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Esaret Altında Bestelenen Modernist Bir Eserin Çok-Boyutlu Analizi: Olivier Messiaen, “Quatuor Pour La Fin Du Temps"

Year 2023, Issue: 23, 195 - 228, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.31722/ejmd.1260122

Abstract

İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Fransız ordusuna sıhhiyeci olarak katılan Fransız besteci Olivier Messiaen, Haziran 1940’ta Almanlar tarafından Polonya’da Görlitz’in Stalag VIII A kampında savaş esiri olarak tutsak edilmiştir. Bir sıhhiyeci olarak savaşta aktif olarak çarpışmamasından dolayı, bir Alman subayı Messiaen’e sempati duymuş, ona gizli bir şekilde kâğıt, kurşun kalem ve silgi ulaştırmış ve hatta papaz bloğundaki bir odayı temizleterek ona beste yapabileceği bir ortam sağlamıştır. Quatuor pour la fin du temps (Zamanın Sonu İçin Kuartet) böyle bir ortamda bestelenmiştir. Eserin bir kuartet olarak piyano, viyolonsel, keman ve klarnetten oluşan standart-dışı bir çalgı kombinasyonu içermesi, kamptaki mevcut çalgıların ve bunları seslendiren yetkin müzisyenlerin varlığının bir sonucudur. Eserin yapısal tasarımı Messiaen'in kişisel inanç ekseninde hem müzikal hem de mistik nitelikler içermektedir. Toplamda sekiz bölümden oluşan eser, İncil'de temsil edilen yedi yaratılış gününü ve Tanrı'nın dinlendiği sekizinci günü betimleyerek zamansızlığı yani sonsuzluğu sembolize etmektedir. Eserin prömiyeri 15 Ocak 1941'de dört bin mahkûm ve gardiyanlardan oluşan izleyici-dinleyici kitlesinin önünde gerçekleşmiştir. Bu makalede, Quatuor pour la fin du temps başlıklı eserde yer alan müzik dışı motivasyonlar ve eserin yazı dilinde kullanılan besteleme teknikleri birbirleriyle bağlantılı olarak mercek altına alınacaktır. Araştırmanın temel amacı, eserin besteleniş sürecini güdümleyen müzik dışı motivasyonun eserin müziksel unsurlarına olan belirleyici etkilerinin saptanmasıdır. Hint ritimleri/Hint modları, Yunan ritimleri, Orta Çağa ait klasik ritim ilkeleri, Fransız org müziği geleneği, sentetik modlar/sentetik ritimler ve total serializm gibi teknik unsurlarla birlikte Katolisizm, ornitoloji (kuş-bilimi) ve sinestezi gibi olgu ve kavramlar da Quatuor pour la fin du temps bağlamında analiz edilen konular arasında yer almaktadır. Giriş bölümünde Messiaen’ın hayatı, besteci kişiliği temelinde özetlenerek Kuartet’in besteleniş süreci tarihsel çerçevede ele alınmış, ayrıca araştırmanın amacı ve araştırmada kullanılan temel yöntemler açıklanmıştır. Takip eden bölümlerde ise eserin tüm bölümleri mercek altına alınmış, bestecinin kullandığı teknikler, eserde yer alan pasajlar üzerinden düz yazı analizle hem metin içerisinde hem de gereken noktalarda dipnotlar ile detaylandırılarak çözümlenmiş ve ilgili müzik pasajlarının partitürden alıntılanan notaları ile örneklendirmeler yapılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde ise elde edilen bulgulardan yapılan çıkarımlar yer almaktadır.

