Research Article
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Investigation of Bipolar Disorder with Resting state functional MR

Year 2019, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 44 - 56, 30.12.2019

Abstract

Bipolar
bozukluk yıllar geçtikçe görülme sıklığı lineer olarak yükselen ve psikolojik
rahatsızlıklarda en fazla görülen hastalıklardan biridir. Bipolar bozukluk,
enerjide değişimler, ruh halinde değişimler ve ölüm ya da intihar düşüncesi
gibi semptomlarla kendini gösterebilir. Fonksiyonel MR non-invaziv yapısı,
yüksek uzaysal ve zamansal çözünürlüğü sağlaması nedeniyle son yıllarda tercih
edilmektedir. Çalışmamızda 21-50 yaş aralığında 45 (20 Kadın,25 Erkek) bipolar
bozukluk hastası katılımcı , yine 21-50 yaş arasında 45 (20 Kadın, 25 Erkek)
sağlıklı kontrol grubu katılımcısı üzerinde analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Dİnlenim hali fMRG  verilerini
kullandığımız çalışmada “ROI to ROI” analiz metodu kullanılarak verilerin
fonksiyonel bağlantısallığı incelenmiştir. İki grup arasında,  cingulate korteks, orbifrontal korteks ,
posterior parietal korteks, priform korteks, entorhinal korteks ve
ventral-medial prefrontal korteks bölgelerinde anlamlı korelasyon farklılıkları
bulunmuştur.(pFDR<0.05). Bu çalışma,
Erciyes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü (BAP:
FYL-2018-8277) tarafından desteklemiştir.

