The effect of bronchoscopy on oxidative and antioxidative status

Year 2014, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 84 - 89, 05.12.2014

Erkan Ceylan Ozcan Erel

Abstract

Hypoxemia often occurs during bronchoscopy. Pulmonologists managed it with supplement oxygen and sometimes stopping the procedure. We suggest that the main source of the reactive oxygen species is hypoxia during bronchoscopy.  We investigated the alterations in oxidative and antioxidative status during bronchoscopy using oxidative stress parameters including oxidative stress index (OSI) and total oxidant status (TOS). Twenty two patients included to the study for whom bronchoscopy was performed. Twelve patients were diagnosed with lung cancer. Ten patients with normal bronchoscopy comprised the control group. Blood samples were taken just before and 1 hour after bronchoscopy. For antioxidative status, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total free sulfhydryl groups were determined. Indicators of oxidative stress (TOS, lipid hydroperoxides, and OSI) were statistically higher (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05), whereas indicators of antioxidative status (TAC and free sulfhydryl) were statistically lower in the after bronchoscopy blood samples than before bronchoscopy blood samples in all patients (p<0.05, p<0.05). Before bronchoscopy, indicators of oxidative stress were higher (p <0.001, p<0.05, and p<0.001 respectively), and indicators of antioxidative status (p<0.05, p<0.001 respectively) were lower in the lung cancer group than control group. After bronchoscopy of lung cancer group, indicators of oxidative stress (TOS, lipid hydroperoxides, and OSI) showed significant increases (p<0.05, p<0.05, and p<0.01 respectively), whereas indicators of antioxidative status (TAC and total free sulfhydryl groups) (p<0.05, p<0.01 respectively) were significantly decreased than control group. We demonstrate that bronchoscopy is associated with increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidative response through possibly caused hypoxemia.

Keywords

Bronchoscopy, lung cancer, oxidative stress, antioxidants

References

• Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM, editors. Free radicals, other reactive species and disease. In: Free radicals in biology and medicine. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press: 1999; 617-624.
• Repine JE, Bast A, Lankhorst I. Oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Oxidative Stress Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 341-357.
• Pryor WA, Stone K. Oxidant in cigarette smoke: radicals hydrogen peroxides peroxynitrate and peroxynitrite. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 686: 12-28.
• Peddireddy V, Siva Prasad B, Gundimeda SD, Penagaluru PR, Mundluru HP. Assessment of 8-oxo 7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde levels as oxidative stress markers and antioxidant status in non-small cell lung cancer. Biomarkers 2012; 17: 261-268.
• Margaret AL, Syahruddin E, Wanandi SI. Low activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in blood of lung cancer patients with smoking history: relationship to oxidative stress. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011; 12: 3049-3053.
• Ceylan E, Gencer M, Uzer E, Celik H. Measurement of the total antioxidant potential in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases with a novel automated. Saudi Med J 2007; 28: 133-143.
• Ceylan E, Aksoy N, Gencer M, et al. Evaluation of oxidative-antioxidative status and L- the argininenitric oxide pathway in asthmatic patients. Respir Med 2005; 99: 871-876.
• Vural H, Aksoy N, Ceylan E, Gencer M, Ozguner F. Leukocyte Oxidant and Antioxidant Status in Asthmatic Patients. Arch Med Res 2005; 36: 502-506. Yu DY, Li WF, Deng B, Mao XF. Effects of lead on hepatic antioxidant status and transcription of superoxide dismutase gene in pigs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008; 126: 121-128.
• Pearce WJ, Butler SM, Abrassart JM, Williams JM. Fetal cerebral oxygenation: the homeostatic role of vascular adaptations to hypoxic stress. Adv Exp Med Biol 2011; 701: 225-232.
• Aygul R, Demircan B, Erdem F, et al. Plasma values of oxidants and antioxidants in acute brain hemorrhage: role of free radicals in the development of brain injury. Biol Trace Elem Res 2005; 108: 43
• Ciftci TU, Kokturk O, Demirtas S, Gulbahar O, Bukan N. Consequences of hypoxia-reoxygenation phenomena in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Ann Saudi Med 2011; 31: 14-18.
• Kosecik M, Erel O, Sevinc E, Selek S. Increased oxidative stress in children exposed to passive smoking. Int J Cardiol 2005; 100: 61-64.
• American Association for Respiratory Care. AARC Clinical Practice Guideline. Bronchoscopy Assisting Revision & Update 2007; 74-75.
• Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem 2005;38:1103-1111
• Erel O. A novel automated method to measure total antioxidant response against potent free radical reactions. Clin Biochem 2004; 37: 112-119.
• Arab K, Steghens JP. Plasma lipid hydroperoxides measurement by an automated xylenol orange method. Anal Biochem 2004; 325: 158-163.
• Demirbag R, Yilmaz R, Erel O, Gultekin U, Asci D, Elbasan Z. The relationship between potency of oxidative stress and severity of dilated cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol 2005; 21: 851-855.
• Harma M, Harma M, Erel O. Measurement of the total antioxidant response in preeclampsia with a novel automated method. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 118: 47-51.
• Aycicek A, Erel O, Kocyigit A. Increased oxidative stress in infants exposed to passive smoking. Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164: 775-778.
• Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 160: 1Tang MS, Wang HT, Hu Y, et al. Acrolein induced DNA damage, mutagenicity and effect on DNA repair. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55: 1291-1300.
• Ceylan E, Kocyigit A, Gencer M, Aksoy N, Selek S. Increased DNA damage in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who had once smoked or been exposed to biomass. Respiratory Medicine 2006; 100: 1270-1276.
• Kiziler AR, Aydemir B, Onaran I, et al. High levels of cadmium and lead in seminal fluid and blood of smoking men are associated with high oxidative stress and damage in infertile subjects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2007; 120: 82-91.
• Rice-Evans C, Miller NJ. Total antioxidant status in plasma and body fluids. Methods Enzymol 1994; 234: 279-2
• Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-126.
• Boots AW, Haenen GR, Bast A. Oxidant metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 46: 14-27.
• Gur M, Yıldız A, Demirbag R, et al. The effect of coronary angioplasty on oxidative and antioxidative status. Arch Turk Soc Cardiol 2007; 35: 21-27.