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POLITICAL EDUCATION IN SOCIAL STUDIES CLASSROOMS: A PERSPECTIVE FROM TURKEY

Year 2016, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 464 - 483, 20.04.2016

Zafer Kus , Özge Tarhan

Abstract

Today, the citizenship education has become a very important study field in the entire world. Political education, on the other hand, has another important dimension in the citizenship education. Thus, there is a rapid increase in the number of studies concerning the citizenship education and the political education. Educational system in different countries involves lesson or lessons aimed at bringing political knowledge in students. In Turkey, on the other hand, an important part of knowledge and skills that are required for students to become good citizens is brought via the Social Studies lesson. This study aims to determine the applications in social studies classes where citizenship and political education is basically taught via observations and to determine the views of social studies teachers on this subject. In this study using the mixed method, we received the opinions of 75 social studies teachers regarding the education of political subjects and observed the intraclass applications of 12 social studies teachers for 10 weeks. According to the results of the study, there are differences between the views of students and intraclass applications. While teachers emphasize the necessity of teaching political subjects in social studies classes and giving information about the political process, the observation results show that a number of social studies teachers do not involve political subjects and information about the political process.

Keywords: Politic, Political Education, Social Studies, Students, Turkey                             

References

  • Achen, Christopher H. (2002). “Parental Socialization and Rational Party Identification.” Political Behavior 24 (2): 151–170.
  • Advisory Group on Citizenship (1998) Education for citizenship and the teaching of Democracy in schools (The Crick Report). London: Qualifications and Curriculum Authority.
  • Akhan, O. (2011). Sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının politika bilimine yönelik eğilimlerinin belirlenmes. Gazi üniversitesi Eğitim bilimleri enstitüsü. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara.
  • Almond, Gabriel, and Sidney Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Amadeo, J. A., Torney‐Purta, J., Lehmann, R., Husfeldt, V., & Nikolova, R. (2002). Civic knowledge and engagement: An IEA study of upper secondary students in sixteen countries. Amsterdam: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.
  • Amadeo, Torney, Lehmann, Purta (2003). Civic Knowledge and Engagement an IEA Study of Upper Secondary Students in Sixteen Countries. Amsterdam: The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.Volume 6/2, s.213-221, ABD.
  • Angvik, M. and von Borries, B. (Eds.) (1997) Youth and history: A comparative European survey on historical consciousness and political attitudes among adolescents (Vol. A-B) Hamburg: Korber-Stiftung.
  • Baysal Z. N.(2009). An application of the decision-making model for democracy education: a sample of a third grade social sciences lesson Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri / Educational Sciences: Th eory &Practice. 9 (1) • Winter. 75-84
  • Bedolla, G., L. (2010). 21st Century Competencies and Civic Participation. Washington, DC: National. Academy of Sciences, Center for Education. Report available from http://www7.nationalacademies.org/dbasse/Research_on_21st_Century_Competencies_Papers_and_Presentations.html
  • Bennett, Linda L.M., and Stephen Earl Bennett. 1989. "Enduring Gender Differences in Political Interest: The Impact of Socialization and Political Dispositions," American Politics Quarterly 17(1):105-122.
  • Berg, W. , Leena, G. ve Holden, C. (2003). Teaching Controversial Issues: a European Perspective. http://cice.londonmet.ac.uk/pdf/Guidelines1.pdf. 22.10.2014.
  • Boyer. E. (1990). Civic education for responsible citizens. Educational Leadership, 49:4-7.
  • Campbell, D. E. (2005). Voice in the classroom: How an open classroom environment facilitates adolescents' civic development. CIRCLE Working Papers, 28.
  • Campbell, D. E. (2006). What is education‘s impact on civic and social engagement? In R. Desjardins & T. Schuller (Eds.), Measuring the Effects of Education on Health and Civic Engagement: Proceedings of the Copenhagen Symposium (pp. 25-126). Paris: OECD, CERI.
  • Campbell, D. E. (2008). Voice in the classroom: How an open classroom climate fosters political engagement among adolescents. Political Behavior, 30(4), 437-454.
