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Determination of the Volatile Compounds of Chimonanthus Praecox (Wintersweet) Used as an Ornamental Plant in the Parks of Burdur (Gölhisar)

Year 2021, Issue: 31, 916 - 920, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1005547

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to determine the volatile compounds of the flowers of wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) belonging to the Calycanthaceae family which is an exotic species and used as an ornamental plant in the parks of Burdur (Gölhisar) in Turkey. Flower specimens were dried at room temperature, followed by determining their volatile compounds by HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis. As a result of the analysis, 33 volatile compounds belonging to the Chimonanthus praecox species were determined, and the first three main compounds were β-Ocimene at a rate of 61.87%, Sabinene at 7.65% and Caryophyllene at 5.03%. The findings that were obtained were compared to those obtained in other studies.

References

  • Alpendurada, M. (2000). Solid-phase microextraction: a promising technique for sample preparation in environmental analysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 889(1-2), 3-14.Arthur CL, Pawliszyn J (1990) Anal Chem 62:2145–2148.
  • Arslan, M. (2010). Usage opportunities of medicinal and aromatic plant species in landscape architecture applications. Proceedings, the 4th Ornamental Plants Conference (pp. 265-270) Mersin: Alata Horticultural Research Institute.
  • Cho LH, Yoon J, An G. The control of flowering time by environmental factors. Plant J. 2017;90:708–19.
  • Choi, H. S., & Min, K. C. (2008). Aroma‐active compounds of Elsholtzia splendens using AEDA and HS–SPME–GC–O dilution analysis. Flavour and fragrance journal, 23(1), 58-64.
  • Dönmez, Ş. (2016). Uses of some medicinal and aromatic plants in the landscape architecture grown in the Lake District. International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR), https://doi. org/10.21474/IJAR01/1182.
  • Gao Y, Jin FY, Wang XP, et al The analysis of volatile oil for Chimonanthus praecox by GC-MS [J]. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res, 2011, 22(3): 122-123.
  • Genç, L., (2010). Usage Areas and Ethics of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Anadolu University Publications, 329, Eskişehir.
  • Ghiasvand, A. R., Setkova, L., & Pawliszyn, J. (2007). Determination of flavour profile in Iranian fragrant rice samples using cold‐fibre SPME–GC–TOF–MS. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 22(5), 377-391.
  • Güner, Adil, and Serdar Aslan, eds. List of plants of Turkey: (tracheophytes). Nezahat Gökyiǧit Botanical Garden Press, 2012
  • Kitajima, M., Mori, I., Arai, K., Kogure, N., & Takayama, H. (2006). Two new tryptamine-derived alkaloids from Chimonanthus praecox f. concolor. Tetrahedron Letters, 47(19), 3199-3202.
  • Kubıtzkı, K., J. G. Rohwer, Andv. Bıttrıch [Eds.]. 1993. The familiesand genera of vascular plants, vol. II, Magnoliid, hamamelid, and cary-ophyllid families. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
  • Li, Y.Y. Study of Floral Volatile Components and Lins Promoter Structure in Wintersweet. Master’s Thesis, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China, 2015.
  • Li, Z. G., Liu, M. C., Deng, W., Wang, X. Y., Wang, G. M., & Yang, Y. W. (2008). Comparative analysis of the essential oil from two Chimonanthus praecox cultivars. Fine Chemicals, 25, 985-988.
  • Lin, L. Y., Peng, C. H., Wang, H. E., Wu, T. H., Chen, C. C., Yu, T. H., & Peng, R. Y. (2007). Factors affecting solid phase microextraction (SPME) to concentrate the odorants of Chinese white salted noodles for GC–MS analysis. Flavour and fragrance journal, 22(4), 274-279.
  • Lin, X. Research Pogresson Volatile Components of Chimonanthus Lindl. Fujian Agric. Sci. Technol. 2019, 7, 57–64.
  • Lou FM, Li QF, Zhang QR, et al. Volatile constituents of Chimonanthus praecox by GC-MS [J]. Anhui Med Pharm J, 2010, 14(12): 279-281.
  • Lv, J.F.; Zhang, L.L.; Chu, X.Z.; Zhou, J.F. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the extracts of the flowers of the Chinese plant Chimonanthus praecox. Nat. Prod. Res. 2012, 14, 1363–1367. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  • Ma XM, Wu CF, Peng RR. Advance in studies on Chimonanthus praecox [J]. J Anhui Agri Sci, 2010, 38(34): 19279-19280.
  • Maksimovic, ZA., Dordevic, S. and Mraovic, M. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of Chenopodium botrys essential oil. Fitoterapia. 76: 112-114.
  • Morikawa, T.; Nakanishi, Y.; Ninomiya, K.; Matsuda, H.; Nakashima, S.; Miyashita, H.; Yoshikawa, M.; Hayakawa, T. Dimeric pyrrolidinoindoline-type alkaloids with melanogenesis inhibitory activity in flower buds of Chimonanthus praecox. J. Nat. Med. 2014, 3, 539–549.
  • Pontes, M., Marques, J. C., & Câmara, J. S. (2007). Screening of volatile composition from Portuguese multifloral honeys using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta, 74(1), 91-103.
  • Romeo, V., Ziino, M., Giuffrida, D., Condurso, C., & Verzera, A. (2007). Flavour profile of capers (Capparis spinosa L.) from the Eolian Archipelago by HS-SPME/GC–MS. Food chemistry, 101(3), 1272-1278.
  • Sahito Z. A., Khan D., Zehra A. , Zaki M. J. 2019. Varıatıon In Pseudocarp- And Seed-Sıze And Seed Packagıng Cost In Chımonanthus Praecox (L.) Lınk. (Famıly Calycanthaceae) From Chengdu, Sıchuan Provınce, Chına Int. J. Bıol. Bıotech., 16 (3): 835-848.
  • Serez, A. (2011). Healing Gardens through History. Master’s Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul.
  • Shang, J., Tian, J., Cheng, H., Yan, Q., Li, L., Jamal, A., & Chen, L. (2020). The chromosome-level wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) genome provides insights into floral scent biosynthesis and flowering in winter. Genome biology, 21(1), 1-28.
  • Shu R, Wan Y, Wang X. 2019. Non-volatile constituents and pharmacology of Chimonanthus: a review. Chin J Nat Med. 17(3): 161–186.
  • Söğüt Z. 2018. Evaluation of using exotic plant species at Turkey. International Geography Symposium on the 30th Anniversary of TUCAUM. 3-6 Ekim 2018 /3-6 October 2018, Ankara.
  • Sui SZ, Luo JH, Ma J, Zhu Q, Lei XH. Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from Chimonanthus praecox (Wintersweet) flowers for discovering stress-responsive and floral development-related genes. Comparative Functional Genomics. 2012;2012:134596.
  • Takayama, H., Matsuda, Y., Masubuchi, K., Ishida, A., Kitajima, M., Aimi, N., 2004. Isolation, structure elucidation, and total synthesis of two new Chimonanthus alkaloids, chimonamidine and chimonanthidine. Tetrahedron 60, 893– 900.
  • Ueyama Y, Hashimoto S, Nii H, et al. The volatile constituents of the flower concrete of Chimonanthus praecox Link. From China [J]. Flavour Fragr J, 1990, 5(2): 85-88.
  • Vas, G., & Vekey, K. (2004). Solid‐phase microextraction: a powerful sample preparation tool prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Journal of mass spectrometry, 39(3), 233-254.
  • Wang LY, Zhang ZB, Zou ZR, et al. Advance in studies on chemical constitutions and pharmacological action of Chimonanthus praecox [J]. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res, 2012, 23(12): 3103-3106.
  • Wang W, Cao L, Xiong J, Xia G, Hu J. 2011. Constituents from Chimonanthus praecox (wintersweet). Phytochem Lett. 4(3): 271–274.
  • Wang, L. F., Lee, J. Y., Chung, J. O., Baik, J. H., So, S., & Park, S. K. (2008). Discrimination of teas with different degrees of fermentation by SPME–GC analysis of the characteristic volatile flavour compounds. Food chemistry, 109(1), 196-206.
  • Xiang L, Zhao KG, Chen LQ. Molecular cloning and expression of Chimonanthus praecox farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene and its possible involvement in the biosynthesis of floral volatile sesquiterpenoids. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2010;48:845–50.
  • Xu, M.; Zhang, J.W.; Wu, L.S.; Liu, J.J.; Si, J.P.; Zhang, X.F. Determination of Volatile Components from Chimonanthus Flowers by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Sci. Silvae Sin. 2016, 52, 58–65.
  • Xu, N.J.; Bai, H.B.; Yan, X.J.; Xu, J.L. Analysis of Volatile Components in Essential Oil of Chimonanthus nitens by Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Instrum. Anal. 2006, 25, 90–93. [CrossRef]
  • Xu, W.Y.; Jiang, P. Development and clinical application of Chimonanthus praecox flower cough syrup. Acta Acad. Med. Suzhou 2000, 20, 122–123.
  • Yaylı, N, Essential Oils and Their Medicinal Uses, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Pharmacy Press, 2013; 1-2-4.
  • Yu, L. The Study of Violate Compounds and Flower Pigment in Chimonanthus praecox L. Master’s Thesis, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China, 2013.
  • Yücel, G., Evren, D. (2010). Usage Opportunities of Medicinal-Aromatic Plants in Garden Designs and Rock Gardens as Outer Space Ornamental Plants. Proceedings, the 4th Ornamental Plants Conference, Mersin: Alata Horticultural Research Institute, 529-534.
  • Zhang JW, Gao JM, Xu T, et al. Antifungal activity of alkaloids from the seeds of Chimonanthus praecox [J]. Chem Biodivers, 2009, 6(6): 838-845.
  • Zhang J-W, Gao J-M, Xu T, Zhang X-C, Ma Y-T, Jarussophon S, Konishi Y. 2009. Antifungal activity of alkaloids from the seeds of Chimonanthus praecox. Chem Biodivers. 6(6):838–845.
  • Zhang, J.-W., Gao, J.-M., Xu, T., Zhang, X.-C., Ma, Y.-T., Jarussophon, S., Konishi, Y., 2009. Antifungal activity of alkaloids from the seeds of Chimonanthus praecox. Chem. Biodivers. 6, 838–845.
  • Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Wang ZZ. Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from flower of Chimonanthus praecox (L.) link. Lishizhen Med Material Med Res. 2010;21:622–5.
  • Zhou, J.R.; Ni, D.J. Changes in Flower Aroma Compounds of Cultivars of Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link and at Different Stages Relative to Chimonanthus Tea Quality. Acta Hortic. Sin. 2010, 37, 1621–1628. [CrossRef]
  • Zhou, M.Q.; Xiang, L.; Chen, L.Q. Reliminary Studies on the Components of Volatile Floral Flavor and Flower Pigments of Chimonanthus praecox. Beijing For. Univ. 2007, 29, 22–25. 18.
  • Zu-Guang Li1,&, Hui Cao1, Maw-Rong Lee2, De-Long Shen 2009 Analysis of Volatile Compounds Emitted from Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link in Different Florescence and QSRR Study of GC Retention Indices, Chromatographia,70, 1153–1162. DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1289-3.

Determination of the Volatile Compounds of Chimonanthus Praecox (Wintersweet) Used as an Ornamental Plant in the Parks of Burdur (Gölhisar)

Year 2021, Issue: 31, 916 - 920, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1005547

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to determine the volatile compounds of the flowers of wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) belonging to the Calycanthaceae family which is an exotic species and used as an ornamental plant in the parks of Burdur (Gölhisar) in Turkey. Flower specimens were dried at room temperature, followed by determining their volatile compounds by HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis. As a result of the analysis, 33 volatile compounds belonging to the Chimonanthus praecox species were determined, and the first three main compounds were β-Ocimene at a rate of 61.87%, Sabinene at 7.65% and Caryophyllene at 5.03%. The findings that were obtained were compared to those obtained in other studies.

References

  • Alpendurada, M. (2000). Solid-phase microextraction: a promising technique for sample preparation in environmental analysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 889(1-2), 3-14.Arthur CL, Pawliszyn J (1990) Anal Chem 62:2145–2148.
  • Arslan, M. (2010). Usage opportunities of medicinal and aromatic plant species in landscape architecture applications. Proceedings, the 4th Ornamental Plants Conference (pp. 265-270) Mersin: Alata Horticultural Research Institute.
  • Cho LH, Yoon J, An G. The control of flowering time by environmental factors. Plant J. 2017;90:708–19.
  • Choi, H. S., & Min, K. C. (2008). Aroma‐active compounds of Elsholtzia splendens using AEDA and HS–SPME–GC–O dilution analysis. Flavour and fragrance journal, 23(1), 58-64.
  • Dönmez, Ş. (2016). Uses of some medicinal and aromatic plants in the landscape architecture grown in the Lake District. International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR), https://doi. org/10.21474/IJAR01/1182.
  • Gao Y, Jin FY, Wang XP, et al The analysis of volatile oil for Chimonanthus praecox by GC-MS [J]. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res, 2011, 22(3): 122-123.
  • Genç, L., (2010). Usage Areas and Ethics of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Anadolu University Publications, 329, Eskişehir.
  • Ghiasvand, A. R., Setkova, L., & Pawliszyn, J. (2007). Determination of flavour profile in Iranian fragrant rice samples using cold‐fibre SPME–GC–TOF–MS. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 22(5), 377-391.
  • Güner, Adil, and Serdar Aslan, eds. List of plants of Turkey: (tracheophytes). Nezahat Gökyiǧit Botanical Garden Press, 2012
  • Kitajima, M., Mori, I., Arai, K., Kogure, N., & Takayama, H. (2006). Two new tryptamine-derived alkaloids from Chimonanthus praecox f. concolor. Tetrahedron Letters, 47(19), 3199-3202.
  • Kubıtzkı, K., J. G. Rohwer, Andv. Bıttrıch [Eds.]. 1993. The familiesand genera of vascular plants, vol. II, Magnoliid, hamamelid, and cary-ophyllid families. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
  • Li, Y.Y. Study of Floral Volatile Components and Lins Promoter Structure in Wintersweet. Master’s Thesis, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China, 2015.
  • Li, Z. G., Liu, M. C., Deng, W., Wang, X. Y., Wang, G. M., & Yang, Y. W. (2008). Comparative analysis of the essential oil from two Chimonanthus praecox cultivars. Fine Chemicals, 25, 985-988.
  • Lin, L. Y., Peng, C. H., Wang, H. E., Wu, T. H., Chen, C. C., Yu, T. H., & Peng, R. Y. (2007). Factors affecting solid phase microextraction (SPME) to concentrate the odorants of Chinese white salted noodles for GC–MS analysis. Flavour and fragrance journal, 22(4), 274-279.
  • Lin, X. Research Pogresson Volatile Components of Chimonanthus Lindl. Fujian Agric. Sci. Technol. 2019, 7, 57–64.
  • Lou FM, Li QF, Zhang QR, et al. Volatile constituents of Chimonanthus praecox by GC-MS [J]. Anhui Med Pharm J, 2010, 14(12): 279-281.
  • Lv, J.F.; Zhang, L.L.; Chu, X.Z.; Zhou, J.F. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the extracts of the flowers of the Chinese plant Chimonanthus praecox. Nat. Prod. Res. 2012, 14, 1363–1367. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  • Ma XM, Wu CF, Peng RR. Advance in studies on Chimonanthus praecox [J]. J Anhui Agri Sci, 2010, 38(34): 19279-19280.
  • Maksimovic, ZA., Dordevic, S. and Mraovic, M. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of Chenopodium botrys essential oil. Fitoterapia. 76: 112-114.
  • Morikawa, T.; Nakanishi, Y.; Ninomiya, K.; Matsuda, H.; Nakashima, S.; Miyashita, H.; Yoshikawa, M.; Hayakawa, T. Dimeric pyrrolidinoindoline-type alkaloids with melanogenesis inhibitory activity in flower buds of Chimonanthus praecox. J. Nat. Med. 2014, 3, 539–549.
  • Pontes, M., Marques, J. C., & Câmara, J. S. (2007). Screening of volatile composition from Portuguese multifloral honeys using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta, 74(1), 91-103.
  • Romeo, V., Ziino, M., Giuffrida, D., Condurso, C., & Verzera, A. (2007). Flavour profile of capers (Capparis spinosa L.) from the Eolian Archipelago by HS-SPME/GC–MS. Food chemistry, 101(3), 1272-1278.
  • Sahito Z. A., Khan D., Zehra A. , Zaki M. J. 2019. Varıatıon In Pseudocarp- And Seed-Sıze And Seed Packagıng Cost In Chımonanthus Praecox (L.) Lınk. (Famıly Calycanthaceae) From Chengdu, Sıchuan Provınce, Chına Int. J. Bıol. Bıotech., 16 (3): 835-848.
  • Serez, A. (2011). Healing Gardens through History. Master’s Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul.
  • Shang, J., Tian, J., Cheng, H., Yan, Q., Li, L., Jamal, A., & Chen, L. (2020). The chromosome-level wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) genome provides insights into floral scent biosynthesis and flowering in winter. Genome biology, 21(1), 1-28.
  • Shu R, Wan Y, Wang X. 2019. Non-volatile constituents and pharmacology of Chimonanthus: a review. Chin J Nat Med. 17(3): 161–186.
  • Söğüt Z. 2018. Evaluation of using exotic plant species at Turkey. International Geography Symposium on the 30th Anniversary of TUCAUM. 3-6 Ekim 2018 /3-6 October 2018, Ankara.
  • Sui SZ, Luo JH, Ma J, Zhu Q, Lei XH. Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from Chimonanthus praecox (Wintersweet) flowers for discovering stress-responsive and floral development-related genes. Comparative Functional Genomics. 2012;2012:134596.
  • Takayama, H., Matsuda, Y., Masubuchi, K., Ishida, A., Kitajima, M., Aimi, N., 2004. Isolation, structure elucidation, and total synthesis of two new Chimonanthus alkaloids, chimonamidine and chimonanthidine. Tetrahedron 60, 893– 900.
  • Ueyama Y, Hashimoto S, Nii H, et al. The volatile constituents of the flower concrete of Chimonanthus praecox Link. From China [J]. Flavour Fragr J, 1990, 5(2): 85-88.
  • Vas, G., & Vekey, K. (2004). Solid‐phase microextraction: a powerful sample preparation tool prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Journal of mass spectrometry, 39(3), 233-254.
  • Wang LY, Zhang ZB, Zou ZR, et al. Advance in studies on chemical constitutions and pharmacological action of Chimonanthus praecox [J]. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res, 2012, 23(12): 3103-3106.
  • Wang W, Cao L, Xiong J, Xia G, Hu J. 2011. Constituents from Chimonanthus praecox (wintersweet). Phytochem Lett. 4(3): 271–274.
