Çevrenin Restoratif Kalitesinin Ölçümü: Algılanan Restoratiflik Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması
Year 2021,
Issue: 23, 288 - 295, 30.04.2021
İrem Özçifçi
,
Işıl Kaymaz
,
İlkden Tazebay
,
Ferhan Elmalı
Abstract
İnsanın sağlığı ve iyi olma hali ile yaşadığı çevrenin kalitesi arasında doğrudan bir ilişki vardır. Özellikle bireylerin çevre kaynaklı yoğun zihinsel bilgiye maruz kaldıkları kentsel alanlarda, çevrenin restoratif kalitesini zenginleştirecek tasarım müdahaleleri iyi oluş hali açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında 1997 yılında Hartig, Korpela, Evans ve Gärling tarafından geliştirilen Algılanan Restoratiflik Ölçeğinin (ARÖ) Türkçeye uyarlanarak, mekânsal tasarım çalışmalarında kullanılacak bir ölçme aracının alanyazına kazandırılması hedeflenmiştir. Araştırma, peyzaj mimarlığı bölümlerinde eğitim gören 279 lisans öğrencisi ile farklı restoratiflik düzeyinde kategorize edilmiş 9 adet fotoğraf kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçeğin kapsam geçerliliği için “Aiken V Formulasyonu” kullanılmıştır. Uyarlanan ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda 26 maddeden ve 4 boyuttan oluşan modelin iyi uyum verdiği bulunmuştur [χ2 (288, N = 279) = 746.67, χ2/sd=2.59, SRMR=.075, CFI=.91, RMSEA=.075]. Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı alt boyutlar için .84- .90 arasında bulunuştur. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma ARÖ’nün Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.
Thanks
Ölçeğin Türkçeye uyarlama iznini veren ve çalışma süresince büyük ölçüde destek veren Prof. Dr. Terry Hartig’e verdiği emek, ayırdığı zaman ve hoşgörüsünden dolayı çok teşekkür eder, saygılarımızı sunarız.
References
- Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 131-142.
- Aksayan, S. & Gözüm, S. (2002). Kültürlerarası Ölçek Uyarlaması İçin Rehber 1: Ölçek Uyarlama Aşamaları ve Dil Uyarlaması. Hemşirelik Araştırma Dergisi, 4(1), 9-14.
- Aydin, A., Araz, A. & Asan, A. (2011). Görsel Analog Ölçeği ve Duygu Kafesi: Kültürümüze Uyarlama Çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 14 (27), 1-13.
- Bai, X., Nath, I., Capon, A., Hasan, N. & Jaron, D. (2012). Health and wellbeing in the changing urban environment: Complex challenges, scientific responses and the way forward. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, 464-472.
- BM (2018). 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. (15.02.2020 tarihinde https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html adresinden alınmıştır.)
- Brislin, R.W. (1970). Back-translation for Cross-Cultural Research. Journal of Cross-cultural Pschology, 1(3), 185-216.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (21. Basım). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Çakcı, I. (2007). Peyzaj Planlama Çalışmalarında Görsel Peyzaj Değerlendirmesine Yönelik Bir Yöntem Araştırması, Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
- DSÖ, 2017. Cities, Urban Planning and Health, Fact Sheet 2. (02.01.2020 tarihinde http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/341129/Fact-Sheet-2-Cities-Urban-planning-and-health.pdf?ua=1 adresinden alınmıştır.)
- DSÖ (1986). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. First International Conference on Health Promotion. (23.05.2020 tarihinde https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index1.html adresinden alınmıştır.)
- Erkuş, A. (2007). Ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama çalışmalarında karşılaşılan sorunlar. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 13(40), 17-25.
- French, J.R.P., Rodgers, W.L. & Cobb, S. (1974). Adjustment as person-environment fit. George V. Coelho, David A. Hamburg & John E. Adams (Ed.), Coping and Adaptation içinde (316-333).New York: Basic Books.
- Gibson, J.J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Gong, Y., Palmer, S., Gallacher, J., Marsden, T. & Fone, D. (2016). A systematic review of the relationship between objective measurements of the urban environment and psychological distress. Environment International, 96, 48-57.