  • Çal, H. (2006). Bireylerde ergenlik döneminde siyasal katılım ve siyasal etkinliğin gelişimi-Isparta ili örnek olay araştırması. Unpublished master‘s thesis, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
  • Davies, I. And Sylivia, H. (2004). Political Literacy: Issues for Teachers and Learners. . In J. Demaine (Ed.), Citizenship and political education today. London: Palgrave/Macmillan (pp. 41-58)
  • Delli Carpini, MichaelX., and ScottKeeter. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why ItMatters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Doğanay, A. (2009). Öğretmen adaylarının vatandaĢlık algısı ve eylemlerinin siyasal toplumsallaĢma bağlamında değerlendirilmesi. Proceedings of the 1st International European Union, Democracy, Citizenship and Citizenship Education Symposium, Turkey, 28-44.
  • Doğanay, A., Çuhadar, A. & Sarı, M. (2007). Öğretmen adaylarının siyasal katılımcılık düzeylerine çeĢitli etmenlerin etkisinin demokratik vatandaĢlık eğitimi bağlamında incelenmesi. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice. 50, 213-239.
  • Douglas, A. (2003) ‘Educating for change in political culture?’ Teaching Citizenship, 5, pp. 8-16
  • Douglas, Anna (2002) “Educating for real and hoped for political worlds: ways forward in developing political literacy” [Unpub. – Abridged version submitted for Teaching Citizenship.
  • Erdoğan, E. (2003). Türk gençliği ve siyasal katılım: 1999-2003. Ġstanbul: Toplumsal Katılım ve GeliĢim Vakfı.
  • EUYOUPART. 2005. “Political Participation of Young People in Europe.” SORA. Accessed March 8, 2010. http://www.sora.at/en/topics/political-culture/euyoupart-2003-2005/enreports. Html
  • Fyfe, I., (2007) Hidden in the curriculum: Political Literacy and Education for Citizenship in Australia Melbourne Journal of Politics, Vol. 32, pp. 110-134
  • Galston, A. W. (2001). Political Knowledge Political Engagement And Civic Education . Annual Review of Political Science. Vol. 4: 217-234. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.217
  • Gardner, M., Roth, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2008). Adolescents‘ participation in organized activities and developmental success 2 and 8 years after high school: Do sponsorship, duration, and intensity matter? Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 814-830.
  • Glanville, J. L. (1999). Political socialization or selection? Adolescent extracurricular participation and political activity in early adulthood. Social Science Quarterly, 80(2), 279-290.
  • Glickman, CD., (1998).Revolution, education, and the practice of democracy. The Educational Forum 63(1), 6-22
  • Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-607. Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/ QR/QR8-4/golafshani.pdf
  • Hahn, Carole L. 1998. Becoming Political: Comparative Perspectives on Citizenship Education. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Harwood AM (1992). The effects of close-up participation on high school students' political attitudes. paper presented at the annual meeting of the Social Science Education Consortium. Minnesota. Levitt
  • Hauser, S-M. (2000) Education, Ability, and Civic Engagement in the Contemporary United States, Social Science Research, 29, pp. 556-582.
  • Hess, Diana E. 2004. “Controversies About Controversial Issues in Democratic Education.” PS: Political Science and Politics 37 (2):257–261.
  • Hess, Diana E. 2009. Controversy in the Classroom: The Democratic Power of Discussion. New York: Routledge.
  • Hess, Robert D. and Judith Torney. (1967). The Development of Political Attitudes in Children. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
  • Kalender, A. (2003). Seçmenin Karar Sürecinde İletişim Araç ve Yöntemlerinin Önemi Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Selçuk İletişim, Cilt 2, Sayı 4, s: 30-41.
  • Kerr D, Lines A, Blenkinsop S and Schagen (2002), England’s Resutls from the IEA ınternational Citizenship Education Study: What Citizenship And Education Mean To 14 Year Olds, London:DfES
  • Keskin, Y. (2009). Türkiye’de ilkokul programlarında yer alan Sosyal bilgiler içerikli derslere ait öğretim Programlarının gelişimine tarihsel bir bakış. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. Yıl: 13, S: 2, Ağustos 2009
  • Kimberlee, R.H. 2002. “Why don’t British Young People Vote at General Elections?” Journal of Youth Studies 5 (1): 85–98.
  • Kuş, Z. (2012). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin demokrasi algılarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ankara
