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Average Neural Face Embeddings for Gender Recognition

Year 2020, Ejosat Special Issue 2020 (ARACONF), 522 - 527, 01.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.araconf67

Abstract

In recent years, with the rise of artificial intelligence and deep learning, facial recognition technologies have been developed that operate with high accuracy even in adverse conditions. However, extracting demographic information such as gender, age and race from facial features has been a hot research area. In this study, a new Average Neural Face Embeddings (ANFE) method that uses facial vectors of people for gender recognition is presented. Instead of training deep neural network from scratch, a simple, fast and effective solution has been developed that performs a distance calculation between the average gender vectors and the person's face vector. The method proposed as a result of the study carried out provided a high and successful recognition performance with with 96.47% of the males and 99.92% of the females.

Thanks

This study was carried under the project “Deep Learning and Big Data Analysis Platform (DEGIRMEN)” supported by Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Presidency for Defence Industries (SSB).

References

  • Hinton, G. E., Osindero , S., & Teh , Y. W. (2006). A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets. Neural computation, 18(7), 1527-1554.
  • Geitgey, A., Available: https://github.com/ageitgey/face_recognition
  • Zhang, C., & Zhang, Z. (2014). Improving multiview face detection with multi-task deep convolutional neural networks. In Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2014 IEEE Winter Conference on, 036-1041.
  • Jain, V., & Learned-Miller, E. (2010). Fddb: A benchmark for face detection in unconstrained settings (Vol. 2, No. 6). UMass Amherst technical report.
  • Sun, Y., Wang, X., & Tang, X. (2013). Deep convolutional network cascade for facial point detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 3476-3483).
  • Zhang, Z., Luo, P., Loy, C. C., & Tang, X. (2014, September). Facial landmark detection by deep multi-task learning. In European conference on computer vision (pp. 94-108). Springer, Cham.
  • Eidinger, E., Enbar, R., & Hassner, T. (2014). Age and gender estimation of unfiltered faces. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 9(12), 2170-2179.
  • Hassner, T., Harel, S., Paz, E., & Enbar, R. (2015). Effective face frontalization in unconstrained images. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 4295-4304).
  • Levi, G., & Hassner, T. (2015). Age and gender classification using convolutional neural networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops (pp. 34-42).
  • Ranjan, R., Patel, V. M., & Chellappa, R. (2017). Hyperface: A deep multi-task learning framework for face detection, landmark localization, pose estimation, and gender recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 41(1), 121-135.
  • Rothe, R., Timofte, R., & Van Gool, L. (2018). Deep expectation of real and apparent age from a single image without facial landmarks. International Journal of Computer Vision, 126(2-4), 144-157.
  • Mansanet, J., Albiol, A., & Paredes, R. (2016). Local deep neural networks for gender recognition. Pattern Recognition Letters, 70, 80-86.
  • Antipov, G., Baccouche, M., Berrani, S. A., & Dugelay, J. L. (2017). Effective training of convolutional neural networks for face-based gender and age prediction. Pattern Recognition, 72, 15-26.
  • Xing, J., Li, K., Hu, W., Yuan, C., & Ling, H. (2017). Diagnosing deep learning models for high accuracy age estimation from a single image. Pattern Recognition, 66, 106-116.
  • Moeini, H., & Mozaffari, S. (2017). Gender dictionary learning for gender classification. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 42, 1-13.
  • Qawaqneha, Z., Mallouha, A.A. & Barkana, B.D. (2017, November). Age and gender classification from speech and face images by jointly fine-tuned deep neural networks. Expert Systems with Applications, 85, 76-86.
  • Smith , P., & Chen, C. (2018, December).Transfer Learning with Deep CNNs for Gender Recognition and Age Estimation. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 2564-2571.
  • Dhomne, A., Kumar, R., & Bhan, V. (2018). Gender Recognition Through Face Using Deep Learning. Procedia Computer Science, 132, 2-10.
  • Xu, L., Fan, H., & Xiang, J. (2019, September). Hierarchical Multi-Task Network For Race, Gender and Facial Attractiveness Recognition. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP),3861-3865.
  • King, D.E. (2009, July). Dlib-ml: A machine learning toolkit. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 1755-1758.
  • Amos, B., Ludwiczuk, B. & Satyanarayanan, M. (2016). Openface: A general-purpose face recognition library with mobile applications." CMU School of Computer Science 6.
  • He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2016). Deep residual learning for image recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 770-778.
  • Schroff, F., Kalenichenko, D., & Philbin, J. (2015). Facenet: A unified embedding for face recognition and clustering. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 815-823.
  • Weinberger, K.Q., & Saul, L.K. (2009). Distance metric learning for large margin nearest neighbor classification. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 10, 207-244.
  • Ng, H.W., & Winkler, S. (2014, October). A data-driven approach to cleaning large face datasets. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 343-347.