- Hartig, T., Korpela, K., Evans, G.W. & Gärling, T. (1997). A measure of restorative quality in environments. Scandinavian Housing & Planning Research, 14, 175-194.
- Hartig, T., Korpela, K. M., Evans, G. W. & Garling, T. (1996). Validation of a measure of perceived environmental restorativeness. Göteborg Psychological Reports, 26, 7.
- Hinkle D.E., Wiersma W. & Jurs S.G. (2003). Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences (5th Edition). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- Joye, Y., & Dewitte, S. (2018). Nature's broken path to restoration: A critical look at Attention Restoration Theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 59, 1-8.
- Jöreskog, K. G. & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural Equation Modeling with The SIMPLIS Command Language. USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Kaplan, R. (2001). The nature of the view from home. Environment and Behavior, 33(4), 507-542.
Kaplan, R., Kaplan, S. & Ryan, R. (1998). With People in Mind Design and Management of Everyday Nature. Washington DC: Island Press.
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: toward an ıntegrative framewok. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169-182.
Kaplan, R. & Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A psychological Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Kaplan, S. (1983). A Model of Person-Environment Compatibility. Environment and Behavior, 15, 311-332.
- Kaplan, S. & Talbot, J.F. (1983). Psychological benefits of a wilderness experience. Irwin Altman & Joachim F. Wohlwill (Ed.), Behavior and the Natural Environment içinde (163-203). New York: Plenum.
- Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd Edition). New York: Guilford Press.
- Korpela, K.M., Hartig, T., Kaiser, F.G. & Fuhrer, U. (2001). Restorative experience and self-regulation in favorite places. Environment and Behavior, 33(4), 572-589.
- Negrin, F., Hernandez-Fernaud, E., Hess, S. & Hernandez, B. (2017). Discrimination of urban spaces with different level of restorativeness based on the original and on a shorter version of Hartig et al.’s Perceived Restorativeness Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 1735.
- Ohly, H., White, M.P., Wheeler, B.W., Bether, A. & Ukoumunne, O.C. (2016). Attention restoration theory: A systematic review of the attention restoration potential of exposure to natural environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 19(7), 305-343.
- Paker, M. (2010). Önsöz. Melek Göregenli, Çevre Psikolojisi, içinde (ix-x). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Parsons, R. (1991). The potential ınfluences of environmental perception on human health. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 1-23.
- Pervin, L. A. (1968). Performance and Satisfaction as a function of ındividual-environment fit. Psychological Bulletin, 69(1), 56–68.
- Peschardt, K.K. & Stigsdotter U.K. (2013). Associations between park characteristics and perceived restorativeness of small public urban green spaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 112, 26-39.
- Renalds, A., Smith, T.H. & Hale, P.J. (2010). A systematic review of built environment and health. Fam Community Health, 33 (1), 68-78.
- Rennit, P. & Maikov, M. (2015). Perceived restoration scale method turned into (used as the) evaluation tool for parks and open green spaces using Tartu city parks as an example. City, Territory and Architecture, 2, Article 6.
- Russell, J. A. Weiss, A. & Mendelsohn, G. A. (1989). Affect grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 493-502.
- Santos, J.R.A. (1999). Cronbach’s alpha: A tool for assessing the reliability of scales. The Journal of Extension, 37(2), 1-5.
- Srinivasan, S., O’Fallon, M.A. & Dearry, A. (2003). Creating healthy communities, healthy homes, healthy people: Initiating a research agenda on the built environment and public health. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1446-1450.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi (4. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- Tosun, H. (2018). Ahlaki Duyarlılık Anketi (ADA): Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik uyarlaması. Journal of Contemporary Medicine, 8(4), 316-321.
- Ulrich, R.S., Simons, R.F., Losito, B.D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M.A. & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 201-230.
- Ulrich, R.S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 244, 420-421.
- Ulrich, R.S. (1981). Natural versus urban scenes: some psychophysiological effects. Environment and Behavior, 13, 523-556.
- Urbina, S. (2004). Essentials of Psychological Testing. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Yaşlıoğlu, M.M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul University Journal of the School of Business, 46, 74-85.
- Yurdugül, H. (2005). Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Kapsam Geçerliği için Kapsam Geçerlik İndekslerinin Kullanılması. (01.06.2020 tarihinde http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~yurdugul/3/indir/PamukkaleBildiri.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.)
Measurement of Environmental Restorativeness Quality: Adaptation of “Perceived Restorativeness Scale” Into Turkish
Year 2021,
Issue: 23, 288 - 295, 30.04.2021
İrem Özçifçi
,
Işıl Kaymaz
,
İlkden Tazebay
,
Ferhan Elmalı
Abstract
There is a direct relation between human health and well-being and the environment. Design interventions aimed at enhancing the environment’s restorative quality is crucial to well-being, especially in urban environments where individuals are exposed to overwhelming information derived from the physcial environment. The aim of this study is to adapt Perceived Restorativeness Scale -which was developed by Hartig, Korpela, Evans & Gärling in 1997 - to Turkish language to develop a tool to be used in spatial design. The study was carried out with 279 undergraduate landscape architecture students, using 9 colored slides categorized into different restorative levels. “Aiken’s V Formula” was used. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the model consisting of 26 items and 4 dimensions fit well [χ2 (288, N = 279) = 746.67, χ2/sd=2.59, SRMR=.075, CFI=.91, RMSEA=.075]. The Cronbach's alpha values for the subscales were .84-.90. Consequently, this study has showed that Turkish version of the PRS can be used as a valid and reliable instrument.
References
- Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 131-142.
- Aksayan, S. & Gözüm, S. (2002). Kültürlerarası Ölçek Uyarlaması İçin Rehber 1: Ölçek Uyarlama Aşamaları ve Dil Uyarlaması. Hemşirelik Araştırma Dergisi, 4(1), 9-14.
- Aydin, A., Araz, A. & Asan, A. (2011). Görsel Analog Ölçeği ve Duygu Kafesi: Kültürümüze Uyarlama Çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 14 (27), 1-13.
- Bai, X., Nath, I., Capon, A., Hasan, N. & Jaron, D. (2012). Health and wellbeing in the changing urban environment: Complex challenges, scientific responses and the way forward. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, 464-472.
- BM (2018). 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. (15.02.2020 tarihinde https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html adresinden alınmıştır.)
- Brislin, R.W. (1970). Back-translation for Cross-Cultural Research. Journal of Cross-cultural Pschology, 1(3), 185-216.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (21. Basım). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Çakcı, I. (2007). Peyzaj Planlama Çalışmalarında Görsel Peyzaj Değerlendirmesine Yönelik Bir Yöntem Araştırması, Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
- DSÖ, 2017. Cities, Urban Planning and Health, Fact Sheet 2. (02.01.2020 tarihinde http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/341129/Fact-Sheet-2-Cities-Urban-planning-and-health.pdf?ua=1 adresinden alınmıştır.)
- DSÖ (1986). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. First International Conference on Health Promotion. (23.05.2020 tarihinde https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index1.html adresinden alınmıştır.)
- Erkuş, A. (2007). Ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama çalışmalarında karşılaşılan sorunlar. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 13(40), 17-25.
- French, J.R.P., Rodgers, W.L. & Cobb, S. (1974). Adjustment as person-environment fit. George V. Coelho, David A. Hamburg & John E. Adams (Ed.), Coping and Adaptation içinde (316-333).New York: Basic Books.
- Gibson, J.J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Gong, Y., Palmer, S., Gallacher, J., Marsden, T. & Fone, D. (2016). A systematic review of the relationship between objective measurements of the urban environment and psychological distress. Environment International, 96, 48-57.
- Hartig, T., Korpela, K., Evans, G.W. & Gärling, T. (1997). A measure of restorative quality in environments. Scandinavian Housing & Planning Research, 14, 175-194.
- Hartig, T., Korpela, K. M., Evans, G. W. & Garling, T. (1996). Validation of a measure of perceived environmental restorativeness. Göteborg Psychological Reports, 26, 7.
- Hinkle D.E., Wiersma W. & Jurs S.G. (2003). Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences (5th Edition). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- Joye, Y., & Dewitte, S. (2018). Nature's broken path to restoration: A critical look at Attention Restoration Theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 59, 1-8.
- Jöreskog, K. G. & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural Equation Modeling with The SIMPLIS Command Language. USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Kaplan, R. (2001). The nature of the view from home. Environment and Behavior, 33(4), 507-542.
Kaplan, R., Kaplan, S. & Ryan, R. (1998). With People in Mind Design and Management of Everyday Nature. Washington DC: Island Press.
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: toward an ıntegrative framewok. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169-182.
Kaplan, R. & Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A psychological Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Kaplan, S. (1983). A Model of Person-Environment Compatibility. Environment and Behavior, 15, 311-332.
- Kaplan, S. & Talbot, J.F. (1983). Psychological benefits of a wilderness experience. Irwin Altman & Joachim F. Wohlwill (Ed.), Behavior and the Natural Environment içinde (163-203). New York: Plenum.
- Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd Edition). New York: Guilford Press.
- Korpela, K.M., Hartig, T., Kaiser, F.G. & Fuhrer, U. (2001). Restorative experience and self-regulation in favorite places. Environment and Behavior, 33(4), 572-589.
- Negrin, F., Hernandez-Fernaud, E., Hess, S. & Hernandez, B. (2017). Discrimination of urban spaces with different level of restorativeness based on the original and on a shorter version of Hartig et al.’s Perceived Restorativeness Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 1735.
- Ohly, H., White, M.P., Wheeler, B.W., Bether, A. & Ukoumunne, O.C. (2016). Attention restoration theory: A systematic review of the attention restoration potential of exposure to natural environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 19(7), 305-343.
- Paker, M. (2010). Önsöz. Melek Göregenli, Çevre Psikolojisi, içinde (ix-x). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Parsons, R. (1991). The potential ınfluences of environmental perception on human health. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 1-23.
- Pervin, L. A. (1968). Performance and Satisfaction as a function of ındividual-environment fit. Psychological Bulletin, 69(1), 56–68.
- Peschardt, K.K. & Stigsdotter U.K. (2013). Associations between park characteristics and perceived restorativeness of small public urban green spaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 112, 26-39.
- Renalds, A., Smith, T.H. & Hale, P.J. (2010). A systematic review of built environment and health. Fam Community Health, 33 (1), 68-78.
- Rennit, P. & Maikov, M. (2015). Perceived restoration scale method turned into (used as the) evaluation tool for parks and open green spaces using Tartu city parks as an example. City, Territory and Architecture, 2, Article 6.
- Russell, J. A. Weiss, A. & Mendelsohn, G. A. (1989). Affect grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 493-502.
- Santos, J.R.A. (1999). Cronbach’s alpha: A tool for assessing the reliability of scales. The Journal of Extension, 37(2), 1-5.
- Srinivasan, S., O’Fallon, M.A. & Dearry, A. (2003). Creating healthy communities, healthy homes, healthy people: Initiating a research agenda on the built environment and public health. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1446-1450.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi (4. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- Tosun, H. (2018). Ahlaki Duyarlılık Anketi (ADA): Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik uyarlaması. Journal of Contemporary Medicine, 8(4), 316-321.
- Ulrich, R.S., Simons, R.F., Losito, B.D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M.A. & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 201-230.
- Ulrich, R.S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 244, 420-421.
- Ulrich, R.S. (1981). Natural versus urban scenes: some psychophysiological effects. Environment and Behavior, 13, 523-556.
- Urbina, S. (2004). Essentials of Psychological Testing. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Yaşlıoğlu, M.M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul University Journal of the School of Business, 46, 74-85.
- Yurdugül, H. (2005). Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Kapsam Geçerliği için Kapsam Geçerlik İndekslerinin Kullanılması. (01.06.2020 tarihinde http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~yurdugul/3/indir/PamukkaleBildiri.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.)