The Relationship between the Flow Properties of Clay Slurry Samples and the Properties of Ceramic Green/Sintered Products

Year 2020, Issue 20, 233 - 247, 31.12.2020

Sedef DIKMEN Tuğba MUCUR Zeyni ARSOY Bahri ERSOY

https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.752832

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of various dispersants (Dolapix PC-67, Dolapix SPC 7, Darvan CN, Darvan A821 and Na2SiO3) on the flow properties of slurry prepared using ESC-3 clay to find the optimum dispersant type and dispersant dosage to produce the required properties in green and sintered products produced by slip casting. By considering the flow curves of slurry, it was determined that the most suitable dispersant was Dolapix PC-67 and the dosage was ~0.1%. Afterwards, slurry was prepared in bar-shaped samples keeping the same experimental conditions and using Dolapix PC-67 dosages of 0, 0.03, 0.1 and 1.0 wt. %. The resulting green body samples were dried and sintered at 1200°C. Some physico-mechanical tests were applied to both the green and sintered samples, as well as investigating their microstructure, crystallinity and secondary phase formations using SEM and XRD. Some of the results obtained were as follows: (i) adding dispersant to the slurry had a positive effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the green and sintered products obtained by slip casting. (ii) Determination of the optimum dispersant dosage used in the ceramic slurry by slip casting is an important factor. When the properties of the green/final products and their flow curves measured by Ford cup were considered, it can be said that the dispersant dosage at which the shortest flow duration was obtained did not always correspond to the best results for the physico-mechanical properties of green/final products. (iii) The relationship between the green and sintered samples prepared from slip casting using different dispersant dosages, and the flow curves of these slips, could not be observed from their SEM images.

Keywords

Clay slurry, Clay slurry, Slip casting, Slip casting, Dispersant, Dispersant, Flow time, Flow time, Green/sintered product, Green/sintered product

References

• Kingery, W.D. (1960). Introduction to Ceramics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, USA.
• Reed, J.S. (1994). Principles of Ceramics Processing (second edition), John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York,USA.
• Tsetsekou, A., Agrafiotis, C., Leon, I. and Milias, A. (2001). Optimization of the Rheological Properties of Alumina Slurries for Ceramic Processing Applications Part II: Spray-Drying, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 21, 493-506.
• Mei, S., Yang, J. and Ferreira, J.M.F. (2003). Comparison of Dispersants Performance in Slip Casting of Cordierite-Based Glass-Ceramics, Ceram. Int. 29, 785-791.
• Hotta, Y., Omura, N., Sato, K. and Watari, K. (2007). Slip Casting Using Wet-Jet Milled Slurry, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 27, 753-757.
• Demirkol, N. (2019) Sintering and Technological Properties of Dry Pressed Ceramic Body Containing Kastamonu Mud and Clay, Europan Jounal of Science and Techonology 15, 499–504.
• Sun, X., Wu, H., Zhu, G., Shan, Y. N., Xu, J., Li, J. and Olevsky, E. (2020). Direct Coarse Powder Aqueous Slip Casting and pressureless Sintering of Highly Transparent AlON Ceramics, Ceram. Int. 46, 4850-4856.
• Xu, Y., Mao, X., Fan, J., Li, X., Feng, M., Jiang, B., Leia, F., and Zhang, L. (2017). Fabrication of Transparent Yttria Ceramics by Alcoholic Slip-Casting, Ceram. Int. 43, 8839–8844.
• Shanefield, D.J. (1996) Organic Additives and Ceramic Processing (second edition), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, USA.
• Dinger, D.R. (2002) Rheology for Ceramics - Dinger Ceramic Consulting Service, Clemson, USA.
• Landrou, G., Brumaud, C., Plötze, M. L., Winnefeld, F. and Habert, G. (2018). A Fresh Look at Dense Clay Paste: Deflocculation and Thixotropy Mechanisms, Colloid Surfaces A. 539, 252-260.
• Rahaman, M.N. (1995). Ceramic Prosessing and Sintering, Marcel Dekkel Inc., New York, USA.
• Amorós, J.L., Beltrán, V., Sanz, V.  Jarque, J.C. (2010). Electrokinetic and Rheological Properties of Highly Concentrated Kaolin Dispersions: Influence of Particle Volume Fraction and Dispersant Concentration. Appl. Clay Sci., 49, 33-43.
• Akpınar, S. (2019). Influence of Dispersing Agents on Microstructure-Related Properties of Slip Cast Cordierite Ceramics, Ceram. Int., 45, 15488–15495.
• Singer, F.S. (1963). Industrial Ceramics, Champman and Hall, London, England.
• Fangli, Y., Huanrui, W., Yu, B. and Jianfeng, Y. (2010). Preparation and Characterization of Porous Si3N4 Ceramics Prepared by Compression Molding and Slip Casting Methods, Bull. Mater. Sci., 33(5) 619–624.
• Greenwood, R. (2003). Review of the Measurement of Zeta Potentials in Concentrated Aqueous Suspensions using Electroacoustics, Adv. Coll. Inter. Sci., 106, 55-81.
• Gören, R., Ersoy, B., Özgür, C. and Alp, T. (2012). Colloidal Stability-Slip Casting Behaviour Relationship in Slurry of Mullite Synthesized by the USP Method, Ceram. Int., 38, 679-685.
• Ganesh, I. (2011). Aqueous Slip Casting of MgAl2O4 Spinel Powder, Bull. Mater. Sci., 34 (2), 327-335.
• Şakar-Deliormanlı, A. and Yayla, Z. (2004). Effect of Calcium Hydroxide on Slip Casting Behaviour, Appl. Clay Sci., 24, 237-243.
• Eygi, M.S. and Ateşok, G. (2008). An Investigation on Utilization of Poly-Electrolytes as Dispersant for Kaolin Slurry and its Slip Casting Properties, Ceram. Int., 34, 1903-1908.
• Marco, P. and Liorens, J. (2009). Surface Charge and Rheological Properties of Raw Porcelain Gres Suspension with Acrylic Bearing Carboxylic Groups, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 29, 559-564.
• Burgos-Montes, O. and Moreno, R. (2007). Colloidal Behaviour of Mullite Powders Produced by Combustion Synthesis, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 274, 751–4757.
• Temoche, F., Garrido, L.B. and Aglietti, E.F. (2005). Processing of Mullite-Zirconia Grains for Slip Cast Ceramics Slip Casting of Cordierite and Cordierite-Mullite Materials Ceram. Int. 31, 917–922.
• Camerucci, M.A., Cavalieri, A.L. and Moreno, R. (1998). Slip Casting of Cordierite and Cordierite-Mullite Materials, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 18, 2149–2157.
• Mei, S., Yang, J. and Ferreira, J. M. F. (2001). Effect of Dispersant Concentration on Slip Casting of Cordierite-Based Glass Ceramics, J. Coll. Inter. Sci., 241, 417–421.
• Lao, X., Xu, X., Jiang, W., Liang, J., Miao, L. and Wu, Q. (2020). Influences of Impurities and Mineralogical Structure of Different Kaolin Minerals on Thermal Properties of Cordierite Ceramics for High-Temperature Thermal Storage, Appl. Clay Sci., 187, 105485.
• Mucur, T. (2010). Optimisation of the Dispersion/Flowing Properties of Ball Clay used in Sanitary Ware Ceramic Productions and Its Influence on the Properties of Green and Fired Products, Afyon Kocatepe University, Institute for the Natural and Applied Sciences, Ms. Sc. Thesis.
• Grim, R.E. (1968). Clay Mineralogy (second edition), McGraw-Hill Book Comp, New York, USA.
• Karakaya, M. (2006). Properties and Identification Methods of Clay Minerals, Bizim Büro Basımevi, Ankara, Turkey.
• Leja, J. (1982). Surface Chemistry of Froth Flotation, Plenum Press, New York, USA.
• Huertas, F. J., Chou, L. and Wollast, R. (1999). Mechanism of Kaolinite Dissolution at Room Temperature and Pressure Part II: Kinetic study, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63(19-20), 3261.
• Lagaly, G. (1989). Principles of Flow of Kaolin and Bentonite Dispersions, Appl. Clay Sci., 4, 105-123.
• Gregory, J. (1989). Fundamental of Flocculation, Crit. Rev. Environ. Control, 19, 185–230.
• Lagaly, G. and Ziesmer, S. (2003). Colloid Chemistry of Clay Minerals: The Coagulation of Montmorillonite Dispersions Adv. Colloid Interface, 100-102, 105–128.
• Johnson, S. B., Franks G. V., Scales, P. J., Boger, D. V. and Healy, T. W. (2000) Surface Chemistry-Rheology Relationships in Concentrated Mineral Suspensions Int. J. Miner. Process., 58, 267–304.
• Ferrari, B. and Moreno, R. (1997) Electrophoretic Deposition of Aqueous Alumina Slips, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 17, 549–556.
• Tadros, T. T. (2005). Applied Surfactants, Principles and Applications, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co.KGaA, Weinheim.
• Hunter, R. J. (1981). Zeta Potential in Colloid Science, Academic Press Inc., San Diego, USA.
• Çelik, M. S. and Ersoy, B. (2004). in Schwarz, J. A., Contescu, C. I. and K Putyera (eds), Mineral Nanoparticles: Electrokinetics: in Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (Marcel-Dekker Inc, New York) pp. 1991-2005.
• Chassagne, C., Mietta, F. and Winterwerp, J. C. (2009). Electrokinetic Study of Kaolinite Suspensions, J. Coll. Inter. Sci., 336 352-359.
• Zaman, A. A., Tsuchiya, R. and Moudgil, B. M. (2002). Adsorption of Low-Molecular-Weight Polyacrylic Acid on Silica, Alumina, and Kaolin J. Coll. Inter. Sci., 256 73-78.
• Taylor, M. L., Morris, G. E., Self, P. G. and Smart, R. St. C. (2002). Kinetics of Adsorption of High Molecular Weight Anionic Polyacrylamide onto Kaolinite: The Flocculation Process, J. Coll. Inter. Sci., 250, 28-36.
• Ersoy, B., Evcin, A., Uygunoglu, T., Akdemir, Z. B., Brostow, W. and Wahrmund, J. (2014). Zeta Potential–Viscosity Relationship in Kaolinite Slurry in the Presence of Dispersants, Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 39, 5451–5457.
• Lavat, A. E., Grasselli, M. C. and Julia, E. T. (2007) Phase Changes of Ceramic Whiteware Slip-Casting Bodies Studied by XRD and FT-IR, Ceram. Int., 33, 1111–1117.