Koronavirüs Pandemisinin Kıbrıs’taki Hava Kalitesine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

2019'un sonunda Çin'in Wuhan şehrinde Coronavirus (COVID-19) olarak bilinen bulaşıcı virüsün ortaya çıkması, dünyayı yalnızca politik, sosyal ve ekonomik olarak etkilemekle kalmadı, aynı zamanda çoğu ülkenin çevresel konularını da etkiledi. Koronavirüs nedeniyle birçok ülkede alınan sokağa çıkma yasağı döneminde, antropojenik faaliyetlerin önemli derecede azalması nedeniyle hava kirliliği seviyesinde bir azalma olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışma, sokağa çıkma yasağı öncesi, sokağa çıkma yasağı ve sonrasındaki kısmi sokağa çıkma yasağı periyotlarını kapsayan, Ocak 2020'den Haziran 2020'ye kadar olan dönemde Kıbrıs'taki hava kirleticilerinin (PM, NO2, Ozone) seviyesini analiz etmeyi ve hava kalitesini bir yıl önceki aynı dönemle karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

• COVID-10
• Sokağa çıkma yasağı
• hava kalitesi
• AOD
• NO2
• t-testi

Assesment of Coronavirus Pandemic Effect on Air Quality in Cyprus

Abstract

The emergence of the infectious virus known as Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the Chinese city of Wuhan at the end of 2019 not only affected the world politically, socially and economically, but also affected the environmental issues of most countries. During the curfew period in many countries due to the coronavirus, it is thought that there is a decrease in the level of air pollution due to the significant decrease in anthropogenic activities. This study is aimed to analyze level of air pollutants (PM, NO2, Ozone) over Cyprus within the period from January 2020 to June 2020 which covers the before lockdown, lockdown, and partial lockdown periods and compare the air quality with the same period of the one year before.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• Lockdown
• Air Quality
• AOD
• NO2
• t-test

References

1. Achilleos, S., Evans, J. S., Yiallouros, P. K., Kleanthous, S., Schwartz, J., Koutrakis, P. (2014). PM10 concentration levels at an urban and background site in Cyprus: the impact of urban sources and dust storms. Journal of Air&Waste Management Association, 64(12), 1352-60.
2. Agbaire, P. O., & Esiefarienrhe, E. (2009). Air Pollution tolerance indices (apti) of some plants around Otorogun Gas Plant in Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 13(1).
3. Apte, M. G., Buchanan, I. S. & Mendell, M. J. (2008). Outdoor ozone and building-related symptoms in the BASE study. Indoor air, 18(2), 156-170.
4. Berman, J. D., & Ebisu, K. (2020). Changes in US air pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic. Science of the Total Environment, 739, 139864.
5. Briz-Redón, Á., Belenguer-Sapiña, C., & Serrano-Aroca, Á. (2021). Changes in air pollution during COVID-19 lockdown in Spain: a multi-city study. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 101, 16-26.
6. Bukhari, Q. & Jameel, Y. (2020). Will Coronavirus Pandemic Diminish by Summer? SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3556998.
7. Cakir, S. & Sita, M. (2020). Evaluating the performance of ANN in predicting the concentrations of ambient air pollutants in Nicosia, Atmospheric Pollution Research., 11(12), 2327-2334.
8. Das, M., Das, A., Sarkar, R., Saha, S., & Mandal, A. (2020). Examining the impact of lockdown (due to COVID-19) on ambient aerosols (PM 2.5): A study on Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) Cities, India. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 1-17.

9. Dutheil, F., Baker, J. S., & Navel, V. (2020). COVID-19 as a factor influencing air pollution?. Environmental pollution, 263, 114466.
10. Gautam, S. (2020). COVID-19: Air pollution remains low as people stay at home. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13, 853-857.
11. Goodman, J. E., Sax, S. N., Lange, S., & Rhomberg, L. R. (2015). Are the elements of the proposed ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards informed by the best available science?. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 72(1), 134-140.
12. Gupta, P. Levy, R. C., Mattoo, S., Remer, L. A., Munchak, L. A. (2016). A surface reflectance scheme for retrieving aerosol optical depth over urban surfaces in MODIS Dark Target retrieval algorithm. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 9 , pp. 3293-3308
13. Hadjinicolaou, P., Giannakopoulos, C., Zerefos, C., Lange, M. A., Pashiardis, S. & Lelieveld, J. (2011). Mid-21st century climate and weather extremes in Cyprus as projected by six regional climate models. Regional Environmental Change, 11, 441–457.
14. Humbal, C., Joshi, S. K., Trivedi, U. K., & Gautam, S. (2019). Evaluating the colonization and distribution of fungal and bacterial bio-aerosol in Rajkot, western India using multi-proxy approach. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 693-704.
15. Kerimray, A., Baimatova, N., Ibragimova, O. P., Bukenov, B., Kenessov, B., Plotitsyn, P., & Karaca, F. (2020). Assessing air quality changes in large cities during COVID-19 lockdowns: The impacts of traffic-free urban conditions in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Science of the Total Environment, 730, 139179.
16. Kıbrıs Gazetesi, (2019a). Meteoroloji Dairesinden toz uyarısı. Kıbrıs, https://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/kibris/meteoroloji-dairesinden-toz-uyarisi-3-h67646.html
17. Kıbrıs Gazetesi, (2019b). Toz zerrecikleri kirlilik yaratacak. Kıbrıs, https://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/kibris/toz-zerrecikleri-kirlilik-yaratacak-h69133.html).
18. Levelt, P. F., van den Oord, G. H., Dobber, M. R., Malkki, A., Visser, H., de Vries, J., Stammes, P., Lundell, J. O. V., & Saari, H. (2006). The ozone monitoring instrument. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 44(5), 1093-1101.
19. Mahato, S., Pal, S., & Ghosh, K. G. (2020). Effect of lockdown amid COVID-19 pandemic on air quality of the megacity Delhi, India. Science of the Total Environment, 730, 139086.
20. Marcos, A. (2011). Air: When breathing is threat. Why Newsletter, WHO Europe, Issue 4. Retrived from https://www.euro.who- .int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/147656/WHY_Newsletter4.pdf.
21. Nakada, L. Y. K., & Urban, R. C. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on the air quality during the partial lockdown in São Paulo state, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 730, 139087.
22. Patel, H., Talbot, N., Salmond, J., Dirks, K., Xie, S., & Davy, P. (2020). Implications for air quality management of changes in air quality during lockdown in Auckland (New Zealand) in response to the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Science of the Total Environment, 746, 141129.
23. Querol, X., Pey, J., Pandolfi, M., Alastuey, A., Cusack, M., Pérez, N., Moreno, T., Viana, M., Mihalopoulos, N., Kallos, G., Kleanthous, S. (2009). African dust contributions to mean ambient PM10 mass-levels across the Mediterranean Basin. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 4266–4277.
24. Rai, P. K., Panda, L. L. S., Chutia, B. M., Singh, M. M. (2013). Comparative assessment of air pollution tolerance index (APTI) in the industrial (Rourkela) and non industrial area (Aizawl) of India: an eco-management approach. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(10), 944-948.
25. Sicard, P., De Marco, A., Agathokleous, E., Feng, Z., Xu, X., Paoletti, E., Jaime, J., Rodriguez, D & Calatayud, V. (2020). Amplified ozone pollution in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown. Science of the Total Environment, 735, 139542.
26. Stirnberg R., Cermak J., Andersen H. (2018). An Analysis of Factors Influencing the Relationship between Satellite-Derived AOD and Ground-Level PM10. Remote Sensing, 10(9),1353.
27. Tobías, A., Carnerero, C., Reche, C., Massagué, J., Via, M., Minguillón, M. C., Alastuey, A & Querol, X. (2020). Changes in air quality during the lockdown in Barcelona (Spain) one month into the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Science of the Total Environment, 726, 138540.
28. Tosepu, R., Effendy, D. S., & Ahmad, L. O. A. I. (2020). The first confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Indonesian citizens. Public Health of Indonesia, 6(2), 70-71.
29. Tsilingiridis, G., Sidiropoulos, C., Pentaliotis, A., Evripidou, C., Papastavros, C., Mesimeris, T., & Papastavrou, M. (2010). A spatially allocated emissions inventory for Cyprus. Global Nest Journal, 12(1), 99-107.
30. Volkan, E., & Volkan, E. (2020). Under the COVID-19 lockdown: Rapid review about the unique case of North Cyprus. Psychological Trauma. Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(5), 539.
31. Wang, L., Li, M., Yu, S., Chen, X., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Jiang, L., Xia, Y., Li, J., Liu, W., Li, P., Lichtfouse, E., Rosenfeld, D & Seinfeld, J. H. (2020). Unexpected rise of ozone in urban and rural areas, and sulfur dioxide in rural areas during the coronavirus city lockdown in Hangzhou, China: implications for air quality. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 18(5), 1713-1723.
32. Wang, Q., & Su, M. (2020). A preliminary assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on environment–A case study of China. Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138915.
33. Zhang, Z., Arshad, A., Zhang, C., Hussain, S., & Li, W. (2020). Unprecedented temporary reduction in global air pollution associated with COVID-19 forced confinement: A continental and city scale analysis. Remote Sensing, 12(15), 2420.
34. Zhao, P., Tuygun, G. T., Li, B., Liu, J., Yuan, L., Luo, Y., Xiao, H & Zhou, Y. (2019). The effect of environmental regulations on air quality: A long-term trend analysis of SO2 and NO2 in the largest urban agglomeration in southwest China. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(6), 2030-2039.