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SOSYAL MEDYANIN ARAP BAHARINDAKİ ROLÜ

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 26 - 34, 01.01.2021

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sosyal medya etkisinin ‘Arap Baharı’ hareketi üzerindeki etkisini açıklamaktır. Tunus'da 2010 sonunda başlayan 'Arap Baharı', Mısır ve diğer Arap ülkeleri ile 2011'in başlangıcına kadar devam etti. Sosyal medya, sadece dünyanın aktivitistleri takip etmesini değil, katılımcıların ve aktivistlerin haberleşmesini sağlayarak onları biraraya getirdi, iletişimlerini sağladı. Sosyal medya aynı zamanda bu süreçte insanların birbirleriyle iletişimini de sağladı. Araştırma metodu olarak literatür taraması kullanılmıştır. Mısır örneğinde, sosyal medya araçlarının kullanımı odaklı literatür taraması sonuçları, ağırlıklı olarak Facebook kullanımının, Mısır’da ‘Arap Baharı’ olarak adlandırılan süreci etkilediğini ifade etmektedir.

References

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  • Kepel, G. (2002). The trail of political Islam, Speech to the Institut Francais, London.
  • Khamis, S., & Vaughn, K. (2011). Cyberactivism in the Egyptian revolution: How civic engagement and citizen journalism tilted the balance. Arab Media and Society, 14(3), 1-25.
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  • Labovitz, C. (2011b). 20 February 2011. Middle East Internet Scorecard. “http://www.arbornetworks.com/asert/2011/02/middle-east-internet-scorecard-february-12-20/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Labovitz, C. (2011c). 28 January 2011. Egypt Loses the Internet. http://monkey.org/~labovit/blog/viewpage.php?page=egypt_loses_internet Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Langman, L. (2005). From virtual public spheres to global justice: A critical theory of internetworked social movements. Sociological theory, 23(1), 42-74.
  • Lotan, G., Graeff, E., Ananny, M., Gaffney, D., & Pearce, I. (2011). The Arab Spring| the revolutions were tweeted: Information flows during the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions. International journal of communication, 5, 31.
  • Marshall, M. G., & Cole, B. R. (2011). Global report 2011: conflict, governance, and state fragility [online]. Vienna, VA: Center for Systematic Peace.
  • McAdam, D., Tarrow, S., & Tilly, C. (2003). Dynamics of contention. Social Movement Studies, 2(1), 99-102.
  • Mawji, O. (2016). Saudi Arabia Comes to the Rescue of the Egyptian Economy. https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/saudi-arabia-comes-to-the-rescue-of-the-egyptian-economy/ , Access Date: (15 Jan 2020).
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  • National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Laboratory for Comparative Social Research. (2013). 2011 Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis, October 2013. http://lcsr.hse.ru/en/news/98399560.html, Access Date: (15 August 2014).
  • Negm, N. (2011). 01 January 2011. Tahyees front blog. “http://tahyyes.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html., Access Date: (15 August 2014).
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  • Skoric, M. M., Poor, N. D., Liao, Y., & Tang, S. W. H. (2011, January). Online organization of an offline protest: From social to traditional media and back. In 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
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  • Tufekci, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012). Social media and the decision to participate in political protest: Observations from Tahrir Square. Journal of communication, 62(2), 363-379.
  • Underwood, T. (2006). 22 January 2006. Con-Ed Steals the ‘Net. “http://www.renesys.com/2006/01/coned-steals-the-net/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
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  • White, B. J. (2011). “Arab Spring: in foreign aid to Egypt and Tunisia, questions loom‟, International Business Times, 17 June 2011. “http://www.ibtimes.com/arab-spring-foreign-aid-egypt-tunisia-questions-loom-291513 Access Date: (13 August 2014). World Bank Policy Research Report. (2003). Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. (Paul Collier, Lani Elliot, Havard Hegre, Anke Hoeffler, Nicholas Sambanis) Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Xu, X., Mao, Z. M. & Halderman, J. A. (2011). March, 2011. Internet censorship in China: Where does the filtering occur?. In International Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement (pp. 133-142). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Zmijewski, E. (2008/a). Mediterranean cable break. Renesys Blog, January. “http://www.renesys.com/2008/02/mediterranean-cable-break-part/ Access Date: ([13 Aug 2014).
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  • Zmijewski, E. (2008/c). 30 January 2008. Mediterranean cable break – Part II. “http://www.renesys.com/2008/01/mediterranean-cable-break-part-1/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Zmijewski, E. (2008/d) 30 January 2008. Mediterranean cable break. “http://www.renesys.com/2008/01/mediterranean-cable-break/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Zuckerman, E. (2008). The cute cat theory. My heart’s in Accra. http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/2008/03/08/the-cute-cat-theory-talk-at-etech/ Access Date: (13.August.2014).
Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 26 - 34, 01.01.2021

