Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of a Biomass Based Hybrid Renewable Energy System for an Off-Grid Livestock Facility

Abstract

In this study, a biomass-based hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) combining photovoltaic (PV) panels, a biogas generator, and battery storage was designed and optimized to meet the electricity demand of an off-grid livestock facility located in northern Diyarbakır, Turkey. The analysis was performed using HOMER Pro software, incorporating technical, economic, and environmental evaluations. The system was configured with 43.9 kW PV, a 50 kW biogas generator, battery storage, and a converter, supplying a daily load of 165 kWh entirely from renewable sources. Annual energy production reached 90,866 kWh, achieving a 100% renewable fraction. The system’s Net Present Cost (NPC) and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) were determined as $289,055 and 0.2326 $/kWh, respectively, confirming its strong economic competitiveness. Sensitivity analyses revealed that solar radiation was the most influential factor affecting system economics, where increased irradiance improved cost efficiency by approximately 7–8%. Variations in biomass price produced moderate effects of around 3%, while energy demand and nominal discount rate had secondary yet measurable impacts. The environmental assessment indicated a 99.97% reduction in CO₂ emissions, with the hybrid configuration achieving near-zero greenhouse gas output and only negligible levels of SO₂, NOₓ, and CO. Furthermore, the grid extension analysis demonstrated that beyond a 14.6 km distance, the off-grid HRES becomes more cost-effective than extending the utility grid. Overall, the results confirm that integrating solar and biogas energy provides a technically reliable, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable solution for rural electrification in regions with high solar potential and strong agricultural livestock activity.

Keywords

• Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
• Solar Energy
• Biogas Generator
• Energy Management
• Optimization

Şebekeden Bağımsız Bir Hayvancılık Tesisi İçin Biyokütle Tabanlı Hibrit Yenilenebilir Enerji Sisteminin Teknik, Ekonomik ve Çevresel Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Diyarbakır’ın kuzeyinde (Türkiye) yer alan şebekeden bağımsız bir hayvancılık tesisinin elektrik talebini karşılamak amacıyla fotovoltaik (PV) paneller, biyogaz jeneratörü ve batarya depolamasını birleştiren biyokütle tabanlı hibrit bir yenilenebilir enerji sistemi (HRES) tasarlanmış ve optimize edilmiştir. Analizler, teknik, ekonomik ve çevresel değerlendirmeleri içerecek şekilde HOMER Pro yazılımı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sistem; 43,9 kW PV, 50 kW biyogaz jeneratörü, batarya depolama ve bir dönüştürücüden oluşacak şekilde yapılandırılmış olup, günlük 165 kWh’lik yükü tamamen yenilenebilir kaynaklardan karşılamaktadır. Yıllık enerji üretimi 90.866 kWh’ye ulaşmış ve %100 yenilenebilirlik oranı elde edilmiştir. Sistemin Net Bugünkü Maliyeti (NPC) ve Seviyelendirilmiş Enerji Maliyeti (LCOE) sırasıyla 289.055 USD ve 0,2326 USD/kWh olarak belirlenmiş olup, güçlü bir ekonomik rekabetçiliğe sahip olduğunu doğrulamaktadır. Duyarlılık analizleri, sistem ekonomisini etkileyen en önemli faktörün güneş ışınımı olduğunu göstermiş; artan ışınımın maliyet etkinliğini yaklaşık %7–8 oranında iyileştirdiği belirlenmiştir. Biyokütle fiyatındaki değişimler yaklaşık %3 düzeyinde orta derecede etkilere yol açarken, enerji talebi ve nominal iskonto oranı ikincil ancak ölçülebilir etkilere sahip olmuştur. Çevresel değerlendirme, CO₂ emisyonlarında %99,97 oranında bir azalma olduğunu ortaya koymuş; hibrit yapılandırma, neredeyse sıfır sera gazı salımı ile yalnızca ihmal edilebilir düzeylerde SO₂, NOₓ ve CO emisyonları üretmiştir. Ayrıca, şebeke uzatma analizi, 14,6 km’yi aşan mesafelerde şebekeden bağımsız HRES’in, kamu elektrik şebekesinin uzatılmasına kıyasla daha maliyet etkin hale geldiğini göstermiştir. Genel olarak, elde edilen sonuçlar, güneş ve biyogaz enerjisinin entegrasyonunun, yüksek güneş potansiyeline ve güçlü tarımsal hayvancılık faaliyetlerine sahip bölgelerde kırsal elektrifikasyon için teknik olarak güvenilir, ekonomik olarak uygulanabilir ve çevresel açıdan sürdürülebilir bir çözüm sunduğunu doğrulamaktadır.

Keywords

• Hibrit Yenilenebilir Enerji Sistemleri
• Güneş Enerjisi
• Biyogaz Jeneratörü
• Enerji Yönetimi
• Optimizasyon

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