Biyokütleden Elde Edilen Biyoyakıtlara Genel Bir Bakış

Abstract

Artan nüfus nedeniyle enerji ihtiyaçlarının artması ve mevcut fosil yakıtların gelecek yıllarda bu ihtiyacı karşılayamayacak olması araştırmacıları yeni ve yenilenebilir enerji arayışına yöneltmiştir. Biyoyakıtlara olan ilginin gün geçtikçe artma nedenlerinden biri de çevre kirliliğine neden olmamasıdır. Biyoyakıt kullanımının geliştirilmesi tarımın gelişmesini de teşvik eder. Ayrıca ülkemizdeki kırsal kalkınmayı da destekler. Yeni ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynağı olan ve biyoyakıt üretmek için hammadde olarak kullanılan biyokütle; elektrik üretiminde, ısıtma ve soğutma uygulamalarında, evsel ihtiyaçlarda, yakıt olarak ve endüstriyel uygulamalarda kullanılmaktadır. Biyokütle kaynağı olarak genellikle tarımsal atıklar, yağlı tohum bitkileri, karbonhidrat içeren bitkiler, hayvan ve insan atıkları, belediye atıkları ve endüstriyel atıklar kullanılmaktadır. Ülkemizde biyokütle kaynağından elde edilen biyoyakıtlardan elektrik üretilmesindeki en yüksek payı biyogaz almaktadır. Biyogazı ise birincil biyoyakıtlar takip etmektedir. Biyoyakıtlar biyodizel, biyogaz, biyoetanol, biyometanol, biyodimetil eter, biyoyağ, biyobütanol ve biyohidrojen olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Çalışmamızda bu biyoyakıt çeşitleri tek tek açıklanmıştır. Her bir biyoyakıt çeşidinin olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerine, nasıl elde edildiklerine ve nerelerde kullanıldıklarına değinilmiştir. Biyoetanol karbonhidrat bakımından zengin olan bitkilerden; biyometanol hayvansal atıklardan, çöplüklerden ve gıda atıkları gibi atıklardan; biyodizel yağlı tohum bitkilerinden elde edilen yağlardan ya da hayvansal yağlardan; biyodimetil eter metan ve karbondioksit içeren yenmeyen atıklardan; biyobütanol şeker ve tahıl gibi birinci nesil biyoyakıtlar ile tarım ve orman atıkları gibi yenilmeyen lignoselülozik malzemelerden; biyohidrojen tarımsal, odun, gıda, kanalizasyon, insan ve hayvan atıkları ile alglerden; biyogaz ise bitkisel ve hayvansal atıklardan elde edilmektedir.

Keywords

• Biyokütle
• Biyoyakıt
• İklim değişikliği
• Yenilenebilir enerji

An Overview of Biofuels Derived from Biomass

Abstract

The increase in energy needs due to the increasing population and the fact that existing fossil fuels will not be able to meet this need in the coming years have led researchers to seek new and renewable energy sources. One of the reasons why the interest in biofuels is increasing day by day is that it does not cause environmental pollution. Improving the use of biofuels also encourages the development of agriculture. It also supports rural development in our country. Biomass, which is a new and renewable energy source and used as a raw material to produce biofuels; It is used in electricity generation, heating and cooling applications, domestic needs, fuel and industrial applications. Agricultural wastes, oilseed crops, plants containing carbohydrates, animal and human wastes, municipal wastes and industrial wastes are generally used as biomass sources. In our country, biogas has the highest share in electricity generation from biofuels obtained from biomass sources. Biogas is followed by primary biofuels. Biofuels are classified as biodiesel, biogas, bioethanol, biomethanol, biodimethyl ether, biooil, biobutanol and biohydrogen. In our study, these biofuel types are explained one by one. The positive and negative aspects of each biofuel type, how they are obtained and where they are used are mentioned. Bioethanol is one of the plants rich in carbohydrates, biomethanol is produced from animal waste, landfills and waste such as food waste. Biodiesel is made from oils obtained from oilseed plants or from animal fats, from inedible waste containing bio dimethyl ether methane and carbon dioxide. Bioethanol is made from first generation biofuels such as sugar and grains, and inedible lignocellulosic materials such as agricultural and forestry wastes. Biohydrogen from agricultural, wood, food, sewage, human and animal wastes and algae, biogas is obtained from plant and animal wastes.

Keywords

• Biomass
• Biofuel
• Climate change
• Renewable energy
• Alternative fuel

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