Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 230 - 249, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1741104

Abstract

References

  • Andrews, G. E., Ledger, M., & Phylaktou, H. (2000). Fire safety in swimming pools: Smoke control and ceiling design considerations. Fire Safety Journal, 34(2), 123–135.
  • Angione, R., McClenaghan, B., & LaPlante, K. (2011). Risk management in public aquatic facilities. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport, 21(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.18060/22166
  • Arıkan, G., & İnce, U. (2023). Yüzme becerileri öz değerlendirme ölçeğinin Türk dili ve kültürüne uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 644–656. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8050001
  • Aslan, S. (2022). Kent meydanlarında yapılan inşaat çalışmalarının Fine-Kinney yöntemiyle risk değerlendirmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 329-340. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaumfd.1146062
  • Becker, B. E. (2009). Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications. PM&R, 1(9), 859–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.05.017
  • Bessonneau, V., Mosqueron, L., Berrubé, A., Mukensturm, G., Buffet-Bataillon, S., Gangneux, J. P., & Thomas, O. (2011). Assessment of exposure to disinfectant by-products in indoor swimming pools: A survey of levels of trihalomethanes in air and water. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 214(6), 465–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.06.003
  • Birgören, B. (2017). Calculation challenges and solution suggestions for risk factors in the Fine Kinney risk analysis method. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, 9(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.29137/UMAGD.346168
  • Brenner, R. A., Trumble, A. C., Smith, G. S., Kessler, E. P., & Overpeck, M. D. (2001). Where children drown, United States, 1995. Pediatrics, 108(1), 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.1.85
  • Bullock, C. C. (2003). Recreation, leisure and aging: Transforming the field. Sagamore Publishing.
  • Chau, K., Carroll, K. J., & Li, X.-F. (2024). Swimming benefits outweigh risks of exposure to disinfection byproducts in pools. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 152, 527–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2024.05.040
  • Cündübeyoğlu, İ., & Kayabaşı, R. (2022). Seramik fabrikasında Fine-Kinney yöntemi ile risk değerlendirmesi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 35, 633-642. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1061103
  • Dalziel, C. F. (1966). Electric shock hazards of fresh water swimming pools. IEEE Transactions on Industry and General Applications, IGA-2, (4), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIGA.1966.4180670.
  • Denny, S. A., Quan, L., Gilchrist, J., McCallin, T., Shenoi, R., Yusuf, S., Hoffman, B., Weiss, J., & AAP Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention. (2021). Prevention of drowning. Pediatrics, 148(2), e2021053121. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-053121
  • Electrical Installations Regulation. (2013, December 30). T.C. Resmî Gazete (No. 28867).
  • Fletemeyer, J. R. (2018). Swimming pool and spa safety. In J. R. Fletemeyer & R. J. G. Langendorfer (Eds.), Aquatic safety management (pp. 73–98). Routlegde. https://doi.org/10.1201/B22240-5
  • Gallé, F., Dallolio, L., Marotta, M., Raggi, A., Di Onofrio, V., Liguori, G., Toni, F., & Leoni, E. (2016). Health-related behaviors in swimming pool users: Influence of knowledge of regulations and awareness of health risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(5), 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050513
  • Giampaoli, S., & Romano-Spica, V. (2014). Health and safety in recreational waters. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92(2), 79. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.126391
  • Harjanto, R., & Sumaryanto, S. (2023). Analysis of Occupational Health and Safety (K3) on Work Productivity of UNY Swimming Pool Employees. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 6(2), 759-773. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v6-i2-35.
  • Harman, J. R., Tchounwou, P. B., & Liao, X. (2017). Analysis of microbiological contamination in public swimming pools. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7), Article 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070795
  • Hesami-Arani, M., Jaafarzadeh, N., Khaleghi Dehabadi, P., Mostafaii, G., Tazik, M., Karimi, Z., Etesam, A., & Mohammadzadeh, M. (2020). Health and safety hazards identification and risk assessment in the swimming pools using combined HAZID and ALARP. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal, 7(3), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.34172/ehem.2020.18
  • Karahan, V., & Aydoğmuş, E. (2023). Risk analysis and risk assessment of laboratory work by Fine Kinney method. International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches, 7(4), 442-446. https://doi.org/10.59287/ijanser.788
  • Krsmanović, B., & Radovic, S. (2018). Importance of hygiene behavior of pool facility users and sanitary conditions in prevention of infections. Arhiv za Higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju, 69(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3120
  • Martin, J., & Walters, R. (2001). Slips, trips and falls: Structural safety issues in aquatic environments. Journal of Safety Research, 32(1), 45–56.
  • Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331. (2012, June 30). T.C. Resmî Gazete (No. 28339).
  • Özbakır, O. (2023). Hazard and risk assessment in a dairy products factory in Iğdır province using the Fine Kinney Risk Method: Recommendations for mitigation. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 7(3), 563-572. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.3.10
  • Özfırat, M., Yetkin, M. E., Şimşir, F., & Kahraman, B. (2016). Uzunayak üretimindeki mevcut tehlike kaynaklarının iş güvenliği açısından değerlendirilmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 55(1), 3-16.
  • Pándics, T., Hofer, Á., Dura, G., Vargha, M., Szigeti, T., & Tóth, E. (2018). Health risk of swimming pool disinfection by-products: A regulatory perspective. Journal of Water and Health, 16(6), 947–957. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.178
  • Regulation on Fire Protection of Buildings. (2007, December 19). T.C. Resmî Gazete (No. 26735).
  • Shack, S., Redmond, M., & Rustin, R. (2016). An assessment of data related to inspections of risk factors for public swimming pools. Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association, 6(2), 199–209. https://doi.org/10.21633/jgpha.6.2s05
  • Smoot, A. W. & Bentel, C. A. (1964). "Electric Shock Hazard of Underwater Swimming Pool Lighting Fixtures," in IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 83(9), 945-964. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1964.4766095.
  • Stalter, D., Magdeburg, A., Weil, M., Knacker, T., & Oehlmann, J. (2016). Toxication or detoxication? Bioassays to elucidate the disinfection of pool water. Water Research, 105, 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.023
  • Swimming Pools Regulation. (2011, March 6). T.C. Resmî Gazete (No. 27866).
  • Villanueva, C. M., & Font-Ribera, L. (2012). Health impact of disinfection by-products in swimming pools. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 48(4), 387–396. https://doi.org/10.4415/ann_12_04_06
  • World Health Organization. (2006). Guidelines for safe recreational water environments: Volume 2: Swimming pools and similar environments. Geneva: WHO Press.
  • Yalçın, Z. G., Dağ, M., & Aydoğmuş, E. (2018). Risk analysis by Fine Kinney method in a laboratory. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1, 57-62.
  • Zwiener, C., Richardson, S. D., De Marini, D. M., Grummt, T., Glauner, T., & Frimmel, F. H. (2007). Drowning in disinfection byproducts? Assessing swimming pool water. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(2), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1021/es062367v

Olympic Swimming Pools Risks and Threats with the Fine-Kinney Method

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 230 - 249, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1741104

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to identify the risks and threats in terms of occupational health and safety in Olympic swimming pools, and to make recommendations for the creation of sustainable and safe structures. The data were obtained from a total of four Olympic and semi-Olympic pools that were in operation under the auspices of the Provincial Directorate of Youth and Sports in the Karabük province of Türkiye. The architectural design of pool buildings encompasses a variety of functional spaces, including a cafeteria, waiting rooms, an information desk, staff rooms, separate changing rooms for male and female users, and showers for visitors. These facilities are complemented by common areas, which foster social interaction and promote a sense of community. The risks and threats were defined, tabulated and interpreted using the Fine-Kinney method. The research findings indicate the presence of electrical, chemical and physical hazards in the evaluated areas. The implementation of urgent corrective measures is imperative to mitigate these risks, ensuring the safety of workers and the long-term sustainability of the application areas. In order to control these risks, technical measures, personnel training and increasing periodic inspections are of great importance.

References

  • Andrews, G. E., Ledger, M., & Phylaktou, H. (2000). Fire safety in swimming pools: Smoke control and ceiling design considerations. Fire Safety Journal, 34(2), 123–135.
  • Angione, R., McClenaghan, B., & LaPlante, K. (2011). Risk management in public aquatic facilities. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport, 21(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.18060/22166
  • Arıkan, G., & İnce, U. (2023). Yüzme becerileri öz değerlendirme ölçeğinin Türk dili ve kültürüne uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 644–656. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8050001
  • Aslan, S. (2022). Kent meydanlarında yapılan inşaat çalışmalarının Fine-Kinney yöntemiyle risk değerlendirmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 329-340. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaumfd.1146062
  • Becker, B. E. (2009). Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications. PM&R, 1(9), 859–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.05.017
  • Bessonneau, V., Mosqueron, L., Berrubé, A., Mukensturm, G., Buffet-Bataillon, S., Gangneux, J. P., & Thomas, O. (2011). Assessment of exposure to disinfectant by-products in indoor swimming pools: A survey of levels of trihalomethanes in air and water. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 214(6), 465–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.06.003
  • Birgören, B. (2017). Calculation challenges and solution suggestions for risk factors in the Fine Kinney risk analysis method. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, 9(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.29137/UMAGD.346168
  • Brenner, R. A., Trumble, A. C., Smith, G. S., Kessler, E. P., & Overpeck, M. D. (2001). Where children drown, United States, 1995. Pediatrics, 108(1), 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.1.85
  • Bullock, C. C. (2003). Recreation, leisure and aging: Transforming the field. Sagamore Publishing.
  • Chau, K., Carroll, K. J., & Li, X.-F. (2024). Swimming benefits outweigh risks of exposure to disinfection byproducts in pools. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 152, 527–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2024.05.040
  • Cündübeyoğlu, İ., & Kayabaşı, R. (2022). Seramik fabrikasında Fine-Kinney yöntemi ile risk değerlendirmesi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 35, 633-642. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1061103
  • Dalziel, C. F. (1966). Electric shock hazards of fresh water swimming pools. IEEE Transactions on Industry and General Applications, IGA-2, (4), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIGA.1966.4180670.
  • Denny, S. A., Quan, L., Gilchrist, J., McCallin, T., Shenoi, R., Yusuf, S., Hoffman, B., Weiss, J., & AAP Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention. (2021). Prevention of drowning. Pediatrics, 148(2), e2021053121. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-053121
  • Electrical Installations Regulation. (2013, December 30). T.C. Resmî Gazete (No. 28867).
  • Fletemeyer, J. R. (2018). Swimming pool and spa safety. In J. R. Fletemeyer & R. J. G. Langendorfer (Eds.), Aquatic safety management (pp. 73–98). Routlegde. https://doi.org/10.1201/B22240-5
  • Gallé, F., Dallolio, L., Marotta, M., Raggi, A., Di Onofrio, V., Liguori, G., Toni, F., & Leoni, E. (2016). Health-related behaviors in swimming pool users: Influence of knowledge of regulations and awareness of health risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(5), 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050513
  • Giampaoli, S., & Romano-Spica, V. (2014). Health and safety in recreational waters. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92(2), 79. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.126391
  • Harjanto, R., & Sumaryanto, S. (2023). Analysis of Occupational Health and Safety (K3) on Work Productivity of UNY Swimming Pool Employees. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 6(2), 759-773. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v6-i2-35.
  • Harman, J. R., Tchounwou, P. B., & Liao, X. (2017). Analysis of microbiological contamination in public swimming pools. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7), Article 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070795
  • Hesami-Arani, M., Jaafarzadeh, N., Khaleghi Dehabadi, P., Mostafaii, G., Tazik, M., Karimi, Z., Etesam, A., & Mohammadzadeh, M. (2020). Health and safety hazards identification and risk assessment in the swimming pools using combined HAZID and ALARP. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal, 7(3), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.34172/ehem.2020.18
  • Karahan, V., & Aydoğmuş, E. (2023). Risk analysis and risk assessment of laboratory work by Fine Kinney method. International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches, 7(4), 442-446. https://doi.org/10.59287/ijanser.788
  • Krsmanović, B., & Radovic, S. (2018). Importance of hygiene behavior of pool facility users and sanitary conditions in prevention of infections. Arhiv za Higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju, 69(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3120
  • Martin, J., & Walters, R. (2001). Slips, trips and falls: Structural safety issues in aquatic environments. Journal of Safety Research, 32(1), 45–56.
  • Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331. (2012, June 30). T.C. Resmî Gazete (No. 28339).
  • Özbakır, O. (2023). Hazard and risk assessment in a dairy products factory in Iğdır province using the Fine Kinney Risk Method: Recommendations for mitigation. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 7(3), 563-572. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.3.10
  • Özfırat, M., Yetkin, M. E., Şimşir, F., & Kahraman, B. (2016). Uzunayak üretimindeki mevcut tehlike kaynaklarının iş güvenliği açısından değerlendirilmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 55(1), 3-16.
  • Pándics, T., Hofer, Á., Dura, G., Vargha, M., Szigeti, T., & Tóth, E. (2018). Health risk of swimming pool disinfection by-products: A regulatory perspective. Journal of Water and Health, 16(6), 947–957. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.178
  • Regulation on Fire Protection of Buildings. (2007, December 19). T.C. Resmî Gazete (No. 26735).
  • Shack, S., Redmond, M., & Rustin, R. (2016). An assessment of data related to inspections of risk factors for public swimming pools. Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association, 6(2), 199–209. https://doi.org/10.21633/jgpha.6.2s05
  • Smoot, A. W. & Bentel, C. A. (1964). "Electric Shock Hazard of Underwater Swimming Pool Lighting Fixtures," in IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 83(9), 945-964. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1964.4766095.
  • Stalter, D., Magdeburg, A., Weil, M., Knacker, T., & Oehlmann, J. (2016). Toxication or detoxication? Bioassays to elucidate the disinfection of pool water. Water Research, 105, 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.023
  • Swimming Pools Regulation. (2011, March 6). T.C. Resmî Gazete (No. 27866).
  • Villanueva, C. M., & Font-Ribera, L. (2012). Health impact of disinfection by-products in swimming pools. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 48(4), 387–396. https://doi.org/10.4415/ann_12_04_06
  • World Health Organization. (2006). Guidelines for safe recreational water environments: Volume 2: Swimming pools and similar environments. Geneva: WHO Press.
  • Yalçın, Z. G., Dağ, M., & Aydoğmuş, E. (2018). Risk analysis by Fine Kinney method in a laboratory. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1, 57-62.
  • Zwiener, C., Richardson, S. D., De Marini, D. M., Grummt, T., Glauner, T., & Frimmel, F. H. (2007). Drowning in disinfection byproducts? Assessing swimming pool water. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(2), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1021/es062367v
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Activity Management
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Özkeskin 0000-0002-8698-4850

Fatih Harun Turhan 0000-0001-5644-6157

Early Pub Date September 28, 2025
Publication Date September 30, 2025
Submission Date July 12, 2025
Acceptance Date September 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özkeskin, M., & Turhan, F. H. (2025). Olympic Swimming Pools Risks and Threats with the Fine-Kinney Method. Eurasian Journal of Sport Sciences and Education, 7(2), 230-249. https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1741104
AMA Özkeskin M, Turhan FH. Olympic Swimming Pools Risks and Threats with the Fine-Kinney Method. EJSSE. September 2025;7(2):230-249. doi:10.47778/ejsse.1741104
Chicago Özkeskin, Mehmet, and Fatih Harun Turhan. “Olympic Swimming Pools Risks and Threats With the Fine-Kinney Method”. Eurasian Journal of Sport Sciences and Education 7, no. 2 (September 2025): 230-49. https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1741104.
EndNote Özkeskin M, Turhan FH (September 1, 2025) Olympic Swimming Pools Risks and Threats with the Fine-Kinney Method. Eurasian Journal of Sport Sciences and Education 7 2 230–249.
IEEE M. Özkeskin and F. H. Turhan, “Olympic Swimming Pools Risks and Threats with the Fine-Kinney Method”, EJSSE, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 230–249, 2025, doi: 10.47778/ejsse.1741104.
ISNAD Özkeskin, Mehmet - Turhan, Fatih Harun. “Olympic Swimming Pools Risks and Threats With the Fine-Kinney Method”. Eurasian Journal of Sport Sciences and Education 7/2 (September2025), 230-249. https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1741104.
JAMA Özkeskin M, Turhan FH. Olympic Swimming Pools Risks and Threats with the Fine-Kinney Method. EJSSE. 2025;7:230–249.
MLA Özkeskin, Mehmet and Fatih Harun Turhan. “Olympic Swimming Pools Risks and Threats With the Fine-Kinney Method”. Eurasian Journal of Sport Sciences and Education, vol. 7, no. 2, 2025, pp. 230-49, doi:10.47778/ejsse.1741104.
Vancouver Özkeskin M, Turhan FH. Olympic Swimming Pools Risks and Threats with the Fine-Kinney Method. EJSSE. 2025;7(2):230-49.

18286                      18287          18288