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Gypsum-Based Boards Made from Mixtures of Waste Cellulosic Sources: Part 1. Physical and Mechanical Properties

Year 2019, Issue: 16, 567 - 576, 31.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.565240

Abstract

It was realized that post-consumer
waste paper, old corrugated container (OCC) and secondary fiber addition
(cellulosic additives) to gypsum in panel structure negative impact on
Thickness Swelling (TS) values in water. However, highest TS values of 23.32%
(A6) in A-type, 12.76 (B6) in B-type and 7.79% (C6) in C-type experimental
boards found at similar proportions (50:50 w/w) of gypsum and cellulosic
additives while the lowest with control sample that was only 1.88%. Moreover,
the boards produced by secondary fiber/gypsum mixture (C type boards) under similar
ratios (w/w) were found to higher IB strength than others
. The highest IB strength
value of 0.60 N/mm2 found for C3 board while the ratio of the
secondary fiber in the mixture to be more than 20% negative effects on IB
values ​​to a certain extent. The addition of all three cellulosic sources to
the gypsum structure increases the bending strength properties some level. At
10% (A2: 6.59 N/mm2) and 50% (A6: 6.44 N/mm2) proportion
levels, A-type boards show higher bending strengths than the B- and C-type
boards. In all manufacturing conditions and board types, the natural weathered
boards have always shown lower hardness properties than counterpart control
samples.

References

  • ASTM-C 1113-09. (2013). Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories by Hot Wire (Platinum Resistance Thermometer Technique), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM D2240-15e1. (2015). Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • Avcıoğlu M. (2011). Yapı Teknolojisi 3, Birsen Yayınevi, 680s, İstanbul,
  • Baipai, P. (2013). Recycling and Deinking of Recovered Paper, NY. 240 p.
  • Baipai, P. (2018). Biermann's Handbook of Pulp and Paper: Volume 1: Raw Material and Pulp Making 3rd Ed., Elsevier, NY.668 p.
  • Cathie, K., Guest, D. (1991). Waste Paper, Pira International, Antony Rore Ltd. England.134 s.
  • Grigoriou, A. H. (2003). Waste Paper–Wood Composites Bonded With Isocyanate. Wood Science and Technology, 37(1), 79-90.
  • Demir, I. (2019). Investıgatıon of the technological properties of gypsum composites produced from some cellulosic based secondaryfiber sources, Süleyman Demirel University, Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences, MSc. Thesis, (Turkish, Abstract in English) Isparta. 113 p.
  • Forest Products Laboratory. (2010). Wood Handbook-Wood as an engineering material, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190, Madison, WI, 508p.
  • Herhández, O.F., Bollatti, M.R., Rio, M. and Landa, B.P. (1999). Development of cork-gypsum composites for building applications, Construction and Building Materials, 13, 179-186.
  • Hwang, C.Y., Hse C.Y., Shupe, T.F. (2005). Effects of recycled fiber on the properties of fiberboard panels. Forest Products Journal 55 (11), 61-64.
  • Kaya, A.I. (2015). A study of composite materials that produced from recovered fibers of recycled waste papers, Suleyman Demirel University, Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences, Ph.D Thesis, (Turkish, Abstract in English) Isparta, 239p.
  • Konukcu, M. (2001). Forests and Turkish forestry benefits statistical facts and forestry in the constituent. Turkish State Planning Organization, DPT Publication No: 2630, 258 p. Ankara, Turkey
  • Moloney, T.M. (1977). Modern particleboard and dry-process fiberboard manufacturing, Miller Freeman Publications, SanFrancisco, 688p.
  • Rowell, R.M. (1996). Opportunities for composites from agro-based resources, In: Paper and composites from agro based resources, R.M. Rowell, R.A. Young, J.K.
  • Rowell, (Eds), CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, FL.
  • Spangenberg, R.J. (1993). Secondary Fiber Recyling, (Editor), Tappi Press, Atlanta, GA.
  • Şahin, H. T. (2006). Kağıt ve kompozit ürünleri için lignoselülozik hammadde kaynakları, (Turkish, Abstract in English), Orman Mühendisliği, 43, 4-6.
  • Thompson, C. (1992). Recycled Papers: The Essential Guide, The MIT Press, London, 200p.
  • TS EN 310. (1999). Wood- Based panels- Determination of modulus of elasticity in bending and of bending strength, TSE, Ankara.
  • TS EN 317. (1999). Particleboards and fibreboards- Determination of swelling in thickness after immersion in water, TSE, Ankara.
  • TS EN 319. (1999). Particleboards and fibreboards- Determination of tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the board, (Turkish Standard), TSE, Ankara.
  • TS EN 13501-1. (2003). Fire classification of construction products and building elements – Part 1: Classification using test data from reaction to fire tests, (Turkish Standard), TSE, Ankara.
  • TS EN 11925-2. (2002). Reaction to fire tests - Ignitability of building products subjected to direct impingement of flame - Part 2: Single-flame source test, Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara.
  • TS EN 13501-1. (2003). Fire classification of construction products and building elements – Part 1: Classification using test data from reaction to fire tests, (Turkish Standard), TSE, Ankara. 2003.
  • Yang, H.S., Kim, D.J., Kim, H.J. (2002). Combustion And Mechanical Properties Of Fire Retardant Treated Waste Paper Board For Interior Finishing Material. Journal of fire sciences, 20(6), 505-517.

Atık Selülozik Karışımı Kaynaklardan Üretilen Alçı Esaslı Levhalar: 1. Bölüm. Fiziksel ve Mekanik Özellikler

Year 2019, Issue: 16, 567 - 576, 31.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.565240

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, kullanılarak atık/atık
duruma gelmiş kağıt (A tipi), eski kullanılmış oluklu mukavvalar (B tipi) ve
ikincil selüloz lifleri (C tipi)  alçı
yapısına katılarak kompozit panel levhalar üretilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına
göre, bu hammaddelerin alçı yapısna katılması su içinde kalınlık artım
değerlerini olumsuz etkilemiştir.  A, B
ve C tipi levhalarda en yüksek kalınlık artım değeri sırasıyla  %26,32, 12,76% ve %7,79 olarak benzer üretim
şartlarındaki A6, B6 ve C6  levhalarında
gözlemlenmiştir.  Bu levhaların üretim
şartları %50-50 (ağırlık/ağırlık) alçı-selülozik atık şeklindedir. Fakat en
düşük kalınlık artım değeri ise sadece alçıdan üretilmiş levhada (kontrol
levhası) %1,88 olarak ölçülmüştür. Sekonder lif/alçı karışımından üetilmiş C
tipi levhalarda, aynı üretim şartlarında A ve B tipi levhalardan daha yüksek iç
yapışma direnç (IB) özelliğine sahip levhalar üretilmiştir. En yüksek iç
yapışma direnci 0.60 N/mm2 olarak C3 tipi levhada gözlemlenmiştir.
Fakat %20 den daha yüksek sekonder lif eklanmesi alçıdan üretilmiş levhaların
direnç özelliklerini olumusuz etkilemiştir. Alçı yapısına eklenen her üç tip
hammadde de eğilme direnç özelliklerini (MOR) 
olumlu etki etttiği anlaşılmıştır. %10 ve %50 selülozik katkı durumunda,
A2 (6.59 N/mm2) ve A6 (6.44 N/mm2) levhaları diğer B ve C
tipi levhalara göre aynı üretim şartlarında 
daha yüksek eğilme direnç özelliği göstermiştir. Açık havada bekletilmiş
tüm deneme levhalarının sertlik özellikleri, kontrol örneklerinden daha düşük
olduğu anlaşılmıştır.

References

  • ASTM-C 1113-09. (2013). Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories by Hot Wire (Platinum Resistance Thermometer Technique), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM D2240-15e1. (2015). Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • Avcıoğlu M. (2011). Yapı Teknolojisi 3, Birsen Yayınevi, 680s, İstanbul,
  • Baipai, P. (2013). Recycling and Deinking of Recovered Paper, NY. 240 p.
  • Baipai, P. (2018). Biermann's Handbook of Pulp and Paper: Volume 1: Raw Material and Pulp Making 3rd Ed., Elsevier, NY.668 p.
  • Cathie, K., Guest, D. (1991). Waste Paper, Pira International, Antony Rore Ltd. England.134 s.
  • Grigoriou, A. H. (2003). Waste Paper–Wood Composites Bonded With Isocyanate. Wood Science and Technology, 37(1), 79-90.
  • Demir, I. (2019). Investıgatıon of the technological properties of gypsum composites produced from some cellulosic based secondaryfiber sources, Süleyman Demirel University, Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences, MSc. Thesis, (Turkish, Abstract in English) Isparta. 113 p.
  • Forest Products Laboratory. (2010). Wood Handbook-Wood as an engineering material, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190, Madison, WI, 508p.
  • Herhández, O.F., Bollatti, M.R., Rio, M. and Landa, B.P. (1999). Development of cork-gypsum composites for building applications, Construction and Building Materials, 13, 179-186.
  • Hwang, C.Y., Hse C.Y., Shupe, T.F. (2005). Effects of recycled fiber on the properties of fiberboard panels. Forest Products Journal 55 (11), 61-64.
  • Kaya, A.I. (2015). A study of composite materials that produced from recovered fibers of recycled waste papers, Suleyman Demirel University, Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences, Ph.D Thesis, (Turkish, Abstract in English) Isparta, 239p.
  • Konukcu, M. (2001). Forests and Turkish forestry benefits statistical facts and forestry in the constituent. Turkish State Planning Organization, DPT Publication No: 2630, 258 p. Ankara, Turkey
  • Moloney, T.M. (1977). Modern particleboard and dry-process fiberboard manufacturing, Miller Freeman Publications, SanFrancisco, 688p.
  • Rowell, R.M. (1996). Opportunities for composites from agro-based resources, In: Paper and composites from agro based resources, R.M. Rowell, R.A. Young, J.K.
  • Rowell, (Eds), CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, FL.
  • Spangenberg, R.J. (1993). Secondary Fiber Recyling, (Editor), Tappi Press, Atlanta, GA.
  • Şahin, H. T. (2006). Kağıt ve kompozit ürünleri için lignoselülozik hammadde kaynakları, (Turkish, Abstract in English), Orman Mühendisliği, 43, 4-6.
  • Thompson, C. (1992). Recycled Papers: The Essential Guide, The MIT Press, London, 200p.
  • TS EN 310. (1999). Wood- Based panels- Determination of modulus of elasticity in bending and of bending strength, TSE, Ankara.
  • TS EN 317. (1999). Particleboards and fibreboards- Determination of swelling in thickness after immersion in water, TSE, Ankara.
  • TS EN 319. (1999). Particleboards and fibreboards- Determination of tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the board, (Turkish Standard), TSE, Ankara.
  • TS EN 13501-1. (2003). Fire classification of construction products and building elements – Part 1: Classification using test data from reaction to fire tests, (Turkish Standard), TSE, Ankara.
  • TS EN 11925-2. (2002). Reaction to fire tests - Ignitability of building products subjected to direct impingement of flame - Part 2: Single-flame source test, Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara.
  • TS EN 13501-1. (2003). Fire classification of construction products and building elements – Part 1: Classification using test data from reaction to fire tests, (Turkish Standard), TSE, Ankara. 2003.
  • Yang, H.S., Kim, D.J., Kim, H.J. (2002). Combustion And Mechanical Properties Of Fire Retardant Treated Waste Paper Board For Interior Finishing Material. Journal of fire sciences, 20(6), 505-517.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Halil Şahin 0000-0001-5633-6505

İlkhan Demir This is me 0000-0002-1496-077X

Publication Date August 31, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 16

Cite

APA Şahin, H., & Demir, İ. (2019). Gypsum-Based Boards Made from Mixtures of Waste Cellulosic Sources: Part 1. Physical and Mechanical Properties. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(16), 567-576. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.565240