Jeotermal Suların Uygulama Alanları ve Çevresel Problemler

Öz

Günümüzde artan enerji ihtiyacı, fosil yakıtların yenilenememesi, maliyet, olumsuz çevresel ve atmosferik etkiler nedeniyle yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yönelim artmaktadır. Hidroelektrik, rüzgar, güneş, jeotermal, dalga ve biyokütle kaynakları yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Jeotermal enerji, çevreci ve yenilenebilir yapısının yanında farklı kullanım alanlarına uygunluğu nedeni ile alternatif olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Jeotermal kaynakların çok çeşitli ve geniş kullanım alanları olmasıyla birlikte başlıca kullanım uygulamaları; elektrik üretimi, merkezi ısıtma ve soğutma, meyve ve sebzelerin kurutulması, sera ve toprak ısıtılması, su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği, yüzme, banyo ve sağlık amaçlı kullanımlardır. Jeotermal sistemlerin çoğu yüksek sıcaklık, basınç, buhar ve jeotermal akışkanları içermektedir. Jeotermal akışkanların bileşimleri lityum (Li), bor (B), arsenik (As), kalsiyum (Ca2+), magnezyum (Mg2+), demir (Fe), sülfat (SO42-) ve klorür (Cl-) gibi çeşitli bileşenlerden oluşmaktadır. Ayrıca jeotermal buhar belirli miktarda cıva, hidrojen sülfür, amonyak, metan ve radon gibi elementleri de içerebilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra jeotermal sulardaki bor, arsenik ve lityum gibi elementler insan sağlığı, tarım arazileri ve su ortamları için çeşitli olumsuz etkilere neden olmaktadır. Bu tip içeriklere sahip olan jeotermal sular, alıcı ortamlara deşarj edildiklerinde sucul yaşam, sulama suyu ve içme suyu üzerinde toksik çevresel etkilere sahiptir. Bu sebeple, jeotermal suların çeşitli yöntemlerle arıtılması gerekmektedir. Jeotermal akışkanın kimyasal özelliklerine bağlı olarak karşılaşılan sorunlardan bir diğeri de, orta ve yüksek sıcaklıktaki jeotermal sistemlerdeki tortulaşma ve korozyon problemleridir. Silika (SiO2), jeotermal enerji santrallerinde tortulaşmaya sebep olan ana bileşendir. Karbondioksit (CO2) varlığında oluşan korozyon ise, jeotermal sistemlerde en çok karşılaşılan durumlardan biridir. Bu çalışmada, jeotermal suların kimyasal özellikleri, uygulama alanları ve çevresel problemleri değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çevresel Etki
• Jeotermal Enerji
• Jeotermal Su
• Sürdürülebilirlik
• Tortulaşma

Application Areas of Geothermal Waters and Environmental Problems

Abstract

Today, the trend towards renewable energy sources is increasing due to the increasing energy demand, non-renewable fossil fuels, costs, negative environmental and atmospheric effects. Hydroelectric, wind, solar, geothermal, wave and biomass sources are classified as renewable energy sources. Geothermal energy stands out as an alternative due to its environmentally-friendly and renewable nature, as well as its suitability for different usage areas. Although geothermal resources have a wide range of uses, the main usage applications are; electricity generation, central heating and cooling, drying of fruits and vegetables, greenhouse and soil heating, aquaculture, swimming, bathing and health purposes. Most of these systems involve high temperature, pressure, steam and geothermal fluids. The compositions of geothermal fluids consist of various components such as lithium (Li), boron (B), arsenic (As), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), iron (Fe), sulfate (SO42-), and chloride (Cl-). In addition, geothermal steam may contain certain amounts of elements such as mercury, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane and radon. Also, elements such as boron, arsenic and lithium in geothermal waters cause various negative effects on human health, agricultural lands and aquatic environments. Geothermal waters, which have various contents, may have toxic environmental effects on aquatic life, irrigation water and drinking water when they discharged into receiving environments. For this reason, it is necessary to treat geothermal waters by various methods. Another problem encountered depending on the chemical properties of the geothermal fluid is scaling and corrosion problems in medium and high temperature geothermal systems. Silica (SiO2) is the main component that causes scaling in geothermal power plants. Corrosion in the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most common situations in geothermal systems. In this study, the chemical properties, application areas and environmental problems of geothermal waters were evaluated.

Keywords

• Environmental Impact
• Geothermal Energy
• Geothermal Water
• Scaling
• Sustainability

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