Abstract

References

  • Aday, S., Farrell, H., Lynch, M., Sides, J., Kelly, J., & Zuckerman, E. (2010). Blogs and bullets: New media in contentious politics. United States Institute of Peace, 65, 1-31.
  • Ades, A., & Chua, H. B. (1997). Thy neighbor's curse: regional instability and economic growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 2(3), 279-304.
  • Afifi, O. (2011a). January 14 Tunisian Freedom Day & our date is January 25. [YouTube video]. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdJQRz0BtU8&feature=related, Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Afifi, O. (2011b). General instructions on peaceful protests: Part I. [YouTube video]. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujtIdyfjgWU, Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Afifi, O. (2011c). General instructions on continued peaceful protests: Part II. [YouTube video]. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYheiPStXtY&feature=related, Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Al-Masry al-Youm. (2011). Newspaper, 24 August 2011.
  • Associated Press. (2011). 2 February 2011.
  • Baker, A. (2011). How Egypt’s opposition got a more youthful mojo. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2045446,00.html, Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Bellemare, M. F. Duke University. (2012). Rising food prices, food price volatility, and social unrest. March 1, 2012.
  • Burris, J. (2010). 29 November 2010. Comcast: Internet service restored after regional outage. “http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-11-29/news/bs-md-comcast-20101128_1_outage-internet-service-disruptions Access Date: (13.August 2014).
  • Cincotta, R. (2011) “Socioeconomic Studies” Seismic shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East, Henry L Stimson Center, May 2011.
  • Collier, P. (2003). Breaking the conflict trap: Civil war and development policy. World Bank Publications.
  • Cowie, J. (2009). Strange Changes in Iranian Transit. http://www.renesys.com/2009/06/strange-changes-in-iranian-int/, Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Cowie, J. (2011/a). 27 January 2011. Egypt Leaves the Internet. http://www.renesys.com/2011/01/egypt-leaves-the-internet/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014). Cowie, J. (2011/b). 18 February 2011. Libyan Disconnect. http://www.renesys.com/2011/02/libyan-disconnect-1/, Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Cowie, J. (2011/c). 05 March 2011. What Libya Learned from Egypt. http://www.renesys.com/2011/03/what-libya-learned-from-egypt/ , Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Crandall, J. R., Zinn, D., Byrd, M., Barr, E. T., & East, R. (2007, October). ConceptDoppler: a weather tracker for internet censorship. In ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (pp. 352-365).
  • Dainotti, A., Squarcella, C., Aben, E., Claffy, K. C., Chiesa, M., Russo, M., & Pescapé, A. (2011, November). Analysis of country-wide internet outages caused by censorship. In Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference (pp. 1-18). ACM.
  • Eltantawy, N., & Wiest, J. B. (2011). The Arab spring| Social media in the Egyptian revolution: reconsidering resource mobilization theory. International journal of communication, 5, 18.
  • Facebook page. (2011). ElBaradei for Presidency. “http://www.facebook.com/m.elbaradei2011, Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Facebook page. (2011). January 25: the day of revolution over torture, poverty, corruption & unemployment [translated from Arabic]. “http://www.facebook.com/#!/Yom.Elsawra.25.January?sk=app_4949752878, Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Facebook page. (2011). Mohamed ElBaradei. (2011). http://www.facebook.com/#!/group.php?gid=184655341853, Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Facebook page. (2011). We are all Khaled Said. “http://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/elshaheeed.co.uk, Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Financial Times. (2011). 21 July 2011.
  • Garret, S. (2011). We can confirm that Twitter was blocked in Egypt around 8am PT today. “https://twitter.com/twittercomms/status/30063209247408128, Access Date: (13 August 2014).
  • Global Digital Report. (2019). https://hootsuite.com/pages/digital-in-2019, Access Date: (25.01.2020).
  • Hamdy, N. (2009). Arab citizen journalism in action: Challenging mainstream media, authorities and media laws. Westminster Papers in Communication & Culture, 6(1).
  • Howard, P. N. (2010). The digital origins of dictatorship and democracy: Information technology and political Islam. Oxford University Press.
  • Howard, P. N., & Hussain, M. M. (2011). The upheavals in Egypt and Tunisia: The role of digital media. Journal of democracy, 22(3), 35-48.
  • Internet World Statistics. (2011). http://www.internetworldstats.com/africa.htm, Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Johnstone, S. and Mazo, J. (2011). “Global warming and the Arab spring”, Survival 53 (2), April/May (2011) pp11-17.
  • Kepel, G. (2002). The trail of political Islam, Speech to the Institut Francais, London.
  • Khamis, S., & Vaughn, K. (2011). Cyberactivism in the Egyptian revolution: How civic engagement and citizen journalism tilted the balance. Arab Media and Society, 14(3), 1-25.
  • Labovitz, C. (2011a). 02 February 2011. Egypt returns to the Internet. “http://www.arbornetworks.com/asert/2011/02/egypt-returns-to-the-internet/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Labovitz, C. (2011b). 20 February 2011. Middle East Internet Scorecard. “http://www.arbornetworks.com/asert/2011/02/middle-east-internet-scorecard-february-12-20/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Labovitz, C. (2011c). 28 January 2011. Egypt Loses the Internet. http://monkey.org/~labovit/blog/viewpage.php?page=egypt_loses_internet Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Langman, L. (2005). From virtual public spheres to global justice: A critical theory of internetworked social movements. Sociological theory, 23(1), 42-74.
  • Lotan, G., Graeff, E., Ananny, M., Gaffney, D., & Pearce, I. (2011). The Arab Spring| the revolutions were tweeted: Information flows during the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions. International journal of communication, 5, 31.
  • Marshall, M. G., & Cole, B. R. (2011). Global report 2011: conflict, governance, and state fragility [online]. Vienna, VA: Center for Systematic Peace.
  • McAdam, D., Tarrow, S., & Tilly, C. (2003). Dynamics of contention. Social Movement Studies, 2(1), 99-102.
  • Mawji, O. (2016). Saudi Arabia Comes to the Rescue of the Egyptian Economy. https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/saudi-arabia-comes-to-the-rescue-of-the-egyptian-economy/ , Access Date: (15 Jan 2020).
  • MENA Development Report. (2004).
  • Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT). (2019). Egypt ICT Indicators. https://infotimes.org/almost-80-of-internet-users-in-egypt-access-the-internet-via-mobile-internet/ Access Date: (15 Jan 2020).
  • Morozov, E. (2012). The net delusion: The dark side of Internet freedom. PublicAffairs. 1:409.
  • National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Laboratory for Comparative Social Research. (2013). 2011 Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis, October 2013. http://lcsr.hse.ru/en/news/98399560.html, Access Date: (15 August 2014).
  • Negm, N. (2011). 01 January 2011. Tahyees front blog. “http://tahyyes.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html., Access Date: (15 August 2014).
  • New York Times. (2011). 1 July 2011.
  • Occupy Wall Street. (2011) “http://occupywallst.org/about/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • O'lear, S. (1999). Networks of engagement: Electronic communication and grassroots environmental activism in Kaliningrad. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 81(3), 165-178.
  • Radsch, C. (2008). Core to commonplace: The evolution of Egypt’s blogosphere. Arab Media & Society, 6, 1-14, Access Date: (13.August 2014).
  • Reuters. (2011) Facebook says has seen drop in traffic from Egypt. “http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/27/ facebook-egypt-idUSN2727880720110127, Access Date: (13 August 2014).
  • Reuters. (2011). 26 January 2011. Egypt govt denies disrupting websites – cabinet. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/26/egypt-web-idUSLDE70P28720110126 Access Date: (13 August 2014).
  • RIPE. (2011). Analysis of Egyptian Internet outage 27th January - 2nd February 2011. https://stat.ripe.net/events/egypt Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Skoric, M. M., Poor, N. D., Liao, Y., & Tang, S. W. H. (2011, January). Online organization of an offline protest: From social to traditional media and back. In 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
  • Smith, B. (2011). The Arab Uprisings. House of Commons Library, Research Paper, 11(73), 11.
  • Statistics. (2019). https://napoleoncat.com/stats/facebook-users-in-egypt/2019/02 , Access Date: (15 Jan 2020).
  • The New York Times. (2011). 13 February 2011.
  • Toonk, A. (2011). Internet in Egypt offline. Border Gateway Protocol Monitoring, 28. “http://bgpmon.net/?p=450,%2520January%25202011 Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Tufekci, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012). Social media and the decision to participate in political protest: Observations from Tahrir Square. Journal of communication, 62(2), 363-379.
  • Underwood, T. (2006). 22 January 2006. Con-Ed Steals the ‘Net. “http://www.renesys.com/2006/01/coned-steals-the-net/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Van Beijnum, I. (2011). How Egypt did (and your government could) shut down the Internet. Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/01/how-egypt-or-how-your-government-could-shut-down-the-internet/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Viscusi, G. (2011).11 September 2011. ‘Arab Spring’ aid pledges almost double to $38 billion, with focus on jobs‟, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-10/-arab-spring-aid-pledges-almost-double-to-38-billion-with-focus-on-jobs.html Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Wasserman, H. (2007). “Is a new worldwide Web possible? An explorative comparison of the use of ICTs by two South African social movements,” African Studies Review, 50 (2007-1), 109–131.
  • White, B. J. (2011). “Arab Spring: in foreign aid to Egypt and Tunisia, questions loom‟, International Business Times, 17 June 2011. “http://www.ibtimes.com/arab-spring-foreign-aid-egypt-tunisia-questions-loom-291513 Access Date: (13 August 2014). World Bank Policy Research Report. (2003). Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. (Paul Collier, Lani Elliot, Havard Hegre, Anke Hoeffler, Nicholas Sambanis) Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Xu, X., Mao, Z. M. & Halderman, J. A. (2011). March, 2011. Internet censorship in China: Where does the filtering occur?. In International Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement (pp. 133-142). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Zmijewski, E. (2008/a). Mediterranean cable break. Renesys Blog, January. “http://www.renesys.com/2008/02/mediterranean-cable-break-part/ Access Date: ([13 Aug 2014).
  • Zmijewski, E. (2008/b). 10 August 2008. Georgia Clings to the ‘Net. “http://www.renesys.com/2008/08/georgia-clings-to-the-net/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Zmijewski, E. (2008/c). 30 January 2008. Mediterranean cable break – Part II. “http://www.renesys.com/2008/01/mediterranean-cable-break-part-1/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Zmijewski, E. (2008/d) 30 January 2008. Mediterranean cable break. “http://www.renesys.com/2008/01/mediterranean-cable-break/ Access Date: (13 Aug 2014).
  • Zuckerman, E. (2008). The cute cat theory. My heart’s in Accra. http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/2008/03/08/the-cute-cat-theory-talk-at-etech/ Access Date: (13.August.2014).
There are 69 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Kevser Zeynep Meral 0000-0002-2514-8744

Publication Date January 1, 2021
Submission Date February 24, 2020
Acceptance Date April 9, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Meral, K. Z. (2021). SOSYAL MEDYANIN ARAP BAHARINDAKİ ROLÜ. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 5(1), 26-34.


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