  • Kuş, Z. (2013a) Politik Okuryazarlık ve Aktif Vatandaşlık (Ed. Ebru Gençtürk ve Kadir Karatekin) Sosyal Bilgiler İçin Çoklu Okuryazarlık. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık
  • Kuş, Z. (2013b). Political Literacy Status of Pre-Service Social Studies Teacher 5th World Conference on Education Sciences. 05-08 February 2013, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
  • Levitt GA & Longstreet WS (1983). Controversy and the teaching of authentic civic values. The Social Studies, 84:142-148.
  • Mısırlı-Özsoy, A. (2010). 8th Grade students‘perceptıons of cıvıc ıssues and partıcıpatıon ın electoral, polıtıcal and cıvıc actıvıtıes. The Graduate School Of Socıal Scıences Of Mıddle East Technıcal University. Unpublished Master thesis. Ankara.
  • Milner, H. (2002). Civic literacy: How informed citizens make democracy work. Hanover, NH: Tufts University Press.
  • NCSS, National Council for the Social Studies. (1994). Expectations of excellence: Curriculum standards for the social studies. Washington, DC: NCSS.
  • Niemi, Nancy S., and Richard G. Niemi. 2007. “Partisanship, Participation, and Political Trust as Taught (Or Not) in High School History and Government Classes.” Theory and Research in Social Education 35 (1): 32–61.
  • Niemi, R. G., & Junn, J. (1998). Civic education: What makes students learn. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Öztürk, C. (2009). Sosyal bilgiler: Toplumsal yaşama disiplinlerarası bir bakış. In C. Öztürk (Ed., pp. 1-31). Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Park, A. 2004. “Has Modern Politics Disenchanted the Young?” In British Social Attitudes,the 21st Report, edited by A. Park, K. Curtis, and C. Thompson, 23–48. London: Sage.
  • Parlak, Ġ. (1999). Youth and politics in Turkey. Unpublished master‘s thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Patrick, J. J. (2003). Teaching democracy. ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies, Retrieved on 4th November, 2009 from Eric Digest.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Pirie, M., and R. M. Worcester. 2000. The Big Turn-off: Attitudes of Young People to Government, Citizenship, and Community. London: Adam Smith Sititution.
  • Print, M., L. Saha, and K. Edwards. 2004. Youth Electoral Study – Report 1: Enrolment and Voting. Sydney: Australian Electoral Commission.
  • Quintelier, E., 2008. Who is Politically Active: The Athlete, the Scout Member or the Environmental Activist?: Young People, Voluntary Engagement and Political Participation Acta Sociologica 51, 355-370.
  • Schusler, T.M ve M. E. Kasny (2008), ―Youth Participation in Local Environmental Action: an Avenue for Science and Civic Learning?, Participation And Learning, 268–284
  • Schusler, T.M ve M. E. Kasny (2008), Youth Participation in Local Environmental Action: an Avenue for Science and Civic Learning?, Participation And Learning, 268–284
  • Smith, E. S. (1999). The effects of investments in the social capital of youth on political and civic behavior in young adulthood: A longitudinal analysis. Political Psychology, 20(3), 553-580.
  • Somekh B. And Levin, C. (2005). Reseach Method in the Social Sciences. London: SAGE Publication Ltd.
  • Tarhan, Ö. (2015). Sosyal bilgiler öğretmeni adaylarının politik okuryazarlığa ilişkin görüşleri. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Yıl: 3, Sayı: 9, s. 1-10.
  • Torney-Purta, J. & Richardson, W. K. (2004). Anticipated political engagement among adolescents in Australia, England, Norway, and the United States. In J. Demaine (Ed.), Citizenship and political education today. London: Palgrave/Macmillan (pp. 41-58)
  • Torney-Purta, J., & Amodeo, J. (2003). A cross-national analysis of political and civic involvement among adolescents. Political Science and Politics, 36(2), 269-274.
  • Torney‐Purta, J., Lehmann, R., Oswald, H., & Schulz, W. (2001). Citizenship and education in twenty‐eight countries: Civic knowledge and engagement at age fourteen. Amsterdam: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement..
  • Üstel, F. (2004). Makbul Vatandaş”ın Peşinde II. Meşrutiyet’ten Bugüne Vatandaşlık Eğitimi. 5. Baskı, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Westheimer, J., & Kahne, J. (2004). What kind of citizen? The politics of educating for democracy. American Educational Research Journal, 41(2), 237‐269.
  • White, C., Bruce, S., and Ritchie, J (2000) Young People's Politics: Political Interest and Engagement Amongst 14-24 year-olds, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
  • Wilkins, G. (1999). Making Good Citizens: The Social and Political Attitudes of PGCE Students. Oxford Review of Education. 25 (1-2), 228 – 231.
  • Zaller JR. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 367 pp.

Political Education in Social Studies Classrooms: A Perspective From Turkey / Sosyal Bilgiler Sınıflarında Politik Konuların Öğretimi

Year 2016, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 464 - 483, 20.04.2016

Zafer Kus , Özge Tarhan

Abstract

Today, the citizenship education has become a very important study field in the entire world. Political education, on the other hand, has another important dimension in the citizenship education. Thus, there is a rapid increase in the number of studies concerning the citizenship education and the political education. Educational system in different countries involves lesson or lessons aimed at bringing political knowledge in students. In Turkey, on the other hand, an important part of knowledge and skills that are required for students to become good citizens is brought via the Social Studies lesson. This study aims to determine the applications in social studies classes where citizenship and political education is basically taught via observations and to determine the views of social studies teachers on this subject. In this study using the mixed method, we received the opinions of 75 social studies teachers regarding the education of political subjects and observed the intraclass applications of 12 social studies teachers for 10 weeks. According to the results of the study, there are differences between the views of students and intraclass applications. While teachers emphasize the necessity of teaching political subjects in social studies classes and giving information about the political process, the observation results show that a number of social studies teachers do not involve political subjects and information about the political process.

References

  • Achen, Christopher H. (2002). “Parental Socialization and Rational Party Identification.” Political Behavior 24 (2): 151–170.
  • Advisory Group on Citizenship (1998) Education for citizenship and the teaching of Democracy in schools (The Crick Report). London: Qualifications and Curriculum Authority.
  • Akhan, O. (2011). Sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının politika bilimine yönelik eğilimlerinin belirlenmes. Gazi üniversitesi Eğitim bilimleri enstitüsü. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara.
  • Almond, Gabriel, and Sidney Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Amadeo, J. A., Torney‐Purta, J., Lehmann, R., Husfeldt, V., & Nikolova, R. (2002). Civic knowledge and engagement: An IEA study of upper secondary students in sixteen countries. Amsterdam: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.
  • Amadeo, Torney, Lehmann, Purta (2003). Civic Knowledge and Engagement an IEA Study of Upper Secondary Students in Sixteen Countries. Amsterdam: The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.Volume 6/2, s.213-221, ABD.
  • Angvik, M. and von Borries, B. (Eds.) (1997) Youth and history: A comparative European survey on historical consciousness and political attitudes among adolescents (Vol. A-B) Hamburg: Korber-Stiftung.
  • Baysal Z. N.(2009). An application of the decision-making model for democracy education: a sample of a third grade social sciences lesson Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri / Educational Sciences: Th eory &Practice. 9 (1) • Winter. 75-84
  • Bedolla, G., L. (2010). 21st Century Competencies and Civic Participation. Washington, DC: National. Academy of Sciences, Center for Education. Report available from http://www7.nationalacademies.org/dbasse/Research_on_21st_Century_Competencies_Papers_and_Presentations.html
  • Bennett, Linda L.M., and Stephen Earl Bennett. 1989. "Enduring Gender Differences in Political Interest: The Impact of Socialization and Political Dispositions," American Politics Quarterly 17(1):105-122.
  • Berg, W. , Leena, G. ve Holden, C. (2003). Teaching Controversial Issues: a European Perspective. http://cice.londonmet.ac.uk/pdf/Guidelines1.pdf. 22.10.2014.
  • Boyer. E. (1990). Civic education for responsible citizens. Educational Leadership, 49:4-7.
  • Campbell, D. E. (2005). Voice in the classroom: How an open classroom environment facilitates adolescents' civic development. CIRCLE Working Papers, 28.
  • Campbell, D. E. (2006). What is education‘s impact on civic and social engagement? In R. Desjardins & T. Schuller (Eds.), Measuring the Effects of Education on Health and Civic Engagement: Proceedings of the Copenhagen Symposium (pp. 25-126). Paris: OECD, CERI.
  • Campbell, D. E. (2008). Voice in the classroom: How an open classroom climate fosters political engagement among adolescents. Political Behavior, 30(4), 437-454.
