Electrode and Frequency Band Importance for EEG-Based Mission-Type Classification in a Fighter Flight Simulator
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) is increasingly used in neuroergonomics to monitor pi-lot states during complex flight operations; however, the frequency bands and scalp regions most informative for distinguishing operationally relevant mission types re-main unclear. This study analyzed a 16-channel EEG dataset recorded from seven ex-perienced fighter pilots during three high-fidelity F-16 simulator missions: an air-to-ground strike under air-defense threat, an air-to-air beyond-visual-range en-gagement, and an air-to-air close-range dogfight. Subject-independent binary classifi-cation of air-to-ground versus air-to-air missions was performed by grouping both air-to-air scenarios and applying a filterbank Riemannian processing framework with leave-one-pilot-out cross-validation. The baseline model, using five bands and all elec-trodes, achieved 89.3% run-level balanced accuracy and 88.0% macro-F1, with 100% sensitivity for air-to-air and 78.6% specificity for air-to-ground missions. Band-ablation analyses showed that theta-only and theta+alpha configurations yielded the highest balanced accuracy (96.4%), followed by alpha-only (94.6%), whereas beta and low-gamma bands performed comparatively lower. Electrode permutation and channel-subset analyses further indicated that a 12-channel parieto-frontal montage matched or improved performance, while a compact four-channel subset preserved baseline accuracy. These findings support the development of lightweight wearable EEG systems for mission-type recognition in aviation neuroergonomics.
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Ethical Statement
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Data Management and Data Science (Other)
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Mustafa Şen
0000-0003-3008-7656
Türkiye
İlyas Özer
0000-0003-2112-5497
Türkiye
Adem Dalcalı
*
0000-0002-9940-0471
Türkiye
Early Pub Date
June 1, 2026
Publication Date
-
Submission Date
May 13, 2026
Acceptance Date
June 1, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication