Beslenme Yaklaşımlarının ve Besin Takviyelerinin Otizm Üzerindeki Etkileri

Year 2023, Issue: 51, 324 - 333, 31.08.2023

Ayça Yılmaz , Sabiha Zeynep Aydenk Köseoğlu

https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1295896

Abstract

ASDs (Autism Spectrum Disorders); semptomların ve etkilerinin her bireyde farklı olduğu nöro-gelişimsel bir bozukluktur ve prevelansında dünya genelinde artış söz konusudur. ASDs prevelansındaki artışın sebebi tanı kriterlerinin artışı ile olmuş olabilir. ASDs’nin sebeplerinin genetik, çevresel ve nörobiyolojik faktörler olduğu düşünülmektedir. Son yıllarda, beslenme yaklaşımlarının ASDs semptomlarını iyileştirmeye etkisi üzerine çalışmalar yapılıyor. Araştırmacılar beyin ve bağırsak arasındaki etkileşimi baz alarak beslenme yaklaşımları üzerine çalışıyorlar. Bu inceleme en popüler diyet yaklaşımı olan glutensiz ve kazeinsiz diyet ve omega 3, D vitamini, B12 vitamini, folic acid ve probiyotik takviyesinin ASDs çekirdek semptomları üzerine etkisinin incelendiği çalışmalar içeriyor. Çalışmaların sonuçları özel ASDs semptom kriter skorlarına göre değerlendiriliyor. Yapılan çalışmaların azlığı, bazı çalışmaların katılımcı sayısının azlığı ve önemli gelişmeler görülememesi ise çalışmaların sınırlandırıcı yönleri olarak görülüyor.

Keywords

Otizm, ASDs, Diyet, Takviye

The Effects of Dietary Approaches and Nutritional Supplements in Autism

Abstract

ASDs (Autism Spectrum Disorders); is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the symptoms and effects are different in each individual and there is an increase in prevalence worldwide. The increase in ASDs prevalence may be due to the increase in diagnostic criteria. The causes of ASDs are thought to be genetic, environmental and neurobiological factors. In recent years, studies have been conducted on the effect of dietary approaches on improving ASDs symptoms. Researchers are studying on dietary approaches based on the interaction between the brain and the gut. This review includes studies on the most popular dietary approach, the gluten-free and casein-free diet, and the effects of Omega 3, vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid and probiotic supplements on ASDs core symptoms. The results of the studies are evaluated according to special ASDs symptom criteria scores. The limited number of studies, the low number of participants in some studies and the lack of significant improvements are seen as limiting aspects of the studies.

