Toprak İşleme ve Drenajın Siltli-Tınlı Bir Toprağın Fiziksel Özellikleri ve Sızma Karekterleri Üzerine Mevsimsel Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Yüzey akış, buharlaşma-terleme, ve toprak su tutma kapasitesi gibi toprak hidrolojik süreçlerinin daha iyi tahmin edilmesi ve anlaşılması için toprak işleme ve drenaj yönetiminin toprakta infiltrasyon karekteristiklerine etkilerinin araştırılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amaçları i) toprak işleme ve drenaj tekniklerinin toprak fiziksel özelliklerine ve toprakta infiltrasyona etkilerini izlemek ve ii) deneme parsellerinden ölçümlerle üretilen infiltrasyon modellerinin tahmin süreçlerindeki hassasiyetlerinin tahminci model ve optimize edilen model arasında karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırmanın yapıldığı arazi Crosby-Kokomo toprak serileri (ince, karışık, mezik, Aerik Okrakualf (havalanma problemi olmayan okrik epipedona sahip sıklıkla su basmasına maruz kalan Alfısol) ve ince, karışık, mezik, sıklıkla su basmasına maruz kalan tipik arcillik horizonlu Mollisol) büyük toprak guruplarını içermektedir. Deneme deseni üç paralelli, ikişer doza sahip, iki toprak işleme ve iki drenaj faktörünü içeren 2-faktöriyel rastgele deneme deseni olup, deneme konuları (çizel işleme (CH), sıfır işleme (NT) ve drenajlı (D) ve drenajsız (UD)) parsellerden meydana gelmektedir. Toprak kuru hacim ağırlığı (ρb), doygunluk hidrolik iletkenlik değeri (Ksat), toprak nem karakteristik eğrisi (SWRC), süzme kapasitesi ve piyezometrik su yükü seviyesi her parselde ölçülmüştür. Toprak drenaj debileri parsellerdeki her lateral boruda ve drenaj sistem çıkış ağzında ölçülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçları her iki toprak işleme yöntemi içerisinde her iki toprak derinliğinde de drenajsız uygulamaların drenajlı uygulamalara göre her zaman daha yüksek Ksat değerine sahip olduklarını göstermiştir. Her iki drenaj uygulaması içerisinde her iki derinlik için yapılan karşılaştırmada çizel parseller sıfır işleme parsellerinden her zaman daha büyük Ksat değerlerine sahip olmuşlardır. Yüzey toprağında drenajlı parseller toprak hacim ağırlığını sırasıyla sıfır işleme+drenajsız uygulama parsellerinde %4,2-0,8 kadar düşürürken, yüzey altı toprak katmanında (15-30 cm katmanı) çizel+drenajsız parsellerde %4,61-6,7 kadar azaltmıştır. Çizel+drenajsız parseller hariç, drenajsız uygulamalar her iki derinlik katmanında da drenajlı uygulamalara göre bütün toprak işleme parsellerinde daha yüksek kuru hacim ağırlığı değerine sahip olmuştur. Sıfır işleme+drenaj uygulamaları çizel toprak işlemeye göre her iki toprak derinliğinde de daha yüksek kuru hacim ağırlığı değerlerine sahiptirler. Drenaj parselleri drenajsız parsellere göre gözenek çapı dağılımını önemli derecede artırmıştır (p<0,05). Drenajlı parseller (%9.37) drenajsız parsellere (%8.96) göre önemli miktarda daha fazla depo por ve etkili por (-10kPa negatif basınçta su dolu porlar) hacmine sahip bulunmuştur(p<0.05). Sıfır işlemeli parseller çizel parsellere göre daha anlık yüksek infiltrasyon değerlerine sahip olmuştur ve drenajlı parseller drenajsız parsellere göre daha yüksek infiltrasyon oranı ve eklemeli infiltrasyon değerlerine sahip olmuşlardır. Toprak fiziksel özelliklerinde meydana gelen değişimler güçlü bir şekilde ve önemli derecede mevsime, toprak derinliğine ve yağış miktarlarına bağlı olduğu görülmektedir (p<0,05). Optimize edilmiş infiltrasyon modelleri her bir deneme konusu için tahminci modele göre daha geniş bir aralığı tahmin etme özelliğine sahip oldukları görülmüştür. Buda gösteriyor ki optimizasyon süreci tarla ölçümleriyle elde edilen tahminci modelden daha yüksek hassasiyet ve geçerlilik derecesine sahiptir. Sonuç olarak, toprak kuru hacim ağırlığı, Ksat, yüksek makropor miktarları, toprağın infiltrasyon oranları, su tutma kapasitesi ve drenaj debilerine karşı tepkisini mevsimsel olarak korumalı tarım ve drenaj etkisi altında önemli derecede etkileyebilmekte ve bu etki nedeniyle korumalı tarım ve drenaj pratikleri daha çok su tutma potansiyeli tetiklemektedir/geliştirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Drenaj
• Süzme
• Toprak işleme

Evaluation of Seasonal Effects of Tillage and Drainage Management Practices on Soil Physical Properties and Infiltration Characteristics in a Silt-Loam Soil

Abstract

The impacts of tillage and drainage managements on soil infiltration characteristics need to be scrutinized for a better understanding and prediction of soil hydrological processes, such as runoff, evapotranspration and soil water storage. The objectives of this study were i) to evaluate the effects of tillage and drainage practices on soil physical properties and water infiltration, and ii) to compare prediction accuracy of estimated and optimized infiltration model characteristics for the observed and predicted quantities of infiltration process in the soil. The research site contains the Crosby-Kokomo soil series (fine, mixed, mesic, Aeric Ochraqualf and fine, mixed, mesic Typic Argiaquoll, respectively). The experiment was a two factorial completely randomized block design with two levels of tillage (chisel plow (CH) and no-till (NT)) and two levels of drainage (drained (D) and undrained (UD)) with three replicates. Soil bulk density (ρb), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), soil moisture retention curves (SMRC), soil infiltration capacity and piezometric water head in each treatment were also measured. Soil drainage flows at each drain lateral and outlet discharges were measured. The results showed that The UD treatments were always higher for Ksat values than the D treatments regardless of the tillage practices for both depths and the CH treatments always had greater Ksat values than those in the NT at both the depths regardless of drainage practices. The D treatments reduced the soil bulk density by 4.2 and 0.8 % in the surface soil and 4.61 and 6.7% for the subsurface soil in respect to no-till-UD and chisel-UD treatments. The UD treatments had higher bulk density at both of the depths than those of the D treatments regardless of tillage practices except the CH-UD treatments. The NT had higher bulk density at both depths of the soil than those of the CH treatments regardless of drainage practices. Drainage increased pore size distribution significantly higher than the UD treatments (p<0.05). The D treatments had significantly higher storage pores and effective pores (9.37%) (pores retaining water at -10kPa pressure head) than the ones in the UD treatments (8.96%) (p<0.05). The NT treatments yielded higher infiltration rates than the CH and the D treatments produced higher apparent infiltration rates and cumulative infiltration values than the UDs. The changes in soil physical properties were found to be strongly and significantly dependent on season, soil depth, and rainfall (p<0.05). The optimized infiltration models predicted larger range of infiltration rate values for each treatment than the estimated infiltration models, indicating that the optimization produced higher accuracy and validity of the predicted models in the field. To conclude, soil dry bulk density, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, and increased macropore volumes can significantly impact soil hydrological responses to soil water infiltration, soil water storage and drainage flow under conservation tillage and drainage management practices on a seasonal basis. This impact enhances greater potential to capture water in soil for future crop use in the study site.

Keywords

• Tillage
• Drainage
• Infiltration.

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