77.
  • Wilcocks C, Manson B. Manson’s Tropical Diseases. Puplicaiton Place Bailledre Tindall (Publishers). 1972.
  • Grayston JT, Campbell LA, Kuo CC. A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR.K. Infect Dis 1990; 161: 618-625.
  • Grayston, JT. Infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. Clin. Infect Dis 1992; 15: 757-763.
  • Graytson JT, Wang SP. New knowledge of Chlamydiae and the diseases they cause. J Infect Dis. 1989; 132: 87-105.
  • Hahn D, Gohibjatnikov R. Smoking as a potential 10 fender of Chlamydia pneumoniae coronary artery disease association. Arterioster Thromb 1992; 12: 945-947.
  • Miyashita N, Kanamoto Y, Matsumoto A. The morphology of Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Med Microbiol 1993; 38: 418- 425.
  • Hertzen LV, Isoaho R, Leinonen M, at all. Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25: 658-664.
  • Krivoshein YS. Handbook on Micro Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. MIR Publishers, Moscow, 1989.
  • Prescott LM, Harley JP, Aklein D. Human diseases caused by other bacteria (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia), Dental and nosocomial infections. In: Microbiology. 4th edn. WBC/McGrawHill companies USA, 2007, pp 8002.
  • Okoror LE, Agbonlahor DE, Esumeh FI, Umolu PI. Prevalence of Chlamydia in patients attending gynaecological clinics in South Eastern Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2007; 7: 18-24
  • Agbonlahor DE, Okoror LE, Esumeh FI. Seroepidemiological survey of Chlamydia in North West zone of Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2009; 2: 1-8.
  • Black CM. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10: 160-184.
  • Strickland TG. Hunter’s Tropical Medicine (7th ed) Hunters. Puplicaiton Place 1988, pp 1157.
  • Okoror LE, Omilabu SA, Orhue PO, Ajayi G. Seroepidemiological of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients attending pre and post natal clinics in Lagos Nigeria. Open Trop Med J 2008; 1: 83-86.
  • Storz J. Chlamydia and Chlamydia Induced Diseases, Charles CT publisher, Springfield Illinois 1981, pp 358-360.
  • Paltiel O, Kark JD, Leininen M, Saikku P. High prevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae; determinants of IgG and IgA seropositivity among Jerusalem residents. Epidemiol J Infect 1995; 114: 465-473.
  • Maybey DCW, Bailey RL, Hutin YJF. The epidemiology and pathology of trachoma. Rev Med Microbiol 1992; 3: 112-119.

Chlamydia activity in North East zone of Nigeria

Year 2009, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 10 - 16, 14.01.2013

Abstract

Abstract. Chlamydia includes organisms formally called Taiwanese Acute Respiratory (TWAR) and the Trachoma Inclusion Conjunctivitis (TRIC) and those responsible for genital tract infections with very serious sequelae. Information regarding relative frequencies of Chlamydia infections in Nigeria are sparse. A total of 300 blood samples were collected from males and females in North East zone of Nigeria and tested for Chlamydia complement fixing antibody (CCFA). All the positive subjects had either endocervical swabs, urethral swabs or throat swabs taken from them and cultured into the yolk sac of embryonated eggs before being tested using the Romanowsky-Giemsa staining technique which acted as a control to the complement fixation test. Statistical analysis was carried out in Microsoft excel and epi-info software. Only 211 samples were positive to CCFA (70.3%) while 201 (95.3%) of the positive samples were positive using the culture method as seen using the Romanowsky-Giemsa staining technique. Of the positive result using the culture method, 120 were positive to Chlamydia pneumoniae while only 81 were positive to Chlamydia trachomatis. From the total of 211 positive samples only 135 were females while 76 were males. The total number of positive symptomatic patients was 127 of which 92 were females and 35 males. The 84 non-symptomatic positive patients, only 20 were males while 64 were females. Age groups 31-35 years had the highest positive cases. There was no significant difference between the number of males and females and there was also no significant difference between the positive samples due to culture and CCFA. A high percentage of positive samples validated by Chi-square test shows that Chlamydia infections are endemic in the population and effort should be made to screen the pathogen early to avoid the serious sequelae posed by these organisms.

