Escaping Income Trap Index (EITI)

Year 2024, , 169 - 190, 31.08.2024

Metin Gürler

https://doi.org/10.38009/ekimad.1458361

Abstract

The Middle Income Trap is a major risk for many middle-income countries that cannot improve their manufacturing industry performance during the development phase and transition to the R&D and innovation-oriented service sector. Middle-income Countries (MICs) which were unable to increase their National Income Per Capita (NIPC) to become High-Income Countries (HICs) and were stuck at a certain income threshold fell into the Middle Income Trap (MIT). The study aims to analyze to measure the competitiveness of 65 countries with min-max methodology and rank them , so that the weakness indicators can be determined to setup a road map to increase competitiveness of Türkiye and to escape from MIT. In this study, 65 countries where 38 of them were HICs which might be taken as an example of economic development success and 26 of them as MICs those had strict competition in the international market along with Türkiye have been investigated by Escaping Income Trap Index (EITI). The index consisted of 5 sub-indices (dimensions) and 82 indicators. EITI scores were calculated for 65 countries in the study, and the relationships between index scores and National Income Per Capita (NIPC) was tested with both with the Cross-Sectional Data Method for the 2013-2014 period and with the Panel Data Method for the twenty-one periods between 1993-1994 and 2013-2014. It has been determined that Türkiye, which has a significant weight in the global economy, does not have a successful ranking in the general index and sub-indices obtained in the study. Türkiye ranked 61st in the index ranking calculated for 2013-2014, in which Switzerland ranked first, and the ratio of Türkiye's EITI score to the leading country scores was 65 percent. In other popular indices created by international organizations, this rate was 60 percent on average.

Keywords

Economic Growth, Middle Income Trap, Competitiveness

Ethical Statement

No need ethical approval.

Gelir Tuzağından Kaçış Endeksi (GTKE)

Abstract

Orta Gelir Tuzağı kalkınma aşamasında imalat sanayi performansını daha ileri götürüp Ar-Ge ve inovasyon odaklı hizmet sektörüne geçiş yapamayan birçok orta gelirli ülkelerin önündeki büyük bir risktir. Kişi Başına Milli Gelirini (KBMG) Yüksek Gelirli Ülke (YGÜ) sınıfına yükseltemeyen ve belirli bir gelir eşiğinde sıkışıp kalan orta gelirli ülkeler (OGÜ), Orta Gelir Tuzağına (OGT) düşmüş sayılır. Çalışma, 65 ülkenin rekabet gücünü minimum-maksimum metodolojisi ile ölçerek analiz etmeyi ve sıralamayı amaçlayarak, Türkiye'nin rekabet gücünü olumsuz etkileyen göstergelerin belirlenerek rekabet gücünün arttırılması ve MIT'den kaçış için bir yol haritası oluşturulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, örnek ülke olarak incelenen Türkiye ile birlikte, uluslararası pazarda sıkı rekabet içinde olduğu 26 OGÜ ve ekonomik kalkınma başarısına örnek alınabilecek 38 YGÜ olmak üzere toplam 65 ülke ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada, Gelir Tuzağından Kaçış Endeksi (GTKE) incelenmiştir. Endeks çok boyutlu olarak 5 alt endeks ve 82 göstergeden oluşmuştur. Çalışmada yer alan 65 ülke için GTKE puanları hesaplanmış ve endeks skorları Kişi Başına Düşen Milli Gelir (KBDMG) ile ilişkileri hem 2013-2014 dönemi için Kesitsel Veri Yöntemi ile hem de 1993-1994 ve 2013-2014 yılları arasındaki yirmi bir dönem için Panel Veri Yöntemi ile test edilmiştir. Küresel ekonomide önemli bir ağırlığa sahip olan Türkiye'nin çalışmada elde edilen genel endeks ve alt endekslerde başarılı bir sıralamaya sahip olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Türkiye, İsviçre'nin ilk sırada yer aldığı 2013-2014 için hesaplanan endeks sıralamasında 61. olmuş, Türkiye’nin GTKE puanının lider ülke puanlarına oranı ise yüzde 65 olmuştur. Uluslararası kuruluşların oluşturduğu diğer popüler endekslerde ise bu oran ortalama yüzde 60 olmuştur.

Keywords

Ekonomik büyüme, Orta Gelir Tuzağı, Rekabetçilik

Ethical Statement

Etik kurulu kararına gerek yoktur.

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