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Determinants of youth sexual behaviour: program implications for India

Year 2011, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 113 - 121, 21.01.2013

Abstract

Abstract. The objective of this paper is to review the current trend of premarital sexual behaviour among youth in India and the factors influencing this behaviour. Studies done in India in the last two decades were considered for the review. However due to paucity of data it could not be a systematic review and  data from other developing countries was considered for comparison. Available data indicates high level of premarital and unsafe sexual activity among youth in India. Limited evidence reveals that the risk and protective factors, which play a role in determining the sexual activity of youth in developing countries are different from those in the west and they are more centered on the youth themselves. Small-scale studies done in India also highlight the factors related to the environment such as peers and family apart from individual factors. However the review highlights the need to conduct large-scale representative studies to explore the comprehensive picture of risk and protective factors that could apply to the youth in India, which has a diverse socio-cultural milieu across regions. Programs must focus on the interventions, which improve the protective factors and reduce the risk factors and not focus only on risk awareness alone. Adolescent's access to friendly services and an enabling environment in the community can improve their health seeking behavior. However multiple players other than health sector such as education, media and social agencies need to work in unison to promote protective factors that prevent unwanted health outcomes due to unsafe premarital sex.

 

Key words: Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ARSH), premarital sexual activity, risk and protective factors, safe sex, adolescents and youth