Keywords

Autism, ASDs, Diet, Suplementation

References

• Almandil, N., Alkuroud, D., AbdulAzeez, S., AlSulaiman, A., Elaissari, A., & Borgio, J. (2019). Environmental and Genetic Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Special Emphasis on Data from Arabian Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(4), 658.
• American Speach-Language-Hearing Association. (2022). Autism. https://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589935303&section=Causes
• American Psychiatric Association. (2022). What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder? https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/autism/what-is-autism-spectrum-disorder
• Amminger, G. P., Berger, G. E., Schäfer, M. R., Klier, C., Friedrich, M. H., & Feucht, M. (2007). Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biological psychiatry, 61(4), 551–553.
• Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Zahorodny, W., Robinson Rosenberg, C., White, T., Durkin, M. S., Imm, P., Nikolaou, L., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Lee, L. C., Harrington, R., Lopez, M., Fitzgerald, R. T., Hewitt, A., Pettygrove, S., Dowling, N. F. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002), 67(6), 1–23.
• Bent, S., Bertoglio, K., Ashwood, P., Bostrom, A., & Hendren, R. L. (2011). A pilot randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 41(5), 545–554.
• Bent, S., Bertoglio, K., & Hendren, R. L. (2009). Omega-3 fatty acids for autistic spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 39(8), 1145–1154.
• Bertoglio, K., Jill James, S., Deprey, L., Brule, N., & Hendren, R. L. (2010). Pilot study of the effect of methyl B12 treatment on behavioral and biomarker measures in children with autism. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 16(5), 555–560.
• Bhat, S., Acharya, U., Adeli, H., Bairy, G. & Adeli, A. (2014). Autism: cause factors, early diagnosis and therapies. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 25(6), 841-850.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Screening and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/screening.html#:~:text=Diagnosing%20autism%20spectrum%20disorder%20(ASD,months%20of%20age%20or%20younger.
• Dong, H. Y., Wang, B., Li, H. H., Shan, L., & Jia, F. Y. (2017). Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in children. Chinese journal of pediatrics, 55(12), 916–919.
• Elder, J. H., Shankar, M., Shuster, J., Theriaque, D., Burns, S., & Sherrill, L. (2006). The gluten-free, casein-free diet in autism: results of a preliminary double blind clinical trial. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 36(3), 413–420.
• Feng, J., Shan, L., Du, L., Wang, B., Li, H., Wang, W., Wang, T., Dong, H., Yue, X., Xu, Z., Staal, W. G., & Jia, F. (2017). Clinical improvement following vitamin D3 supplementation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Nutritional neuroscience, 20(5), 284–290.
• Fraguas, D., Díaz-Caneja, C. M., Pina-Camacho, L., Moreno, C., Durán-Cutilla, M., Ayora, M., González-Vioque, E., de Matteis, M., Hendren, R. L., Arango, C., & Parellada, M. (2019). Dietary Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 144(5), e20183218.
• Grabrucker, A. M. (2013). Environmental Factors in Autism. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 3.
• Hardvard T.H. Chan. (2020). The Nutrition Source. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/folic-acid/ Hendren, R. L., James, S. J., Widjaja, F., Lawton, B., Rosenblatt, A., & Bent, S. (2016). Randomized, Placebo- Controlled Trial of Methyl B12 for Children with Autism. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 26(9), 774–783.
• Hyman, S. L., Stewart, P. A., Foley, J., Cain, U., Peck, R., Morris, D. D., Wang, H., & Smith, T. (2016). The Gluten-Free/Casein-Free Diet: A Double-Blind Challenge Trial in Children with Autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 46(1), 205–220.
• Inglese, M. D., & Elder, J. H. (2009). Caring for children with autism spectrum disorder. Part I: prevalence, etiology, and core features. Journal of pediatric nursing, 24(1), 41–48.
• Ismail, N. A. S., Ramli, N. S., Hamzaid, N. H., & Hassan, N. I. (2020). Exploring Eating and Nutritional Challenges for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Parents’ and Special Educators’ Perceptions. Nutrients, 12(9), 2530.
• James, S., Montgomery, P., & Williams, K. (2011). Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (11), CD007992.
• Kerley, C. P., Power, C., Gallagher, L., & Coghlan, D. (2017). Lack of effect of vitamin D3 supplementation in autism: a 20-week, placebo-controlled RCT. Archives of disease in childhood, 102(11), 1030–1036.