References

  • Dere, Sercan (2019). A multi-dimensional analysis of a modernist work composed in captivity: Olivier Messiaen, 'Quartet for the End of Time' (Published Master’s thesis), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir.
  • Faller, Jérôme (2003). Quatuor pour la fin du Temps, 1941, Travail de maturité, Gymnase Auguste Piccard, Lausanne.
  • Griffiths, Paul (1996). The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of 20th-Century Music, New York: Thames and Hudson.
  • Halbreich, Harry (1980). Olivier Messiaen, Paris: Fayard.
  • Jhonson, Robert Sherlaw (1975). Messiaen, Berkeley and Los Angeles California: University of California Press.
  • Linton, Michael R. (1998). “Music for the End of Time”, New York: First Things, Publishing Management Associates.
  • Messiaen, Olivier (1940). The Quartet for the End of Time [full score], Paris: Durand S.A. Editions Musicales.
  • Messiaen, Olivier (1942). The Technique of my Musical Language, Paris: Alphonse LeDuc.
  • Messiaen, Olivier (1944). Technique de mon langage musical, Paris: Italian translation by L. Ronchetti, (1999), Alphonse Leduc.
  • Messiaen, Olivier (1949-1992). Traité de Rythme, de Couleur, et d'Ornithologie, vol. 1, 2, Paris: Alphonse Leduc.
  • Messiaen, Olivier (1994). Music and Color: Conversations with Claude Samuel, Portland: Amadeus Press.
  • Shenton, Andrew (2008). Olivier Messiaen's System of Signs: Notes Towards Understanding His Music, Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Summa-Chadwick, Martha (2008). Quartet for the End of Time, Messiaen’s use of rhythmic, melodic and harmonic compositional techniques to “end time” created by meter, (Published Doctor of Musical Arts Thesis), University of Kansas, Kansas.
  • Biography | Olivier Messiaen. (n.d.). Retrieved December 25, 2022, from Olivier Messiaen website: https://www.oliviermessiaen.org/biography
  • Olivier Messiaen - Quartet for the End of Time - A Good-Music-Guide Review. (n.d.). Retrieved December 25, 2022, from Good-Music-Guide.com - A beginner’s guide to classical music. website: https://www.good-music-guide.com/reviews/066_messiaen_quartet.htm
  • Olivier Messiaen : Quatuor pour la Fin du Temps. (n.d.). Retrieved December 25, 2022, from Liberal Arts College Appleton, WI website: http://www2.lawrence.edu/dept/it/musicguides/mq

A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Modernist Work Composed in Captivity: Olivier Messiaen, "Quartet for the End of Time"

Year 2023, Issue: 23, 195 - 228, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.31722/ejmd.1260122

Abstract

French composer Olivier Messiaen, who joined the French army as a medic in the Second World War, was imprisoned by the Germans as a prisoner of war in Görlitz's Stalag VIII A camp in June 1940. Because he did not actively fight in the war as a medic, a German officer sympathized with Messiaen, secretly delivering him paper, pencils and erasers and even having a room in the rectory cleared for him to compose. Quatuor pour la fin du temps (Quartet for the End of Time) was composed in such an environment. The fact that the piece includes a non-standard instrumental combination consisting of piano, cello, violin, and clarinet as a quartet is a result of the existing instruments in the camp and the presence of competent musicians playing them. The structural design of the work includes both musical and mystical qualities on the axis of Messiaen's personal belief. The work, which consists of eight parts in total, symbolizes timelessness, that is, eternity, by depicting the seven days of creation and the eighth day when God rests, as represented in the Bible. The premiere of the work took place on January 15, 1941, in front of an audience of four thousand prisoners and guards. In this article, the non-musical motivations and the composition techniques used in the work titled Quatuor pour la fin du temps are examined in relation to each other. The main purpose of the research is to discover the determining effects of the non-musical motivation, which guides the compositional process of the work, on the musical elements of the work. In addition to some technical aspects such as Indian rhythms/Indian modes, Greek rhythms, medieval classical rhythmic principles, French organ music tradition, synthetic modes/synthetic rhythms, and total serialism, Quatuor pour la fin du temps is also analyzed in terms of phenomena and concepts such as Catholicism, ornithology, and synesthesia. In the Introduction chapter, Messiaen's life is summarized on the basis of his personality as a composer, the compositional process of the Quartet is reviewed in the historical framework, and the research purpose, including the research methods used in this article are explained. In the following chapters, all movements of the Quartet are analyzed one by one. The compositional techniques used by the composer are examined in detail through the written out (text) analysis of the musical passages detailing them with footnotes whenever necessary, and these prose analyses are supported by musical examples of the relevant musical passages quoted from the Quartet’s score. The Conclusion chapter consists of the inferences and evaluations made from the findings.

References

  • Dere, Sercan (2019). A multi-dimensional analysis of a modernist work composed in captivity: Olivier Messiaen, 'Quartet for the End of Time' (Published Master’s thesis), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir.
  • Faller, Jérôme (2003). Quatuor pour la fin du Temps, 1941, Travail de maturité, Gymnase Auguste Piccard, Lausanne.
  • Griffiths, Paul (1996). The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of 20th-Century Music, New York: Thames and Hudson.
  • Halbreich, Harry (1980). Olivier Messiaen, Paris: Fayard.
  • Jhonson, Robert Sherlaw (1975). Messiaen, Berkeley and Los Angeles California: University of California Press.
  • Linton, Michael R. (1998). “Music for the End of Time”, New York: First Things, Publishing Management Associates.
  • Messiaen, Olivier (1940). The Quartet for the End of Time [full score], Paris: Durand S.A. Editions Musicales.
  • Messiaen, Olivier (1942). The Technique of my Musical Language, Paris: Alphonse LeDuc.
  • Messiaen, Olivier (1944). Technique de mon langage musical, Paris: Italian translation by L. Ronchetti, (1999), Alphonse Leduc.
  • Messiaen, Olivier (1949-1992). Traité de Rythme, de Couleur, et d'Ornithologie, vol. 1, 2, Paris: Alphonse Leduc.
  • Messiaen, Olivier (1994). Music and Color: Conversations with Claude Samuel, Portland: Amadeus Press.
  • Shenton, Andrew (2008). Olivier Messiaen's System of Signs: Notes Towards Understanding His Music, Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Summa-Chadwick, Martha (2008). Quartet for the End of Time, Messiaen’s use of rhythmic, melodic and harmonic compositional techniques to “end time” created by meter, (Published Doctor of Musical Arts Thesis), University of Kansas, Kansas.
  • Biography | Olivier Messiaen. (n.d.). Retrieved December 25, 2022, from Olivier Messiaen website: https://www.oliviermessiaen.org/biography
  • Olivier Messiaen - Quartet for the End of Time - A Good-Music-Guide Review. (n.d.). Retrieved December 25, 2022, from Good-Music-Guide.com - A beginner’s guide to classical music. website: https://www.good-music-guide.com/reviews/066_messiaen_quartet.htm
  • Olivier Messiaen : Quatuor pour la Fin du Temps. (n.d.). Retrieved December 25, 2022, from Liberal Arts College Appleton, WI website: http://www2.lawrence.edu/dept/it/musicguides/mq
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Music
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sercan Dere 0000-0002-5577-2564

Onur Nurcan 0000-0003-1506-8270

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date March 5, 2023
Acceptance Date December 6, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 23

Cite

APA Dere, S., & Nurcan, O. (2023). A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Modernist Work Composed in Captivity: Olivier Messiaen, "Quartet for the End of Time". Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance(23), 195-228. https://doi.org/10.31722/ejmd.1260122
AMA Dere S, Nurcan O. A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Modernist Work Composed in Captivity: Olivier Messiaen, "Quartet for the End of Time". Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance. December 2023;(23):195-228. doi:10.31722/ejmd.1260122
Chicago Dere, Sercan, and Onur Nurcan. “A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Modernist Work Composed in Captivity: Olivier Messiaen, ‘Quartet for the End of Time’”. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance, no. 23 (December 2023): 195-228. https://doi.org/10.31722/ejmd.1260122.
EndNote Dere S, Nurcan O (December 1, 2023) A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Modernist Work Composed in Captivity: Olivier Messiaen, "Quartet for the End of Time". Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance 23 195–228.
IEEE S. Dere and O. Nurcan, “A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Modernist Work Composed in Captivity: Olivier Messiaen, ‘Quartet for the End of Time’”, Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance, no. 23, pp. 195–228, December 2023, doi: 10.31722/ejmd.1260122.
ISNAD Dere, Sercan - Nurcan, Onur. “A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Modernist Work Composed in Captivity: Olivier Messiaen, ‘Quartet for the End of Time’”. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance 23 (December 2023), 195-228. https://doi.org/10.31722/ejmd.1260122.
JAMA Dere S, Nurcan O. A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Modernist Work Composed in Captivity: Olivier Messiaen, "Quartet for the End of Time". Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance. 2023;:195–228.
MLA Dere, Sercan and Onur Nurcan. “A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Modernist Work Composed in Captivity: Olivier Messiaen, ‘Quartet for the End of Time’”. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance, no. 23, 2023, pp. 195-28, doi:10.31722/ejmd.1260122.
Vancouver Dere S, Nurcan O. A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Modernist Work Composed in Captivity: Olivier Messiaen, "Quartet for the End of Time". Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance. 2023(23):195-228.

Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance