Psychometric Properties of the Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25) in Türkiye

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 123 - 134, 31.12.2022

Pınar Güzel Gürbüz Özge Yavaş Tez Melike Esentaş Deveci Alan R. Teo

https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1205838

Abstract

Hikikomori, which means 'social withdrawal' in Japanese, has been seen in a variety of cultures, particularly in developed countries and in the Far East region. The 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25) is a scale designed to assist in the evaluation of hikikomori, but few studies have examined its psychometric properties in populations outside Japan. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a shortened version of the HQ-25. The sample consisted of 501 Turkish participants between 12 and 65 years of age. Data analyses included examination of descriptive statistics, outliers, and normal distribution (skewness-kurtosis), as well as exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA respectively), Cronbach alpha and “split-half” for internal consistency and reliability, and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR) for convergent and discriminant validity. A single factor model with 8 items from the HQ-25 was formed. Results demonstrated adequate psychometric properties for a single factor structure of an 8-item version of the Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-8). This study provides preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of a brief version of the Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-8) in a sample of adults in Türkiye.

Keywords

Cultural syndrome, Diagnosis, Mental health, Psychometric, Social withdrawal, Social isolation

Hikikomori Ölçeği'nin (HQ-25) Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Japonca'da 'sosyal geri çekilme' anlamına gelen Hikikomori, başta gelişmiş ülkeler ve Uzak Doğu bölgesi olmak üzere çeşitli kültürlerde görülmüştür. 25 maddelik Hikikomori Anketi (HQ-25), hikikomori'nin değerlendirilmesine yardımcı olmak için tasarlanmış bir ölçektir. Ancak Japonya dışındaki popülasyonlarda psikometrik özelliklerini inceleyen çok az çalışma vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, HQ-25'in kısaltılmış bir versiyonunun psikometrik özelliklerini incelemektir. Örneklemi, 12-65 yaş arası 501 Türk katılımcı oluşturmuştur. Veri analizleri tanımlayıcı istatistikler, aykırı değer ve normal dağılım (çarpıklık-basıklık) incelenmesinin yanı sıra, Açıklayıcı ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (sırasıyla AFA ve CFA), iç tutarlılık güvenilirliği için Cronbach Alfa ve “iki yarı test güvenirliği” (Split-Half), yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerlilik için Ortalama Açıklanan Varyans (AVE) ve Bileşik Güvenilirlik (CR) değerlerini içermektedir. HQ-25'ten 8 maddelik tek faktörlü bir model oluşturulmuştur. Sonuçlar, Hikikomori Ölçeği’nin (HQ-8) 8 maddelik versiyonunun tek faktörlü yapısı için yeterli psikometrik özellikler gösterdi. Bu çalışma, Hikikomori Ölçeği’nin (HQ-8) kısa bir versiyonunun Türkiye'deki bir yetişkin örnekleminde güvenilirliğine ve geçerliliğine ilişkin ön kanıtlar sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Sosyal izolasyon, Hikikomori, Kültürel sendrom, Teşhis, Akıl sağlığı, Psikometrik, Sosyal çekilme, Cultural syndrome, Diagnosis, Mental health, Psychometric, Social withdrawal, Social isolation.

References

• Amendola, S., Presaghi, F., Teo, A. R., & Cerutti, R. (2022a). Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the 25-item hikikomori questionnaire. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 1-13. Article 13552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013552
• Amendola, S., Presaghi, F., Teo, A. R., & Cerutti, R. (2022b). Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the 25-Item Hikikomori Questionnaire for Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 1-17. Article 10408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610408
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma tasarımı, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorumlama. Pegem.
• Brown, T. A., & Moore, M. T. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of structural equation modeling (pp. 361-379). Guilford Press
• Cox, R. H., Martens, M. P., & Russell. W. D. (2003). Measuring anxiety in athletics: The revised competitive state anxiety inventory–2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(4), 519-533. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.4.519
• Cattell, R. B. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis. Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2262-7
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. Prentice Hall.
• Hu, X., Fan, D., & Shao, Y. (2022). Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori) Conditions in China: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-9. Article 826965. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.826945
• Fabringer, L. R., Wegener, D.T., MacCallum, R.C., & Strahan, E.J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272.
• Farrell, A. M., & Rudd, J. M. (2009). Factor analysis and discriminant validity: A brief review of some practical issues. Anzmac.
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Book plus code for E version of text. SAGE Publications Limited.
• Fino, E., Iliceto, P., Carcione, A., Giovani, E., & Candilera, G. (2022). Validation of the Italian version of the 25‐item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ‐25‐I). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19(20), 1-18. Article 13552. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23404
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
• Ghiselli, E. E., Campbell, J. P., & Zedeck, S. (1981). Measurement theory for the behavioral sciences. Freeman & Company.
• Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (24. baskı). Nobel.
• Kasak, M., Hacιosmanoglu, C. D., Hesapcioglu, S. T., & Ceylan, M. F. (2022). Loneliness in modern world: A case study of Hikikomori from Turkey. Turkish J Clinical Psychiatry, 25, 117-122. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2022.79663
• Krathwohl, D. (1997). Methods of educational and social science research. Longman: New York.
• Kato, T. A., Shinfuku, N., Sartorius, N., & Kanba, S. (2011). Are Japan's hikikomori and depression in young people spreading abroad?. The Lancet, 378(9796), 1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61475-X
• Kato T. A., Kanbda S, Teo A. R. (2018). Hikikomori: Experience in Japan and international relevance. World Psychiatry, 17, 105–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20497
• Loehlin, J. C. (1998). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis (3rd ed.). Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410609823
• Leonardsen, D. (2010). Crime in Japan: Paradise lost?. Palgrave Macmillan.
• McDonald, R. P. (1985). Factor analysis and related methods. Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.2307/1164692
• Ito, J., Ikehara, K., & Kim, Y. (2003). Community mental health intervention guidelines aimed at socially withdrawn teenagers and young adults. Ministry of Health, Labour & Welfare. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764008100629
• Hürriyet Kelebek (2007, Eylül 13). Hikikomori hastalığı Türk gençliğini de tehdit ediyor. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/hikikomori-hastaligi-turk-gencligini-de-tehdit-ediyor-7276911
• Saito, T. (1998) Shakaiteki hikikomori: Owaranai shishunki (Social Withdrawal: A Neverending Adolescence). PHP Shinsho.
• Shimoyachi, N. (2003, April 22). Group seeks care for socially withdrawn. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2003/04/22/national/group-seeks-care-for-socially-withdrawn/
• Schermelleh, E. K., & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Schumacher, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410610904
• Şahin, D. B., & Gülleroğlu, H. D. (2013). Examination of the psychometric properties of scales developed through item analysis techniques that are used to select items for likert-type. Asian Journal of Instruction, 1, 18-28.
• Teo, A. R., Chen, J. I., Kubo, H., Katsuki, R., Sato‐Kasai, M., Shimokawa, N., ... & Kato, T. A. (2018). Development and validation of the 25‐item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ‐25). Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 72(10), 780-788. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12691
• Teo, A. R. (2010). A new form of social withdrawal in Japan: a review of hikikomori. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56(2), 178-185. https://doi: 10.1177/0020764008100629
• Teo, A. R., & Gaw, A. C. (2010). Hikikomori, a Japanese culture-bound syndrome of social withdrawal? A proposal for DSM-V. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(6), 444–449. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181e086b1