• Knivsberg, A. M., Reichelt, K. L., Høien, T., & Nødland, M. (2002). A randomised, controlled study of dietary intervention in autistic syndromes. Nutritional neuroscience, 5(4), 251–261.
• Lange, K. W., Hauser, J., & Reissmann, A. (2015). Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the therapy of autism. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care, 18(6), 572–575.
• Liu, Y. W., Liong, M. T., Chung, Y. E., Huang, H. Y., Peng, W. S., Cheng, Y. F., Lin, Y. S., Wu, Y. Y., & Tsai, Y. C. (2019). Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Taiwan: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11(4), 820.
• Marí-Bauset, S., Zazpe, I., Mari-Sanchis, A., Llopis-González, A., & Morales-Suárez-Varela, M. (2014). Evidence of the gluten-free and casein-free diet in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Journal of child neurology, 29(12), 1718–1727.
• Mazahery, H., Conlon, C. A., Beck, K. L., Mugridge, O., Kruger, M. C., Stonehouse, W., Camargo, C. A., Jr, Meyer, B. J., Jones, B., & von Hurst, P. R. (2019). A randomised controlled trial of vitamin D and omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of irritability and hyperactivity among children with autism spectrum disorder. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 187, 9–16.
• Meiri, G., Bichovsky, Y., & Belmaker, R. H. (2009). Omega 3 fatty acid treatment in autism. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 19(4), 449–451.
• Mostafa, G. A., & Al-Ayadhi, L. Y. (2012). Reduced serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in children with autism: relation to autoimmunity. Journal of neuroinflammation, 9, 201.
• National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2020). Probiotics. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/probiotics-what-you-need-to-know
• National Institutes of Health. (2020). Vitamin B12. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/
• National Institutes of Health. (2020). Vitamin D. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/
• Ooi, Y. P., Weng, S. J., Jang, L. Y., Low, L., Seah, J., Teo, S., Ang, R. P., Lim, C. G., Liew, A., Fung, D. S., & Sung, M. (2015). Omega-3 fatty acids in the management of autism spectrum disorders: findings from an open-label pilot study in Singapore. European journal of clinical nutrition, 69(8), 969–971.
• Otizm Dernekleri Federasyonu. (2013). Türkiye’de Otizm. http://www.odfed.org/otizm/
• Pardo, C. A., & Eberhart, C. G. (2007). The neurobiology of autism. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 17(4), 434–447.
• Piwowarczyk, A., Horvath, A., Łukasik, J., Pisula, E., & Szajewska, H. (2018). Gluten- and casein-free diet and autism spectrum disorders in children: a systematic review. European journal of nutrition, 57(2), 433–440.
• Sacco, R., Militerni, R., Frolli, A., Bravaccio, C., Gritti, A., Elia, M., Curatolo, P., Manzi, B., Trillo, S., Lenti, C., Saccani, M., Schneider, C., Melmed, R., Reichelt, K. L., Pascucci, T., Puglisi-Allegra, S., & Persico, A. M. (2007). Clinical, morphological, and biochemical correlates of head circumference in autism. Biological psychiatry, 62(9), 1038–1047.
• Sauer, A. K., Stanton, J. E., Hans, S., & Grabrucker, A. M. (2021). Autism Spectrum Disorders: Etiology and Pathology. In A. M. Grabrucker (Ed.), Autism Spectrum Disorders. Exon Publications.
• Shaaban, S. Y., El Gendy, Y. G., Mehanna, N. S., El-Senousy, W. M., El-Feki, H. S. A., Saad, K., & El-Asheer, O. M. (2018). The role of probiotics in children with autism spectrum disorder: A prospective, open-label study. Nutritional neuroscience, 21(9), 676–681.
• Sun, C., Zou, M., Zhao, D., Xia, W., & Wu, L. (2016). Efficacy of Folic Acid Supplementation in Autistic Children Participating in Structured Teaching: An Open-Label Trial. Nutrients, 8(6), 337.
• Taylor, L. E., Swerdfeger, A. L., & Eslick, G. D. (2014). Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine, 32(29), 3623–3629.
• Voigt, R. G., Mellon, M. W., Katusic, S. K., Weaver, A. L., Matern, D., Mellon, B., Jensen, C. L., & Barbaresi, W. J. (2014). Dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with autism. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 58(6), 715–722.
• Wang, T., Shan, L., Du, L., Feng, J., Xu, Z., Staal, W. G., & Jia, F. (2016). Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 25(4), 341–350.
• Winburn, E., Charlton, J., McConachie, H., McColl, E., Parr, J., O'Hare, A., Baird, G., Gringras, P., Wilson, D. C., Adamson, A., Adams, S., & Le Couteur, A. (2014). Parents' and child health professionals' attitudes towards dietary interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 44(4), 747–757.
• World Health Organization. (2023). Autism spectrum disorders. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders