SOSYAL PAYLAŞIM SİTELERİNDE BENLİĞİN SUNUMU: GİRİŞ, TEORİ VE ARAŞTIRMALARDAKİ GÜNCEL DURUM

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 49 - 59, 01.01.2021

Osman Solmaz

Abstract

Bu çalışmada sosyal paylaşım sitelerinde benliğin sunumu ve izlenim yönetimi (Goffman, 1959) üzerine yapılan çalışmalarla ilgili güncel bir alanyazın taraması yapılması amaçlanmıştır. İlgili kavramlara genel bir giriş ve benlik sunumu çalışmalarının öneminin ortaya konulmasını takiben literatürdeki mevcut durum dört temel tema altında ele alınmıştır: çevrimiçi benlik sunumunu belirleyen unsurlar, sosyal ağlarda benlik sunumu için kullanılan kaynaklar, çevrimiçi benlik sunumu tipolojisi ve stratejileri, sosyal ağlarda gerçek ve idealize edilmiş benliklerin kıyaslanması. Yapılan inceleme izlenim yönetimi tipolojisinin gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalar için faydalı bir analitik çerçeve olduğuna işaret etmiştir. Bununla birlikte, çalışmalarda kullanıcıların başkaları üzerinde olumlu bir izlenim yaratmak için çeşitli kişisel sunum taktikleri kullandığı bulgusu paylaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, kişilik özellikleri, sosyal paylaşım sitelerinin teknik özellikleri, ağ büyüklüğü ve çeşitliliği, kültür, ve ağdaki diğer bilgilerin benlik sunumunun belirleyicileri arasında olduğu bulunmuştur. Son olarak, gerçek benliklerin dijital ortamda ne derecede sunulduğunu daha iyi anlamak için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç olduğu için, sosyal paylaşım sitelerinde benlik sunumu konusunun dikkatli bir biçimde araştırılması gerektiği gösterilmiştir. Çalışma aralarında ikinci dil edinimi ve öğretimi alanlarının da olduğu eğitim ortamlarında benlik sunumu konusunda daha fazla araştırma yapılması çağrısıyla sonuçlanmıştır.

Keywords

benlik sunumu, izlenim yöntemi, sosyal paylaşım siteleri

THE PRESENTATION OF SELF IN SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES: AN INTRODUCTION, THEORY AND THE CURRENT STATE OF THE SCHOLARSHIP

Abstract

This study aimed to lay out an up-to-date literature review on self-presentation and impression management (Goffman, 1959) in social networking sites (SNSs). Following an introduction to the concepts, and the significance of self-presentation research, the current state of the discourse has been discussed under four themes: the debate of actual versus idealized selves in SNSs, resources for self-presentation in SNSs, online self-presentation typology and strategies, and determinants of online self-presentation. The review indicated that impression management typology was found to be a useful analytical framework for future research. However, it was reported that users employed various self-presentation tactics to create a favorable impression on others as well. It was also revealed that personality traits, technical features of SNSs, audience size and diversity, culture, and other-provided information were among the determinants of self-presentation. Finally, it was shown that self-presentation in SNSs merits focused attention as more research is needed to gain a solid understanding of to what extent actual selves are presented online. The study concluded with a call for further research in the investigation of the presentation of self in educational settings including second language teaching and learning contexts.

Keywords

self-presentation, impression management, social networking sites

References

• Abro, M. & Zhenfang, L. (2013). Influence of Self-presentation on Bridging Social Capital in SNSs: A Moderating Effect of Self-presentation. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(19), 74-81.
• Back, M.D., Stopfer, J. M., Vazire, S., Gaddis, S., Schmukle, S. C., Egloff, B., & Gosling, S. D. (2010). Facebook Profiles Reflect Actual Personality, Not Self-Idealization. Psychological Science, 21(3), 372-374.
• Barash, V., Duchenaut, N., Isaacs, E. & Bellotti, V. (2010). Faceplant: Impression (mis)management in Facebook status updates. Proceedings from ICWSM 2010.
• Bouvier, G. (2012). How Facebook users select identity categories for self-presentation. Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 7(1), 37-57
• boyd, D. (2007). Why youth ♥ social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life. Youth, identity and digital media, D. Buckingham (ed.), 119–42. Cambridge: The MIT Press. http://www.mitpressjournals.org/toc/dmal/-/6
• Chen, H. (2013). Identity practices of multilingual writers in social networking spaces. Language Learning & Technology, 17(2), 143-170.
• Cho, S. E. (2010). Cross-cultural comparison of Korean and American Social Network Sites: Exploring Cultural Differences in Social Relationships and Self-Presentation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. New Jersey: The State University of New Jersey
• Chua, T. H. H., & Chang, L. (2016). Follow me and like my beautiful selfies: Singapore teenage girls’ engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 190–197.
• Çakmak, V. (2018). Online Benlik Sunumu ve Narsisizm Arasındaki İlişki: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. AJIT-e: Online Academic Journal of Information Technology, 9(30), 137-152.
• DiMicco, J., & Millen, D. (2007) Identity management: Multiple presentations of self in Facebook. GROUP’07, November 2007, Sanibel Island, Florida, FL, USA.
• Farnham, S. D. & Churchill, E. F. (2011). Faceted Identity, Faceted Lives: Social and Technical Issues with Being Yourself Online. Proceedings of the ACMC 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work, 359-368.
• Gil-Lopez, T., Shen, C., Benefield, G. A., Palomares, N. A., Kosinski, M., & Stillwell, D. (2018). One size fits all: Context collapse, self-presentation strategies and language styles on Facebook. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 23(3), 127-145.
• Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
• Hayes, R. A., Smock, A., & Carr, C. T. (2015). Face [book] management: Self-presentation of political views on social media. Communication Studies, 66(5), 549-568.
• Hilsen, A. I., & Helvik, T. (2014). The construction of self in social medias, such as Facebook. AI & Society 2014, 29(1), 3-10.
• Hogan, B. (2010). The presentation of self in the age of social media: Distinguishing performances and exhibitions online. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30(6), 377-386.
• Huang, C., & Park, D. (2013). Cultural influences on Facebook photographs. International Journal of Psychology, 48(3), 334-343.
• Jackson, N. & Lilleker, D. (2011). Microblogging, Constituency, Service and Impression Management: UK MPs and the Use of Twitter. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 17(1), 86-105.
• Jackson, C. A., & Luchner, A. F. (2018). Self-presentation mediates the relationship between self-criticism and emotional response to Instagram feedback. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 1-6.
• Jones, E. and Pittman, T., 1982. Toward a General Theory of Strategic Self-presentation. In J. Suls, (ed.), Psychological Perspective on Self. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 231–262.
• Jung, Y., Song, H., & Vorderer, P. (2012). Why do people post and read personal messages in public? The motivation of using personal blogs and its effects on users’ loneliness, belonging, and well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 1626-1633.
• Kaskazi, A. (2014). Social Network Identity: Facebook, Twitter and Identity Negotiation Theory. iConference 2014 Proceedings, 858–859.
• Krämer, N. C., & Haferkamp, N. (2011). Online Self-Presentation: Balancing Privacy Concerns and Impression Construction on Social Networking Sites. In S. Trepte & L. Reinecke (Eds.), Privacy Online: Perspectives on Privacy and Self-Disclosure in the Social Web (pp. 127-141). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Leary, 1996
• Leary, M.R. (1996). Self-presentation: Impression management and interpersonal behavior. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
• Lee, S. Y. (2014). How do people compare themselves with others on social network sites?: The case of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 253-260.
• Lee, J., & Lim, Y. (2014). Who Says What About Whom? Young Voters' Impression Formation of Political Candidates on Social Networking Sites. Mass Communication and Society, 0, 1-20.
• Maghrabi, R. O., Oakley, R. L., & Nemati, H. R. (2014). The impact of self-selected identity on productive or perverse social capital in social network sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 367-371.
• Mehdizadeh, S. (2010). Self-presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(4), 357–364.
• Michikyan, M., Dennis, J., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2014). Can you guess who I am? Real, Ideal, and False Self-Presentation on Facebook Among Emerging Adults. Emerging Adulthood, 1-10.
• Oh, H. J., & LaRose, R. (2016). Impression management concerns and support-seeking behavior on social network sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 38-47.
• Paslanmaz, İ., & Narmanlıoğlu, H. (2019). Instagram Hikayelerinde Benliğin Sunumu: Influencer’lar Üzerine Bir Araştırma. AJIT-e: Online Academic Journal of Information Technology, 10(39), 24-63.
• Rambe, P. (2013). Converged social media: Identity management and engagement on Facebook mobile and blogs. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 29(3), 315-336.
• Ranzini, G, & Hoek, E. (2017). To you who (I think) are listening: Imaginary audience and impression management on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 228-235.
• Rosenberg, J., & Egbert, N. (2011). Online impression management: personality traits and concerns for secondary goals as predictors of self-presentation tactics on Facebook. Journal Of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(1), 1-18.
• Rui , J. & Stefanone, M. A. (2013). Strategic self-presentation online: A cross-cultural study. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 110-118.
• Seidman, G. (2013). Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: How personality influences social media use and motivations. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 402-407.
• Tong, S. T., Heide, B. V. D., & Langwell, L. (2008). Too Much of a Good Thing? The Relationship Between Number of Friends and Interpersonal Impressions on Facebook. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 531-549.
• Tufekci, Z. (2008). Can you see me now? Audience and disclosure regulation in online social network sites. Bulletin of Science, Technology, and Society, 28(1), 20–36.
• VanBogart, S. M. (2013). Establishing Credibility Online Through Impression Management. Unpublished Masters Thesis. Gonzaga University
• Vorvoreanu, M., Clark, Q. M., & Boisvenue, G. A. (2013). Online Identity Management Literacy for Engineering and Technology Students. Journal of Online Engineering Education, 3(1).
• Walther, J.B., Heide, B. V. D., Kim, S., Westerman, D., & Tong, S. T. (2008). The Role of Friends’ Appearance and Behavior on Evaluations of Individuals on Facebook: Are We Known by the Company We Keep?. Human Communication Research, 34, 28-49.
• Yang, C. C., & Brown, B. B. (2016). Online self-presentation on Facebook and self development during the college transition. Journal of youth and adolescence, 45(2), 402-416.
• Yau, J. C., & Reich, S. M. (2019). “It's Just a Lot of Work”: Adolescents’ Self‐Presentation Norms and Practices on Facebook and Instagram. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(1), 196-209.
• Young, K. (2013). Managing online identity and diverse social networks on Facebook. Webology, 10(2), 1-18.
• Zhao, C. & Jiang, G. (2011). Cultural Differences on Visual Self-Presentation through Social Networking Site Profile Images. CHI 2011, Vancouver, Canada.
• Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 1816-1836.