Average Neural Face Embeddings for Gender Recognition

Year 2020, Ejosat Special Issue 2020 (ARACONF), 522 - 527, 01.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.araconf67

Abstract

In recent years, with the rise of artificial intelligence and deep learning, facial recognition technologies have been developed that operate with high accuracy even in adverse conditions. However, extracting demographic information such as gender, age and race from facial features has been a hot research area. In this study, a new Average Neural Face Embeddings (ANFE) method that uses facial vectors of people for gender recognition is presented. Instead of training deep neural network from scratch, a simple, fast and effective solution has been developed that performs a distance calculation between the average gender vectors and the person's face vector. The method proposed as a result of the study carried out provided a high and successful recognition performance with with 96.47% of the males and 99.92% of the females.

References

  • Hinton, G. E., Osindero , S., & Teh , Y. W. (2006). A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets. Neural computation, 18(7), 1527-1554.
  • Geitgey, A., Available: https://github.com/ageitgey/face_recognition
  • Zhang, C., & Zhang, Z. (2014). Improving multiview face detection with multi-task deep convolutional neural networks. In Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2014 IEEE Winter Conference on, 036-1041.
  • Jain, V., & Learned-Miller, E. (2010). Fddb: A benchmark for face detection in unconstrained settings (Vol. 2, No. 6). UMass Amherst technical report.
  • Sun, Y., Wang, X., & Tang, X. (2013). Deep convolutional network cascade for facial point detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 3476-3483).
  • Zhang, Z., Luo, P., Loy, C. C., & Tang, X. (2014, September). Facial landmark detection by deep multi-task learning. In European conference on computer vision (pp. 94-108). Springer, Cham.
  • Eidinger, E., Enbar, R., & Hassner, T. (2014). Age and gender estimation of unfiltered faces. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 9(12), 2170-2179.
  • Hassner, T., Harel, S., Paz, E., & Enbar, R. (2015). Effective face frontalization in unconstrained images. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 4295-4304).
  • Levi, G., & Hassner, T. (2015). Age and gender classification using convolutional neural networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops (pp. 34-42).
  • Ranjan, R., Patel, V. M., & Chellappa, R. (2017). Hyperface: A deep multi-task learning framework for face detection, landmark localization, pose estimation, and gender recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 41(1), 121-135.
  • Rothe, R., Timofte, R., & Van Gool, L. (2018). Deep expectation of real and apparent age from a single image without facial landmarks. International Journal of Computer Vision, 126(2-4), 144-157.
  • Mansanet, J., Albiol, A., & Paredes, R. (2016). Local deep neural networks for gender recognition. Pattern Recognition Letters, 70, 80-86.
  • Antipov, G., Baccouche, M., Berrani, S. A., & Dugelay, J. L. (2017). Effective training of convolutional neural networks for face-based gender and age prediction. Pattern Recognition, 72, 15-26.
  • Xing, J., Li, K., Hu, W., Yuan, C., & Ling, H. (2017). Diagnosing deep learning models for high accuracy age estimation from a single image. Pattern Recognition, 66, 106-116.
  • Moeini, H., & Mozaffari, S. (2017). Gender dictionary learning for gender classification. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 42, 1-13.
  • Qawaqneha, Z., Mallouha, A.A. & Barkana, B.D. (2017, November). Age and gender classification from speech and face images by jointly fine-tuned deep neural networks. Expert Systems with Applications, 85, 76-86.
  • Smith , P., & Chen, C. (2018, December).Transfer Learning with Deep CNNs for Gender Recognition and Age Estimation. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 2564-2571.
  • Dhomne, A., Kumar, R., & Bhan, V. (2018). Gender Recognition Through Face Using Deep Learning. Procedia Computer Science, 132, 2-10.
  • Xu, L., Fan, H., & Xiang, J. (2019, September). Hierarchical Multi-Task Network For Race, Gender and Facial Attractiveness Recognition. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP),3861-3865.
  • King, D.E. (2009, July). Dlib-ml: A machine learning toolkit. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 1755-1758.
  • Amos, B., Ludwiczuk, B. & Satyanarayanan, M. (2016). Openface: A general-purpose face recognition library with mobile applications." CMU School of Computer Science 6.
  • He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2016). Deep residual learning for image recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 770-778.
  • Schroff, F., Kalenichenko, D., & Philbin, J. (2015). Facenet: A unified embedding for face recognition and clustering. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 815-823.
  • Weinberger, K.Q., & Saul, L.K. (2009). Distance metric learning for large margin nearest neighbor classification. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 10, 207-244.
  • Ng, H.W., & Winkler, S. (2014, October). A data-driven approach to cleaning large face datasets. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 343-347.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Semiha Makinist This is me 0000-0002-6636-7898

Betül Ay This is me 0000-0002-3060-0432

Galip Aydın This is me 0000-0002-9564-3329

Publication Date April 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Ejosat Special Issue 2020 (ARACONF)

Cite

APA Makinist, S., Ay, B., & Aydın, G. (2020). Average Neural Face Embeddings for Gender Recognition. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi522-527. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.araconf67

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