Key words: Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae ,trachoma, pelvic inflammatory disease, urethritis


References

  • Graytson JT, Campbell LA and Kuo CC. A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. K. Infect Dis 1990; 161: 618-625.
  • Schachter J and Grossman M. Chlamydial infections. Ann Rev Med 1981; 32: 45-61.
  • Bailey RL, Kajbaf M, Whitte HE, Ward WE and Maybey DCW. The influence of local anti chlamydial antibody on the acquisition and persistence of human ocular chlamydial infection; IgG antibodies are not protective. Epidemiol infect 1993; 3: 312-324.
  • Karvonen M, Tuonillento J, Naukkarinem A and Saikku P. The regional distribution of antibody against Chlamydia pneumoniae (strain TWAR) in Finland in 1958. Int J Epidemiol 1992; 21: 391-397.
  • Ekman MR, Graytson JT, Visakorpi R, Kleemola M, Kuo CC and Saikku P. An epidemic infection due to Chlamydia pneumoniae in military conscripts. Clinical Infect Dis 1993; 17: 420-425.
  • Hollows FC. Community based action for the control of trachoma. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7: 77.
  • Wilcocks C, Manson B. Manson’s Tropical Diseases. Puplicaiton Place Bailledre Tindall (Publishers). 1972.
  • Grayston JT, Campbell LA, Kuo CC. A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR.K. Infect Dis 1990; 161: 618-625.
  • Grayston, JT. Infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. Clin. Infect Dis 1992; 15: 757-763.
  • Graytson JT, Wang SP. New knowledge of Chlamydiae and the diseases they cause. J Infect Dis. 1989; 132: 87-105.
  • Hahn D, Gohibjatnikov R. Smoking as a potential 10 fender of Chlamydia pneumoniae coronary artery disease association. Arterioster Thromb 1992; 12: 945-947.
  • Miyashita N, Kanamoto Y, Matsumoto A. The morphology of Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Med Microbiol 1993; 38: 418- 425.
  • Hertzen LV, Isoaho R, Leinonen M, at all. Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25: 658-664.
  • Krivoshein YS. Handbook on Micro Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. MIR Publishers, Moscow, 1989.
  • Prescott LM, Harley JP, Aklein D. Human diseases caused by other bacteria (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia), Dental and nosocomial infections. In: Microbiology. 4th edn. WBC/McGrawHill companies USA, 2007, pp 8002.
  • Okoror LE, Agbonlahor DE, Esumeh FI, Umolu PI. Prevalence of Chlamydia in patients attending gynaecological clinics in South Eastern Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2007; 7: 18-24
  • Agbonlahor DE, Okoror LE, Esumeh FI. Seroepidemiological survey of Chlamydia in North West zone of Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2009; 2: 1-8.
  • Black CM. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10: 160-184.
  • Strickland TG. Hunter’s Tropical Medicine (7th ed) Hunters. Puplicaiton Place 1988, pp 1157.
  • Okoror LE, Omilabu SA, Orhue PO, Ajayi G. Seroepidemiological of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients attending pre and post natal clinics in Lagos Nigeria. Open Trop Med J 2008; 1: 83-86.
  • Storz J. Chlamydia and Chlamydia Induced Diseases, Charles CT publisher, Springfield Illinois 1981, pp 358-360.
  • Paltiel O, Kark JD, Leininen M, Saikku P. High prevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae; determinants of IgG and IgA seropositivity among Jerusalem residents. Epidemiol J Infect 1995; 114: 465-473.
  • Maybey DCW, Bailey RL, Hutin YJF. The epidemiology and pathology of trachoma. Rev Med Microbiol 1992; 3: 112-119.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fred İ. Esumeh This is me

Dennis E. Agbonlahor This is me

Lawrence E. Okoror This is me

Publication Date January 14, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Esumeh, F. İ., Agbonlahor, D. E., & Okoror, L. E. (2013). Chlamydia activity in North East zone of Nigeria. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, 14(1), 10-16.
AMA Esumeh Fİ, Agbonlahor DE, Okoror LE. Chlamydia activity in North East zone of Nigeria. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. March 2013;14(1):10-16.
Chicago Esumeh, Fred İ., Dennis E. Agbonlahor, and Lawrence E. Okoror. “Chlamydia Activity in North East Zone of Nigeria”. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 14, no. 1 (March 2013): 10-16.
EndNote Esumeh Fİ, Agbonlahor DE, Okoror LE (March 1, 2013) Chlamydia activity in North East zone of Nigeria. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 14 1 10–16.
IEEE F. İ. Esumeh, D. E. Agbonlahor, and L. E. Okoror, “Chlamydia activity in North East zone of Nigeria”, EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 10–16, 2013.
ISNAD Esumeh, Fred İ. et al. “Chlamydia Activity in North East Zone of Nigeria”. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 14/1 (March 2013), 10-16.
JAMA Esumeh Fİ, Agbonlahor DE, Okoror LE. Chlamydia activity in North East zone of Nigeria. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. 2013;14:10–16.
MLA Esumeh, Fred İ. et al. “Chlamydia Activity in North East Zone of Nigeria”. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, vol. 14, no. 1, 2013, pp. 10-16.
Vancouver Esumeh Fİ, Agbonlahor DE, Okoror LE. Chlamydia activity in North East zone of Nigeria. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. 2013;14(1):10-6.