  • Wang, L. F., Lee, J. Y., Chung, J. O., Baik, J. H., So, S., & Park, S. K. (2008). Discrimination of teas with different degrees of fermentation by SPME–GC analysis of the characteristic volatile flavour compounds. Food chemistry, 109(1), 196-206.
  • Xiang L, Zhao KG, Chen LQ. Molecular cloning and expression of Chimonanthus praecox farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene and its possible involvement in the biosynthesis of floral volatile sesquiterpenoids. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2010;48:845–50.
  • Xu, M.; Zhang, J.W.; Wu, L.S.; Liu, J.J.; Si, J.P.; Zhang, X.F. Determination of Volatile Components from Chimonanthus Flowers by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Sci. Silvae Sin. 2016, 52, 58–65.
  • Xu, N.J.; Bai, H.B.; Yan, X.J.; Xu, J.L. Analysis of Volatile Components in Essential Oil of Chimonanthus nitens by Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Instrum. Anal. 2006, 25, 90–93. [CrossRef]
  • Xu, W.Y.; Jiang, P. Development and clinical application of Chimonanthus praecox flower cough syrup. Acta Acad. Med. Suzhou 2000, 20, 122–123.
  • Yaylı, N, Essential Oils and Their Medicinal Uses, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Pharmacy Press, 2013; 1-2-4.
  • Yu, L. The Study of Violate Compounds and Flower Pigment in Chimonanthus praecox L. Master’s Thesis, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China, 2013.
  • Yücel, G., Evren, D. (2010). Usage Opportunities of Medicinal-Aromatic Plants in Garden Designs and Rock Gardens as Outer Space Ornamental Plants. Proceedings, the 4th Ornamental Plants Conference, Mersin: Alata Horticultural Research Institute, 529-534.
  • Zhang JW, Gao JM, Xu T, et al. Antifungal activity of alkaloids from the seeds of Chimonanthus praecox [J]. Chem Biodivers, 2009, 6(6): 838-845.
  • Zhang J-W, Gao J-M, Xu T, Zhang X-C, Ma Y-T, Jarussophon S, Konishi Y. 2009. Antifungal activity of alkaloids from the seeds of Chimonanthus praecox. Chem Biodivers. 6(6):838–845.
  • Zhang, J.-W., Gao, J.-M., Xu, T., Zhang, X.-C., Ma, Y.-T., Jarussophon, S., Konishi, Y., 2009. Antifungal activity of alkaloids from the seeds of Chimonanthus praecox. Chem. Biodivers. 6, 838–845.
  • Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Wang ZZ. Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from flower of Chimonanthus praecox (L.) link. Lishizhen Med Material Med Res. 2010;21:622–5.
  • Zhou, J.R.; Ni, D.J. Changes in Flower Aroma Compounds of Cultivars of Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link and at Different Stages Relative to Chimonanthus Tea Quality. Acta Hortic. Sin. 2010, 37, 1621–1628. [CrossRef]
  • Zhou, M.Q.; Xiang, L.; Chen, L.Q. Reliminary Studies on the Components of Volatile Floral Flavor and Flower Pigments of Chimonanthus praecox. Beijing For. Univ. 2007, 29, 22–25. 18.
  • Zu-Guang Li1,&, Hui Cao1, Maw-Rong Lee2, De-Long Shen 2009 Analysis of Volatile Compounds Emitted from Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link in Different Florescence and QSRR Study of GC Retention Indices, Chromatographia,70, 1153–1162. DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1289-3.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sevgin Özderin 0000-0002-4511-5229

Ebru Hatice Tığlı Kaytanlıoğlu 0000-0002-9165-6675

Hüseyin Fakir 0000-0002-6606-8011

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 31

Cite

APA Özderin, S., Tığlı Kaytanlıoğlu, E. H., & Fakir, H. (2021). Determination of the Volatile Compounds of Chimonanthus Praecox (Wintersweet) Used as an Ornamental Plant in the Parks of Burdur (Gölhisar). Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(31), 916-920. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1005547