  • Çal, H. (2006). Bireylerde ergenlik döneminde siyasal katılım ve siyasal etkinliğin gelişimi-Isparta ili örnek olay araştırması. Unpublished master‘s thesis, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
  • Davies, I. And Sylivia, H. (2004). Political Literacy: Issues for Teachers and Learners. . In J. Demaine (Ed.), Citizenship and political education today. London: Palgrave/Macmillan (pp. 41-58)
  • Delli Carpini, MichaelX., and ScottKeeter. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why ItMatters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Doğanay, A. (2009). Öğretmen adaylarının vatandaĢlık algısı ve eylemlerinin siyasal toplumsallaĢma bağlamında değerlendirilmesi. Proceedings of the 1st International European Union, Democracy, Citizenship and Citizenship Education Symposium, Turkey, 28-44.
  • Doğanay, A., Çuhadar, A. & Sarı, M. (2007). Öğretmen adaylarının siyasal katılımcılık düzeylerine çeĢitli etmenlerin etkisinin demokratik vatandaĢlık eğitimi bağlamında incelenmesi. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice. 50, 213-239.
  • Douglas, A. (2003) ‘Educating for change in political culture?’ Teaching Citizenship, 5, pp. 8-16
  • Douglas, Anna (2002) “Educating for real and hoped for political worlds: ways forward in developing political literacy” [Unpub. – Abridged version submitted for Teaching Citizenship.
  • Erdoğan, E. (2003). Türk gençliği ve siyasal katılım: 1999-2003. Ġstanbul: Toplumsal Katılım ve GeliĢim Vakfı.
  • EUYOUPART. 2005. “Political Participation of Young People in Europe.” SORA. Accessed March 8, 2010. http://www.sora.at/en/topics/political-culture/euyoupart-2003-2005/enreports. Html
  • Fyfe, I., (2007) Hidden in the curriculum: Political Literacy and Education for Citizenship in Australia Melbourne Journal of Politics, Vol. 32, pp. 110-134
  • Galston, A. W. (2001). Political Knowledge Political Engagement And Civic Education . Annual Review of Political Science. Vol. 4: 217-234. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.217
  • Gardner, M., Roth, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2008). Adolescents‘ participation in organized activities and developmental success 2 and 8 years after high school: Do sponsorship, duration, and intensity matter? Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 814-830.
  • Glanville, J. L. (1999). Political socialization or selection? Adolescent extracurricular participation and political activity in early adulthood. Social Science Quarterly, 80(2), 279-290.
  • Glickman, CD., (1998).Revolution, education, and the practice of democracy. The Educational Forum 63(1), 6-22
  • Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-607. Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/ QR/QR8-4/golafshani.pdf
  • Hahn, Carole L. 1998. Becoming Political: Comparative Perspectives on Citizenship Education. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Harwood AM (1992). The effects of close-up participation on high school students' political attitudes. paper presented at the annual meeting of the Social Science Education Consortium. Minnesota. Levitt
  • Hauser, S-M. (2000) Education, Ability, and Civic Engagement in the Contemporary United States, Social Science Research, 29, pp. 556-582.
  • Hess, Diana E. 2004. “Controversies About Controversial Issues in Democratic Education.” PS: Political Science and Politics 37 (2):257–261.
  • Hess, Diana E. 2009. Controversy in the Classroom: The Democratic Power of Discussion. New York: Routledge.
  • Hess, Robert D. and Judith Torney. (1967). The Development of Political Attitudes in Children. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
  • Kalender, A. (2003). Seçmenin Karar Sürecinde İletişim Araç ve Yöntemlerinin Önemi Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Selçuk İletişim, Cilt 2, Sayı 4, s: 30-41.
  • Kerr D, Lines A, Blenkinsop S and Schagen (2002), England’s Resutls from the IEA ınternational Citizenship Education Study: What Citizenship And Education Mean To 14 Year Olds, London:DfES
  • Keskin, Y. (2009). Türkiye’de ilkokul programlarında yer alan Sosyal bilgiler içerikli derslere ait öğretim Programlarının gelişimine tarihsel bir bakış. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. Yıl: 13, S: 2, Ağustos 2009
  • Kimberlee, R.H. 2002. “Why don’t British Young People Vote at General Elections?” Journal of Youth Studies 5 (1): 85–98.
  • Kuş, Z. (2012). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin demokrasi algılarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ankara
  • Kuş, Z. (2013a) Politik Okuryazarlık ve Aktif Vatandaşlık (Ed. Ebru Gençtürk ve Kadir Karatekin) Sosyal Bilgiler İçin Çoklu Okuryazarlık. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık
  • Kuş, Z. (2013b). Political Literacy Status of Pre-Service Social Studies Teacher 5th World Conference on Education Sciences. 05-08 February 2013, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
  • Levitt GA & Longstreet WS (1983). Controversy and the teaching of authentic civic values. The Social Studies, 84:142-148.
  • Mısırlı-Özsoy, A. (2010). 8th Grade students‘perceptıons of cıvıc ıssues and partıcıpatıon ın electoral, polıtıcal and cıvıc actıvıtıes. The Graduate School Of Socıal Scıences Of Mıddle East Technıcal University. Unpublished Master thesis. Ankara.
  • Milner, H. (2002). Civic literacy: How informed citizens make democracy work. Hanover, NH: Tufts University Press.
  • NCSS, National Council for the Social Studies. (1994). Expectations of excellence: Curriculum standards for the social studies. Washington, DC: NCSS.
  • Niemi, Nancy S., and Richard G. Niemi. 2007. “Partisanship, Participation, and Political Trust as Taught (Or Not) in High School History and Government Classes.” Theory and Research in Social Education 35 (1): 32–61.
  • Niemi, R. G., & Junn, J. (1998). Civic education: What makes students learn. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Öztürk, C. (2009). Sosyal bilgiler: Toplumsal yaşama disiplinlerarası bir bakış. In C. Öztürk (Ed., pp. 1-31). Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Park, A. 2004. “Has Modern Politics Disenchanted the Young?” In British Social Attitudes,the 21st Report, edited by A. Park, K. Curtis, and C. Thompson, 23–48. London: Sage.
  • Parlak, Ġ. (1999). Youth and politics in Turkey. Unpublished master‘s thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Patrick, J. J. (2003). Teaching democracy. ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies, Retrieved on 4th November, 2009 from Eric Digest.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Pirie, M., and R. M. Worcester. 2000. The Big Turn-off: Attitudes of Young People to Government, Citizenship, and Community. London: Adam Smith Sititution.
  • Print, M., L. Saha, and K. Edwards. 2004. Youth Electoral Study – Report 1: Enrolment and Voting. Sydney: Australian Electoral Commission.
  • Quintelier, E., 2008. Who is Politically Active: The Athlete, the Scout Member or the Environmental Activist?: Young People, Voluntary Engagement and Political Participation Acta Sociologica 51, 355-370.
  • Schusler, T.M ve M. E. Kasny (2008), ―Youth Participation in Local Environmental Action: an Avenue for Science and Civic Learning?, Participation And Learning, 268–284
  • Schusler, T.M ve M. E. Kasny (2008), Youth Participation in Local Environmental Action: an Avenue for Science and Civic Learning?, Participation And Learning, 268–284
  • Smith, E. S. (1999). The effects of investments in the social capital of youth on political and civic behavior in young adulthood: A longitudinal analysis. Political Psychology, 20(3), 553-580.
  • Somekh B. And Levin, C. (2005). Reseach Method in the Social Sciences. London: SAGE Publication Ltd.
  • Tarhan, Ö. (2015). Sosyal bilgiler öğretmeni adaylarının politik okuryazarlığa ilişkin görüşleri. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Yıl: 3, Sayı: 9, s. 1-10.
  • Torney-Purta, J. & Richardson, W. K. (2004). Anticipated political engagement among adolescents in Australia, England, Norway, and the United States. In J. Demaine (Ed.), Citizenship and political education today. London: Palgrave/Macmillan (pp. 41-58)
  • Torney-Purta, J., & Amodeo, J. (2003). A cross-national analysis of political and civic involvement among adolescents. Political Science and Politics, 36(2), 269-274.
  • Torney‐Purta, J., Lehmann, R., Oswald, H., & Schulz, W. (2001). Citizenship and education in twenty‐eight countries: Civic knowledge and engagement at age fourteen. Amsterdam: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement..
  • Üstel, F. (2004). Makbul Vatandaş”ın Peşinde II. Meşrutiyet’ten Bugüne Vatandaşlık Eğitimi. 5. Baskı, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
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There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Zafer Kus

Özge Tarhan

Publication Date April 20, 2016
Submission Date August 15, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kus, Z., & Tarhan, Ö. (2016). POLITICAL EDUCATION IN SOCIAL STUDIES CLASSROOMS: A PERSPECTIVE FROM TURKEY. Eğitimde Kuram Ve Uygulama, 12(3), 464-483.