References

  • Glasier A, Gülmezoglu AM, Schmid GP, Moreno CG, Van Look PF. Sexual and reproductive health: a matter of life and death. Lancet 2006; 368: 15951607.
  • Jejeebhoy SJ, Sebastian MP. Actions that Protect: Promoting Sexual and Reproductive Health and Choice among Young People in India. New Delhi: Population Council 2003.
  • Mamdani M. Adolescent reproductive health: experience of community based programms', in S. Pachauri (ed.), Implementing a Reproductive Health Agenda in India: The Beginning, New Delhi: Population Council 1999; 261-311.
  • Singh S. Men, Misinformation and HIV/AIDS in India, Towards a new partnership: Encouraging the positive involvement of men as supportive partners in reproductive health, New York: Population Council 1997.
  • Hardee K, Pine P, Wason LT. Adolescent and Youth RH in the Asia and near east Region: States, Issues, Policies and Programmes, Policy, Working paper number 9, Washington DC 2004.
  • Miller KS, Whitaker DJ. Predictors of motheradolescent discussions about condoms: implications for providers who serve youth. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 28.
  • Tangmunkongvorakul A, Kane R, Wellings K. Gender double standards in young people attending sexual health services in Northern Thailand. Cult Health Sex 2005; 7: 361-373.
  • Jejeebhoy SJ, Sebastian MP. Young people's sexual and reproductive health, in: Jejeebhoy SJ, ed., Looking Back, Looking Forward: A Profile of Sexual and Reproductive Health in India, New Delhi: Population Council, and Jaipur, India: Rawat Publications 2004; 138–168.
  • Abraham L. Bhai-behen, true love, time pass: friendships and sexual partnerships among youth in an Indian Metropolis, Culture, Health and Sexuality 2002; 4: 337-353.
  • Forste R, Haas DW. The transition of adolescent males to first sexual intercourse: anticipated or delayed? Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2002; 34: 184-190.
  • Das V. Feminity and the orientation to the body', in K. Chanana (ed.), Socialisation Education and Young women, New Delhi: Orient Longman 1988; 193-207.
  • Dube L. On the Construction of Gender: Hindu Girls in Partilineal India', in K. Chanana (ed.), Socialisation Education and Young women, New Delhi: Orient Longman 1988; 166-192.
  • Courtenay WH. Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health. Soc Sci Med 2000; 50: 13851401.
  • Harter S. The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: Guilford Press 1999.
  • Davis E, Friel L. Adolescent Sexuality: Disentangling the effects of family structure and family context. Journal of Marriage and Family, 2001; 63: 669-681.
  • Gage AJ. Sexual activity and contraceptive use: the components of the decisionmaking process. Stud Fam Plann 1998; 29: 154-166.
  • Jejeebhoy SJ. Adolescent sexual and reproductive behaviour: A review of the evidence from India in Radhika Ramasubban and Shireen Jejeebhoy (Eds.). Women's Reproductive Health in India 2000, Jaipur and New Delhi: Rawat Publications pp 40-101.
  • Registrar General of India. Final Population Total 2001. New Delhi: RGI
  • Census 2001, Registrar General of India: New Delhi.
  • District Level Household Survey-Reproductive and Child Health, Govt of India 2004.
  • Study on Child abuse in India. Ministry of Women and Child Development, Govt of India 2007.
  • Reproductive and Sexual Health of Young People in India: Secondary analysis of data from NFHS 1,2,3(1992-2006) for age groups 15-24 yrs. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Govt of India, July 2009.
  • Population Council and IIPS, Fact Sheet,Youth in India: Situation and Needs 2006-2007.
  • Jejeebhoy SJ, Bott S. Non-consensual sexual experiences of young people in developing countries: an overview. Sex without consent -Young people in developing countries, Zed Books 2005; 346.
  • Alexander M. Correlates of Premarital Relationships Among Unmarried Youth in Pune District, Maharashtra, International Family Planning Perspectives December 2007; India Volume 33, Number 4.
  • Joshi B, Chauhan S, Ghule M, Kulkarni R. Developing Service Delivery Models for providing adolescent reproductive and sexual health services: NIRRH experiences in Gynecological Manual on Adolescent girls and young women A FOGSI publication by Jaypee publishers 2009; 401-421.
  • NACO; National Baseline General Population Behaviour Surveillance Survey 2001; 52-56.
  • Gerard JM, Buehler C. Cumulative environmental risk and youth maladjustment: the role of youth attributes. Child Dev 2004; 75: 1832-1849.
  • Jessor R. Adolescence as a critical life stage, paper presented at the WHO/UNICEF Adolescence Consultative Meeting, Washington, DC 2000; 12– 16.
  • Kirby D. Antecedents of adolescent initiation of sex, contraceptive use, and pregnancy. Am J Health Behav 2002; 26: 473-485.
  • Serovich J, Green K. Predictors of adolescent sexual risk taking behaviors which put them at risk for contracting HIV. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1997; 26: 429–444.
  • Mott FL, Fondell MM, Hu PN, Kowaleski-Jones L, Menaghan EG. The determinants of first sex by age 14 in a high-risk adolescent population. Fam Plann Perspect 1996; 28: 13-18.
  • Holtzman D, Rubinson R. Parent and peer communication effects on AIDS-related behavior among U.S. high school students. Fam Plann Perspect 1995; 27: 235-240.
  • Blum RW, Ireland M. Reducing risk, increasing protective factors: findings from the Caribbean Youth Health Survey. J Adolesc Health 2004; 35: 493-500.
  • Kumar J, Koliwad V. Perception and risk behaviour related to HIV/AIDS among unmarried female college students of Maharashtra, India. The Journal of Family Welfare 2007; 53 : 1.
  • Joshi B, Chauhan S, Mehta R. Risk and protective factors associated with sexual behaviour among unmarried youth in Maharashtra–Unpublished pilot study report.
  • Mehra S, Savithri R, Coutinho L. Sexual behavior among unmarried adolescents in Delhi, India: opportunities despite parental controls, 2002, paper presented at the 2002 IUSSP Regional Population Conference, Bangkok 2002; 10–13.
  • Abraham L, Kumar KA. Sexual experiences and their correlates among college students in Mumbai City, India. International Family Planning Perspectives 1999; 25: 139–146.
  • Mmari K, Blum RW. Risk and protective factors that affect adolescent reproductive health in developing countries: a structured literature review. Glob Public Health 2009; 4: 350-366.
  • Ghule M, Balaiaha D, Joshi B. "Attitude towards premarital sex among rural college youth in Maharashtra. Sexuality and Culture 2007; 11: 1-17.
  • Raine TR, Jenkins R, Aarons SJ, et al. Sociodemographic correlates of virginity in seventhgrade black and Latino students. J Adolesc Health 1999; 24: 304-312.
  • Karim AM, Magnani RJ, Morgan GT, Bond KC. Reproductive health risk and protective factors among unmarried youth in Ghana. Int Fam Plan Perspect 2003; 29: 14-24.
  • Mitchelle C, Whitesell N, Paul S, Jannete B, Carols K. Cumulative risk for early sexual initiation among American Indian Youth: A Discrete Time Survival Analysis, Journal of Research on Adolescence 2007; 17: 3387-3412.
Year 2011, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 113 - 121, 21.01.2013

Abstract

References

  • Glasier A, Gülmezoglu AM, Schmid GP, Moreno CG, Van Look PF. Sexual and reproductive health: a matter of life and death. Lancet 2006; 368: 15951607.
  • Jejeebhoy SJ, Sebastian MP. Actions that Protect: Promoting Sexual and Reproductive Health and Choice among Young People in India. New Delhi: Population Council 2003.
  • Mamdani M. Adolescent reproductive health: experience of community based programms', in S. Pachauri (ed.), Implementing a Reproductive Health Agenda in India: The Beginning, New Delhi: Population Council 1999; 261-311.
  • Singh S. Men, Misinformation and HIV/AIDS in India, Towards a new partnership: Encouraging the positive involvement of men as supportive partners in reproductive health, New York: Population Council 1997.
  • Hardee K, Pine P, Wason LT. Adolescent and Youth RH in the Asia and near east Region: States, Issues, Policies and Programmes, Policy, Working paper number 9, Washington DC 2004.
  • Miller KS, Whitaker DJ. Predictors of motheradolescent discussions about condoms: implications for providers who serve youth. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 28.
  • Tangmunkongvorakul A, Kane R, Wellings K. Gender double standards in young people attending sexual health services in Northern Thailand. Cult Health Sex 2005; 7: 361-373.
  • Jejeebhoy SJ, Sebastian MP. Young people's sexual and reproductive health, in: Jejeebhoy SJ, ed., Looking Back, Looking Forward: A Profile of Sexual and Reproductive Health in India, New Delhi: Population Council, and Jaipur, India: Rawat Publications 2004; 138–168.
  • Abraham L. Bhai-behen, true love, time pass: friendships and sexual partnerships among youth in an Indian Metropolis, Culture, Health and Sexuality 2002; 4: 337-353.
  • Forste R, Haas DW. The transition of adolescent males to first sexual intercourse: anticipated or delayed? Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2002; 34: 184-190.
  • Das V. Feminity and the orientation to the body', in K. Chanana (ed.), Socialisation Education and Young women, New Delhi: Orient Longman 1988; 193-207.
  • Dube L. On the Construction of Gender: Hindu Girls in Partilineal India', in K. Chanana (ed.), Socialisation Education and Young women, New Delhi: Orient Longman 1988; 166-192.
  • Courtenay WH. Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health. Soc Sci Med 2000; 50: 13851401.
  • Harter S. The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: Guilford Press 1999.
  • Davis E, Friel L. Adolescent Sexuality: Disentangling the effects of family structure and family context. Journal of Marriage and Family, 2001; 63: 669-681.
  • Gage AJ. Sexual activity and contraceptive use: the components of the decisionmaking process. Stud Fam Plann 1998; 29: 154-166.
  • Jejeebhoy SJ. Adolescent sexual and reproductive behaviour: A review of the evidence from India in Radhika Ramasubban and Shireen Jejeebhoy (Eds.). Women's Reproductive Health in India 2000, Jaipur and New Delhi: Rawat Publications pp 40-101.
  • Registrar General of India. Final Population Total 2001. New Delhi: RGI
  • Census 2001, Registrar General of India: New Delhi.
  • District Level Household Survey-Reproductive and Child Health, Govt of India 2004.
  • Study on Child abuse in India. Ministry of Women and Child Development, Govt of India 2007.
  • Reproductive and Sexual Health of Young People in India: Secondary analysis of data from NFHS 1,2,3(1992-2006) for age groups 15-24 yrs. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Govt of India, July 2009.
  • Population Council and IIPS, Fact Sheet,Youth in India: Situation and Needs 2006-2007.
  • Jejeebhoy SJ, Bott S. Non-consensual sexual experiences of young people in developing countries: an overview. Sex without consent -Young people in developing countries, Zed Books 2005; 346.
  • Alexander M. Correlates of Premarital Relationships Among Unmarried Youth in Pune District, Maharashtra, International Family Planning Perspectives December 2007; India Volume 33, Number 4.
  • Joshi B, Chauhan S, Ghule M, Kulkarni R. Developing Service Delivery Models for providing adolescent reproductive and sexual health services: NIRRH experiences in Gynecological Manual on Adolescent girls and young women A FOGSI publication by Jaypee publishers 2009; 401-421.
  • NACO; National Baseline General Population Behaviour Surveillance Survey 2001; 52-56.
  • Gerard JM, Buehler C. Cumulative environmental risk and youth maladjustment: the role of youth attributes. Child Dev 2004; 75: 1832-1849.
  • Jessor R. Adolescence as a critical life stage, paper presented at the WHO/UNICEF Adolescence Consultative Meeting, Washington, DC 2000; 12– 16.
  • Kirby D. Antecedents of adolescent initiation of sex, contraceptive use, and pregnancy. Am J Health Behav 2002; 26: 473-485.
  • Serovich J, Green K. Predictors of adolescent sexual risk taking behaviors which put them at risk for contracting HIV. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1997; 26: 429–444.
  • Mott FL, Fondell MM, Hu PN, Kowaleski-Jones L, Menaghan EG. The determinants of first sex by age 14 in a high-risk adolescent population. Fam Plann Perspect 1996; 28: 13-18.
  • Holtzman D, Rubinson R. Parent and peer communication effects on AIDS-related behavior among U.S. high school students. Fam Plann Perspect 1995; 27: 235-240.
  • Blum RW, Ireland M. Reducing risk, increasing protective factors: findings from the Caribbean Youth Health Survey. J Adolesc Health 2004; 35: 493-500.
  • Kumar J, Koliwad V. Perception and risk behaviour related to HIV/AIDS among unmarried female college students of Maharashtra, India. The Journal of Family Welfare 2007; 53 : 1.
  • Joshi B, Chauhan S, Mehta R. Risk and protective factors associated with sexual behaviour among unmarried youth in Maharashtra–Unpublished pilot study report.
  • Mehra S, Savithri R, Coutinho L. Sexual behavior among unmarried adolescents in Delhi, India: opportunities despite parental controls, 2002, paper presented at the 2002 IUSSP Regional Population Conference, Bangkok 2002; 10–13.
  • Abraham L, Kumar KA. Sexual experiences and their correlates among college students in Mumbai City, India. International Family Planning Perspectives 1999; 25: 139–146.
  • Mmari K, Blum RW. Risk and protective factors that affect adolescent reproductive health in developing countries: a structured literature review. Glob Public Health 2009; 4: 350-366.
  • Ghule M, Balaiaha D, Joshi B. "Attitude towards premarital sex among rural college youth in Maharashtra. Sexuality and Culture 2007; 11: 1-17.
  • Raine TR, Jenkins R, Aarons SJ, et al. Sociodemographic correlates of virginity in seventhgrade black and Latino students. J Adolesc Health 1999; 24: 304-312.
  • Karim AM, Magnani RJ, Morgan GT, Bond KC. Reproductive health risk and protective factors among unmarried youth in Ghana. Int Fam Plan Perspect 2003; 29: 14-24.
  • Mitchelle C, Whitesell N, Paul S, Jannete B, Carols K. Cumulative risk for early sexual initiation among American Indian Youth: A Discrete Time Survival Analysis, Journal of Research on Adolescence 2007; 17: 3387-3412.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Beena Joshi This is me

Sanjay Chauhan This is me

Publication Date January 21, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Joshi, B., & Chauhan, S. (2013). Determinants of youth sexual behaviour: program implications for India. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, 16(2), 113-121.
AMA Joshi B, Chauhan S. Determinants of youth sexual behaviour: program implications for India. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. March 2013;16(2):113-121.
Chicago Joshi, Beena, and Sanjay Chauhan. “Determinants of Youth Sexual Behaviour: Program Implications for India”. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 16, no. 2 (March 2013): 113-21.
EndNote Joshi B, Chauhan S (March 1, 2013) Determinants of youth sexual behaviour: program implications for India. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 16 2 113–121.
IEEE B. Joshi and S. Chauhan, “Determinants of youth sexual behaviour: program implications for India”, EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 113–121, 2013.
ISNAD Joshi, Beena - Chauhan, Sanjay. “Determinants of Youth Sexual Behaviour: Program Implications for India”. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 16/2 (March 2013), 113-121.
JAMA Joshi B, Chauhan S. Determinants of youth sexual behaviour: program implications for India. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. 2013;16:113–121.
MLA Joshi, Beena and Sanjay Chauhan. “Determinants of Youth Sexual Behaviour: Program Implications for India”. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, vol. 16, no. 2, 2013, pp. 113-21.
Vancouver Joshi B, Chauhan S. Determinants of youth sexual behaviour: program implications for India. EASTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. 2013;16(2):113-21.