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Clinopodium dolichodontum (P.H.Davis) Bräuchler & Heubl 'un In vitro Çimlenmesi ve Fide Gelişimi Üzerine Araştırmalar

Year 2021, , 469 - 474, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1007952

Abstract

Labiatae familyasına ait Clinopodium dolichodontum (P.H.Davis) Bräuchler & Heubl nesli tehdit altında olan endemik ve tıbbi öneme sahip bir türdür. Bu familyanın üyeleri sekonder metabolit ve antioksidan özellikleri ile karakterize edilmektedir. C. dolichodontum izomenton, cts-piperiton oksit, pulegon, piperiton içermektedir.Türün doğal popülasyonunun küçük olması nedeniyle çoğaltılması için alternatif yönteme ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, C. dolichodontum 'un in vitro çimlenmesi ve fide gelişimi araştırılmıştır. İlk olarak, in vitro çimlenme üzerine besin ortamlarının ve giberellik asidin etkisi araştırılmıştır. In vitro çimlenme üzerine besin ortamlarının etkisini belirlemek için sıvı MS (Murashige ve Skoog, 1962), White (WH), (White, 1963) ve B5 (Gamborg ve ark, 1968) ortamları kullanılmıştır. Distile su (DS) ise kontrol olarak kullanılmıştır. DS ortamında diğer ortamlardan daha yüksek oranda çimlenme elde edilmiştir. Tohumlarının in vitro çimlenmesi üzerine giberellik asit (GA3) 'in etkisini belirlemek için tohumlar GA3 ilaveli (1, 2 veya 3 mgL-1) DS'da kültüre alınmıştır. En yüksek çimlenme değeri (% 80) 1 mgL-1 GA3 içeren ortamda elde edilmiştir.
İkinci olarak ise in vitro fide gelişimi için uyun besin ortamı araştırılmıştır. Çimlenme sonucunda elde edilen bitkicikler fide gelişimi için katılaştırılmış MS, WH, ve B5 ortamlarına aktarılmışlardır. İkinci alt kültür sonucunda fideler, sürgün sayısı, maksimum sürgün boyu, kök sayısı ve kök boyu dikkate alınarak değerlendirmiştir. MS ortamı in vitro fide gelişimi için en uygun besin ortamı olarak belirlenmiştir.

Thanks

Yazar, tohum temininden dolayı Prof. Dr. Tuncay Dirmenci 'ye teşekkürü borç bilir.

References

  • Arslan, N., Gürbüz, B., Gümüşçü, A., Sarıhan, E. O., İpek, A., Özcan S, Mirici S ve ark., 2002. Researches on cultivation of Sternbergia candida Mathew et. Baytop. Proceedings of 14th Meeting of Plant Originated Drugs Eskişehir, Turkey
  • Başer, K.H.C, Kırımer, N., Duman, H. 1997. Composition of the essential oil of Micromeria dolichodontha P. H. Davis. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 12, 289-291.
  • Bauri, M.W., Kulkarni, M.G., Street, R.A., Mulaudzi, R.B., Van Staden., J. 2009. Studies on seed germination, seedling growth, and in vitro shoot induction of Aloe ferox Mill., a commercially important species. Hortic. Sci. 44(3),751-756.
  • Blanca, G., Cueto, M., Martinez-Lirola, M.J., Molero, J. 1998. Threatened vascular flora of Sierra neveda (Southern Spain). Biological Conservation 85, 269-285.
  • Bräuchler, C., Meimberg, H., Heubl, G. 2006. New names in old World Clinopodium. – the transfer of the species of Micromeria sect. Pseudomelissa to Clinopodium. Taxon 55, 977-981.
  • Cardemil, L., Rainero, A. 1982. Changes of Araucaria araucana seed reserves during germination and early seedling. Canadian Journal of Botany 60, 1629-1639.
  • Celep, F., Dirmenci,T. 2017. Systematic and biogeographic overview of Lamiaceae in Turkey. Naturel Volatiles, Essential Oils 4 (4), 14-27.
  • Çelikol, D. 2015. Hypericum perforatum bitkisinden elde edilen kantaron yağının yara iyileşmesi üzerine etkilerinin deneysel olarak incelenmesi. Doktora tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Ağız Diş ve Çene Cerrahisi Anabilim Dalı, Sivas, 196s.
  • Dzhambazov, B., Daskalova, S., Monteva, A., Popov, N., 2002. In vitro screening for antitumour activity of Clinopodium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) extracts. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin Journal 25, 499- 504.
  • Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytaç, Z., Adıgüzel, N. 2000. Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabı (Red Data Book of Turkish Plants), Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta. Türkiye Tabiatını Koruma Derneği, Ankara.
  • Emek, Y. 2018a. Micromeria dolichodontha P.H. Davis 'nın in vitro aksiller sürgün yoluyla çoğaltımı. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknolojisi Dergisi 14, 337-342.
  • Emek, Y. 2018b. Researches on in vitro germination and seedling development of medicinal endemic Nepeta viscida Boiss. belonging Lamiaceae family. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 27, 8119-8127.
  • Erdağ, B., Emek, Y. Kurt, S. 2010. Clonal propagation of Dorystoechas hastata via axillary shoot proliferation. Turk. J. Bot. 34, 233-240.
  • Erdağ, B., Emek, Y., Kuzu, İ., Bağdatlı, M.N. 2018. Axillary shoot proliferation from aseptic seedlings of Nepeta nuda subsp. albiflora. J. Med. Plant Stud. 6, 34-37.
  • Ertan, A., Azcan, N., Demirci, B., Başer, K.H.C. 2001. Fatty acid composition of Sideritis species. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 37(4), 301-303.
  • Gamborg, O.L., Miller, R.A., Ojima, K. 1968. Nutrition requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp. Cell Res 50, 151-159.
  • Gökçeoğlu, M., Sukatar, A. 1987. Preliminary experiments on germination conditions of Eranthis hyemalis seeds. In: Herbal Drugs Raw Materials Meeting Proceedings Book, Ankara, 154-157.
  • Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., Başer, C. 2000. “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Supplement 2)” Vol. 11. University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., Babaç, M.T. 2012. Türkiye bitkileri listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, İstanbul.
  • Hilooğlu, M., Yücel, E., Kandemir, A. Sözen, E. 2016. Endemik Teucrium leucophyllum (Lamiaceae) tohumlarında in vitro çimlendirme çalışmaları. Sinop Uni J. Nat. Sci 1(1), 53-61.
  • ISTA. 1999. International rules for seed testing. Seed Science and Technology 21, 288 pp.
  • Kauffman, M.R. 1969. Effects of water potential of germination of lettuce, sunflower and citrus seeds. Canadian Journal of Botany 49, 410-515.
  • Kurt S, Erdağ, B. 2009. In vitro germination and axillary shoot propagation of Centaurea zeybekii. Biologia-Section Botany 64(1), 97-101.
  • Kuşaksız, G. 2019. Rare and endemic taxa of Lamiceae in Turkey and their threat categories. Journal of Scientific Perspectives 3 (1), 69-84.
  • Lorite, J., Ruiz-Girela, M., Castro, J. 2007. Patterns of seed germination in Mediterranean mountains: study on 37 endemic or rare species from Sierra Nevada, SE Spain. Candollea 62, 5-16.
  • Mercier, H. Kerbauy, G.B. 1997. Micropropagation of ornamental bromeliads (Bromeliaceae). Biotechnol. Agric. For. 40, 43-57.
  • Morene-Saiz, J.C., Dominguez, F., Sainez-Ollero, H. 2003. Recent progress in conservation of threatened Spanish vascular flora: A critical review. Biological Conservation 113, 419-431.
  • Murashige, T., Skoog, F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Plant Physiology 15, 473-497.
  • Opalchenova, G., Obreshkova, D. 1999. Antibacterial action of extracts of Clinopodium vulgare L. curative plant. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 25, 323-328.
  • Oztürk, M., Altay, V., Gücel, S., Altundağ, E. 2017. Plant diversity of the Drylands in Southeast Anatolia-Turkey: role in human health and food security. In: Ansari, A.A., Gill, S.S. (Eds.), Plant Biodiversity: Monitoring, Assessment and Conservation. CABI, Wallingford, pp. 83–124.
  • Padilla, I.M.G., Encina, C.L. 2003. In vitro germination of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) seeds. Hortic. Sci. 97, 219-227.
  • Palavan-Ünsal, N., 1993. Bitki Büyüme Maddeleri. İst. Üniv. Basımevi ve Film Merkezi, Üniversite Yayın No: 3677, İstanbul.
  • Perez, G.R.M. 2013. Antihepatotoxic, nephroprotective, and antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds from Satureja macrostema leaves against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in mice. Medicinal Chemistry Research 22, 1846-1855.
  • Sargin, S.A., Büyükcengiz, M. 2019. Plants used in ethnomedicinal practices in Gulnar district of Mersin, Turkey. J. Herb. Med. 15, 1-18.
  • Soumitra, M., Witchuda, K., Silvia, Z., Corine, S., Eduardo, G., Claes-Goran, O., Annelie, B. 2017. Extract of Clinopodium bolivianum protects against E. coli invasion of uroepithelial cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 198, 214-220.
  • Şener, S.Ö., Korkmaz, S., Akkaya, Ş., Badem, M., Aliyazıcıoğlu, R., Özgen, U., Karaoğlu, Ş.A. 2018. Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare ekstresinin antioksidan, antimikrobial, tirozinaz inhibitor aktiviteleri ve RP-HPLC ile fenolik bileşiklerinin araştırılması. GÜFBED/GUSTIJ (2018) 8 (2): 230-238.
  • Tosun, A., Süntar, İ., Keleş, H., Kiremit, H., Asakawa, Y., Akkol, E. 2016. Wound healing potential of selected liverworts growing in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, 3, 285-291.
  • Turner, B. L. 2008. Taxonomic status of Clinopodium macrostemum (Lamiaceae). Phytologia 90, 411-413.
  • Ünal, O., Gökçeoğlu, M., Topcuoğlu, F.S. 2004. Investigations on seed germination and propagation of Origanum species endemic for Antalya. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Akdeniz University 17(2), 135-147.
  • Ünyayar, S., 1995. Phanerochaete chrysosporium ME446’da kültür periyoduna bağlı olarak indol-3-asetik asit (IAA), gibberellik asit (GA3), absisik asit (ABA) ve zeatin üretimi ve biyolojik aktivitelerinin tayini. İnönü Üniv. Fen Bil. Enst. Doktora Tezi, p 163.
  • Villa-Ruano, N., Pacheco-Hernandez, Y., Zurita- Vasquez, G., Betancourt-Jiménez, M.B., CruzDuran, R., Duque-Bautista, H. 2013. Antilipase and antioxidant properties of 30 medicinal plants used in Oaxaca México. Biological Research 46, 153-160.
  • White P. 1963. The cultivation of animal and plant cells, Ronald Press, New York.
  • Wurzburger, J., Leshem, Y. 1974. The role of gibberellin and the hulls in the control of germination in Aegilos kotshyi Caryopses. Canadian Journal of Botany 52, 1597-1601.
  • Yücel, E. 1996. A research on seed germina-tion characteristics on Sideritis germanicopoli-tana Bornm. subsp. germanicopolina and Si-deritis germanicopolitana Bornm. subsp. virid-is Hausskn ex Bornm. Faculty of Science Journal of Anadolu University 2, 65-73.
  • Zielinski, H., Frias, J., Piskula, M.K., Kozlowska, H. 2006. The effect of germination process on the superoxide dismutase-like activity and thiamine, riboflavin and mineral contents of rape seeds. Food Chemistry 99, 516-520.

Researchs on In vitro Germination and Seedling Devolopment of Clinopodium dolichodontum (P.H.Davis) Bräuchler & Heubl

Year 2021, , 469 - 474, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1007952

Abstract

Clinopodium dolichodontum (P.H. Davis) Bräuchler & Heubl, belonging to the Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family, is an critically endangered endemic and medicinal plant. Members of this family are characterized by their secondary metabolite and antioxidant properties. C. dolichodontum contains isomentone, cts-piperitone oxide, pulegon, piperitone. Due to the small natural population of the species, an alternative method is needed for the propagation of individuals of the species. In this paper, in vitro germination and seedling growth of C.dolichodontum were investigated.

At the first step, the effect of media and gibberellic acid on in vitro seed germination were investigated. The sterilised seeds were cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), B5 (Gamborg et al., 1968) and WH (White) liquid media. Additionally, distilled water (DW) were used as control. A higher ratio of germination was obtained on DS medium than other media. To determine the effect of gibberellik acid (GA3) on in vitro germination, seeds were cultured on DW supplemented with GA3 (1, 2 or 3 mgL-1). The highest germination value (80%) was obtained on DW with 1 mgL-1 GA3.
At the second step, appropriate medium for in vitro seedling development was investigated. Plantlets obtained from germinated seeds were transferred to solidified MS, B5 and WH media. After the end of two subcultures the development of seedlings was evaluated by taking into account the number of shoots, maximum shoot length, number of roots and root length. MS was determined the most suitable medium for seedling development according to findings.

References

  • Arslan, N., Gürbüz, B., Gümüşçü, A., Sarıhan, E. O., İpek, A., Özcan S, Mirici S ve ark., 2002. Researches on cultivation of Sternbergia candida Mathew et. Baytop. Proceedings of 14th Meeting of Plant Originated Drugs Eskişehir, Turkey
  • Başer, K.H.C, Kırımer, N., Duman, H. 1997. Composition of the essential oil of Micromeria dolichodontha P. H. Davis. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 12, 289-291.
  • Bauri, M.W., Kulkarni, M.G., Street, R.A., Mulaudzi, R.B., Van Staden., J. 2009. Studies on seed germination, seedling growth, and in vitro shoot induction of Aloe ferox Mill., a commercially important species. Hortic. Sci. 44(3),751-756.
  • Blanca, G., Cueto, M., Martinez-Lirola, M.J., Molero, J. 1998. Threatened vascular flora of Sierra neveda (Southern Spain). Biological Conservation 85, 269-285.
  • Bräuchler, C., Meimberg, H., Heubl, G. 2006. New names in old World Clinopodium. – the transfer of the species of Micromeria sect. Pseudomelissa to Clinopodium. Taxon 55, 977-981.
  • Cardemil, L., Rainero, A. 1982. Changes of Araucaria araucana seed reserves during germination and early seedling. Canadian Journal of Botany 60, 1629-1639.
  • Celep, F., Dirmenci,T. 2017. Systematic and biogeographic overview of Lamiaceae in Turkey. Naturel Volatiles, Essential Oils 4 (4), 14-27.
  • Çelikol, D. 2015. Hypericum perforatum bitkisinden elde edilen kantaron yağının yara iyileşmesi üzerine etkilerinin deneysel olarak incelenmesi. Doktora tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Ağız Diş ve Çene Cerrahisi Anabilim Dalı, Sivas, 196s.
  • Dzhambazov, B., Daskalova, S., Monteva, A., Popov, N., 2002. In vitro screening for antitumour activity of Clinopodium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) extracts. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin Journal 25, 499- 504.
  • Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytaç, Z., Adıgüzel, N. 2000. Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabı (Red Data Book of Turkish Plants), Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta. Türkiye Tabiatını Koruma Derneği, Ankara.
  • Emek, Y. 2018a. Micromeria dolichodontha P.H. Davis 'nın in vitro aksiller sürgün yoluyla çoğaltımı. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknolojisi Dergisi 14, 337-342.
  • Emek, Y. 2018b. Researches on in vitro germination and seedling development of medicinal endemic Nepeta viscida Boiss. belonging Lamiaceae family. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 27, 8119-8127.
  • Erdağ, B., Emek, Y. Kurt, S. 2010. Clonal propagation of Dorystoechas hastata via axillary shoot proliferation. Turk. J. Bot. 34, 233-240.
  • Erdağ, B., Emek, Y., Kuzu, İ., Bağdatlı, M.N. 2018. Axillary shoot proliferation from aseptic seedlings of Nepeta nuda subsp. albiflora. J. Med. Plant Stud. 6, 34-37.
  • Ertan, A., Azcan, N., Demirci, B., Başer, K.H.C. 2001. Fatty acid composition of Sideritis species. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 37(4), 301-303.
  • Gamborg, O.L., Miller, R.A., Ojima, K. 1968. Nutrition requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp. Cell Res 50, 151-159.
  • Gökçeoğlu, M., Sukatar, A. 1987. Preliminary experiments on germination conditions of Eranthis hyemalis seeds. In: Herbal Drugs Raw Materials Meeting Proceedings Book, Ankara, 154-157.
  • Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., Başer, C. 2000. “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Supplement 2)” Vol. 11. University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., Babaç, M.T. 2012. Türkiye bitkileri listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, İstanbul.
  • Hilooğlu, M., Yücel, E., Kandemir, A. Sözen, E. 2016. Endemik Teucrium leucophyllum (Lamiaceae) tohumlarında in vitro çimlendirme çalışmaları. Sinop Uni J. Nat. Sci 1(1), 53-61.
  • ISTA. 1999. International rules for seed testing. Seed Science and Technology 21, 288 pp.
  • Kauffman, M.R. 1969. Effects of water potential of germination of lettuce, sunflower and citrus seeds. Canadian Journal of Botany 49, 410-515.
  • Kurt S, Erdağ, B. 2009. In vitro germination and axillary shoot propagation of Centaurea zeybekii. Biologia-Section Botany 64(1), 97-101.
  • Kuşaksız, G. 2019. Rare and endemic taxa of Lamiceae in Turkey and their threat categories. Journal of Scientific Perspectives 3 (1), 69-84.
  • Lorite, J., Ruiz-Girela, M., Castro, J. 2007. Patterns of seed germination in Mediterranean mountains: study on 37 endemic or rare species from Sierra Nevada, SE Spain. Candollea 62, 5-16.
  • Mercier, H. Kerbauy, G.B. 1997. Micropropagation of ornamental bromeliads (Bromeliaceae). Biotechnol. Agric. For. 40, 43-57.
  • Morene-Saiz, J.C., Dominguez, F., Sainez-Ollero, H. 2003. Recent progress in conservation of threatened Spanish vascular flora: A critical review. Biological Conservation 113, 419-431.
  • Murashige, T., Skoog, F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Plant Physiology 15, 473-497.
  • Opalchenova, G., Obreshkova, D. 1999. Antibacterial action of extracts of Clinopodium vulgare L. curative plant. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 25, 323-328.
  • Oztürk, M., Altay, V., Gücel, S., Altundağ, E. 2017. Plant diversity of the Drylands in Southeast Anatolia-Turkey: role in human health and food security. In: Ansari, A.A., Gill, S.S. (Eds.), Plant Biodiversity: Monitoring, Assessment and Conservation. CABI, Wallingford, pp. 83–124.
  • Padilla, I.M.G., Encina, C.L. 2003. In vitro germination of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) seeds. Hortic. Sci. 97, 219-227.
  • Palavan-Ünsal, N., 1993. Bitki Büyüme Maddeleri. İst. Üniv. Basımevi ve Film Merkezi, Üniversite Yayın No: 3677, İstanbul.
  • Perez, G.R.M. 2013. Antihepatotoxic, nephroprotective, and antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds from Satureja macrostema leaves against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in mice. Medicinal Chemistry Research 22, 1846-1855.
  • Sargin, S.A., Büyükcengiz, M. 2019. Plants used in ethnomedicinal practices in Gulnar district of Mersin, Turkey. J. Herb. Med. 15, 1-18.
  • Soumitra, M., Witchuda, K., Silvia, Z., Corine, S., Eduardo, G., Claes-Goran, O., Annelie, B. 2017. Extract of Clinopodium bolivianum protects against E. coli invasion of uroepithelial cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 198, 214-220.
  • Şener, S.Ö., Korkmaz, S., Akkaya, Ş., Badem, M., Aliyazıcıoğlu, R., Özgen, U., Karaoğlu, Ş.A. 2018. Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare ekstresinin antioksidan, antimikrobial, tirozinaz inhibitor aktiviteleri ve RP-HPLC ile fenolik bileşiklerinin araştırılması. GÜFBED/GUSTIJ (2018) 8 (2): 230-238.
  • Tosun, A., Süntar, İ., Keleş, H., Kiremit, H., Asakawa, Y., Akkol, E. 2016. Wound healing potential of selected liverworts growing in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, 3, 285-291.
  • Turner, B. L. 2008. Taxonomic status of Clinopodium macrostemum (Lamiaceae). Phytologia 90, 411-413.
  • Ünal, O., Gökçeoğlu, M., Topcuoğlu, F.S. 2004. Investigations on seed germination and propagation of Origanum species endemic for Antalya. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Akdeniz University 17(2), 135-147.
  • Ünyayar, S., 1995. Phanerochaete chrysosporium ME446’da kültür periyoduna bağlı olarak indol-3-asetik asit (IAA), gibberellik asit (GA3), absisik asit (ABA) ve zeatin üretimi ve biyolojik aktivitelerinin tayini. İnönü Üniv. Fen Bil. Enst. Doktora Tezi, p 163.
  • Villa-Ruano, N., Pacheco-Hernandez, Y., Zurita- Vasquez, G., Betancourt-Jiménez, M.B., CruzDuran, R., Duque-Bautista, H. 2013. Antilipase and antioxidant properties of 30 medicinal plants used in Oaxaca México. Biological Research 46, 153-160.
  • White P. 1963. The cultivation of animal and plant cells, Ronald Press, New York.
  • Wurzburger, J., Leshem, Y. 1974. The role of gibberellin and the hulls in the control of germination in Aegilos kotshyi Caryopses. Canadian Journal of Botany 52, 1597-1601.
  • Yücel, E. 1996. A research on seed germina-tion characteristics on Sideritis germanicopoli-tana Bornm. subsp. germanicopolina and Si-deritis germanicopolitana Bornm. subsp. virid-is Hausskn ex Bornm. Faculty of Science Journal of Anadolu University 2, 65-73.
  • Zielinski, H., Frias, J., Piskula, M.K., Kozlowska, H. 2006. The effect of germination process on the superoxide dismutase-like activity and thiamine, riboflavin and mineral contents of rape seeds. Food Chemistry 99, 516-520.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yelda Emek 0000-0003-1095-3908

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Emek, Y. (2021). Clinopodium dolichodontum (P.H.Davis) Bräuchler & Heubl ’un In vitro Çimlenmesi ve Fide Gelişimi Üzerine Araştırmalar. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(31), 469-474. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1007952