Project Number

BAP: FYL-2018-8277

References

  • KAYNAKLAR
  • [1] G.D. Iannetti, Richard G. Wise,BOLD functional MRI in disease and pharmacological studies: room for improvement?,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Volume 25, Issue 6,2007,Pages 978-988, doi:10.1016/j.mri.2007.03.018
  • [2] Strakowski SM, Adler CM, Almeida J, Altshuler LL, Blumberg HP, Chang KD, DelBello MP, Frangou S, McIntosh A, Phillips ML, Sussman JE, Townsend JD “The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a consensus model”,Bipolar Disorder. 2012 Jun; 14(4):313-25., doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01022.x
  • [3] NIMH (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml) Temmuz 2019 erişildi.
  • [4] American Psychiatric Association..Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC:2013.
  • [5] DSM-5 a Year Later: Clinicians Speak Up Bret S. Stetka, MD; Nassir Ghaemi, MD, MPH August 19, 2014,( https://www.medscape.com/features/slideshow/dsm5#9), Temmuz 2019
  • [6] Abdullah Baş, "Bipolar Bozukluk Hastalığının Fonksiyonel MR Görüntüleri İle Analizi ", Erciyes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Ens., Biyomedikal Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Yükseklisans tezi, Ağustos, 2019
  • [7] Phillips ML, Swartz HA,A critical appraisal of neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder: toward a new conceptualization of underlying neural circuitry and a road map for future research.American J Psychiatry. 2014 Aug; 171(8):829-43., doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13081008
  • [8] Phillips ML, Vieta E,. Identifying functional neuroimaging biomarkers of bipolar disorder: toward DSM-V.Schizophr Bulletin. 2007 Jul; 33(4):893-904, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm060
  • [9] Du Y, Pearlson GD, Liu J, et al. A group ICA based framework for evaluating resting fMRI markers when disease categories are unclear: application to schizophrenia, bipolar, and schizoaffective disorders. Neuroimage. 2015;122:272–80,doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.054
  • [10] Khadka S, Meda SA, Stevens MC, et al. Is aberrant functional connectivity a psychosis endophenotype? A resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74:458–66., doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.024
  • [11] Brady RO, Masters GA, Mathew IT, et al. State dependent corticoamygdala circuit dysfunction in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2016;201:79–87,doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.052
  • [12] Favre P, Baciu M, Pichat C, et al. fMRI evidence for abnormal resting-state functional connectivity in euthymic bipolar patients. J Affect Disord. 2014;165:182–9, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.054[13] Biswal, B., Zerrin Yetkin, F., Haughton, V. M., and Hyde, J. S. Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar mri. Magn. Reson. Med. 34, 1995,537–541, doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910340409[14] Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L., and Menon, V Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100,2003, 253–258., doi:10.1073/pnas.0135058100[15] Hyvärinen, A., and Oja, E. Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications. Neural Network,2000, 13, 411–430. doi: 10.1016/S0893-6080(00)00026-5[16] Calhoun, V. D., Adali, T., Pearlson, G. D., and Pekar, J. J. (2001). A method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis. Hum. Brain Mapp. 14, 140–151. doi: 10.1002/hbm.1048[17] Damoiseaux, J. S., Rombouts, S., Barkhof, F., Scheltens, P., Stam, C. J., Smith, S. M.,et al. (2006). Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 13848–13853. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0601417103[18] Burr, G., Contextualizing critical care family needs through triangulation, Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 14: 161–169, 1998., doi:10.1016/S0964-3397(98)80473-4[19] Norman, K. A., Polyn, S. M., Detre, G. J., and Haxby, J. V. (2006). Beyond mind-reading: multi-voxel pattern analysis of fMRI data. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 10, 424–430., doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.07.005
  • [20] Zhu, F., Kapitan, J., Tranter, G. E., Pudney, P. D. A., Isaacs, N. W., Hecht, L.,et al. (2008). Residual structure in disordered peptides and unfolded proteins from multivariate analysis and ab initio simulation of Raman optical activity data. Proteins 70, 823–833. doi: 10.1002/prot.21593
  • [21] Zhou, Y., Shu, N., Liu, Y., Song, M., Hao, Y., Liu, H.,et al. (2008). Altered resting-state functional connectivity and anatomical connectivity of hippocampus in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 100, 120–132. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.11.039[22] Achard, S., Salvador, R., Whitcher, B., Suckling, J., and Bullmore, E. D. (2006). A resilient, low-frequency, small-world human brain functional network with highly connected association cortical hubs. J. Neurosci. 26, 63–72. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3874-05.2006[23] Buckner, R. L., Sepulcre, J., Talukdar, T., Krienen, F. M., Liu, H., Hedden, T.,et al. (2009). Cortical hubs revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity: mapping, assessment of stability, and relation to Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurosci. 29, 1860–1873. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5062-08.2009[24] Erhardt, E. B., Allen, E. A., Damaraju, E., and Calhoun, V. D. (2011). On network derivation, classification, and visualization: a response to Habeck and Moeller. Brain Connect. 1, 105–110. doi: 10.1089/brain.2011.0022[25] Lohmann, G., Margulies, D. S., Horstmann, A., Pleger, B., Lepsien, J., Goldhahn, D.,et al. (2010). Eigenvector centrality mapping for analyzing connectivity patterns in fMRI data of the human brain. PLoS ONE 5:e10232. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010232[26] R.A. Poldrack, E. Congdon, W. Triplett, K.J. Gorgolewski, K.H. Karlsgodt, J.A. Mumford, F.W. Sabb, N.B. Freimer, E.D. London, T.D. Cannon & R.M. Bilder A phenome-wide examination of neural and cognitive function,2016,Scientific Data, doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.110
  • [27] Statistical Parametric Mapping. (1994). London, UK: Welcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging. Retrieved September 5, 2016, from http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8
  • [28] Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., and Nieto-Castanon, A. Conn: A functional connectivity toolbox for correlated and anticorrelated brain networks. Brain Connectivity 2012,(3) 125-141. doi: 10.1089/brain.2012.0073.
  • [29] Martijn P. van den Heuvel, Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol, Exploring the brain network: A review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity, European Neuropsychopharmacology,Volume 20, Issue 8,2010,Pages 519-534, doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008[30] S. Frangou, J. Kington, V. Raymont, S.S. Shergill ,Examining ventral and dorsal prefrontal function in bipolar disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study,European Psychiatry: Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 23 (2008), pp. 300-308,doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.05.002[31] O. Gruber, H. Tost, I. Henseler, C. Schmael, H. Scherk, G. Ende, M. Ruf, P. Falkai, M. Rietschel,Pathological amygdala activation during working memory performance: evidence for a pathophysiological trait marker in bipolar affective disorder,Human Brain Mapping, 31 (2010), pp. 115-125, doi:10.1002/hbm.20849
  • [32] X.J. Chai, S. Whitfield-Gabrieli, A.K. Shinn, J.D.E. Gabrieli, A. Nieto Castañón, J.M. McCarthy, B.M. Cohen, D. Ongür,Abnormal medial prefrontal cortex resting-state connectivity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia,Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 36 (2011), pp. 2009-2017,doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.88
  • [33] D. Ongür, M. Lundy, I. Greenhouse, A.K. Shinn, V. Menon, B.M. Cohen, P.F. Renshaw,Default mode network abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia,Psychiatry Research, 183 (2010), pp. 59-68,doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.04.008
  • [34] A. Anticevic, M.S. Brumbaugh, A.M. Winkler, L.E. Lombardo, J. Barrett, P.R. Corlett, H. Kober, J. Gruber, G. Repovs, M.W. Cole, J.H. Krystal, G.D. Pearlson, D.C. Glahn,Global prefrontal and fronto-amygdala dysconnectivity in bipolar I disorder with psychosis history,Biological Psychiatry (2012), pp. 1-9,doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.031
  • [35] A. Anand, Y. Li, Y. Wang, M.J. Lowe, M. Dzemidzic,Resting state corticolimbic connectivity abnormalities in unmedicated bipolar disorder and unipolar depression,Psychiatry Research, 171 (2009), pp. 189-198,doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.03.012
  • [36] L.G. Chepenik, M. Raffo, M. Hampson, C. Lacadie, F. Wang, M.M. Jones, B. Pittman, P. Skudlarski, H.P. Blumberg,Functional connectivity between ventral prefrontal cortex and amygdala at low frequency in the resting state in bipolar disorder,Psychiatry Research, 182 (2010), pp. 207-210,doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.04.002
  • [37] Lukasz Swiecicki, Pawel Zatorski, Dorota Bzinkowska, Halina Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Janusz Szyndler, Anna Scinska,,Gustatory and olfactory function in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression,Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry,Volume 33, Issue 5,2009,Pages 827-834,doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.03.030
  • [38] Ti-Fei Yuan, Burton M. Slotnick,Roles of olfactory system dysfunction in depression,Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry,Volume 54,2014,Pages 26-30,doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.05.013
  • [39] E. Grapsa, E. Samouilidou, K. Pandelias, C. Pipili, N. Papaioannou, T. Mpakirzi, et al. Correlation of depressive symptoms and olfactory dysfunction in patients on hemodialysis,Hippokratia, 14 (2010), pp. 189-192,doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjw061
Year 2019, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 44 - 56, 30.12.2019

Abstract

Supporting Institution

Erciyes Üniversitesi

Project Number

BAP: FYL-2018-8277

Thanks

Bu çalışma, Erciyes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü (BAP: FYL-2018-8277) tarafından desteklemiştir.

References

  • KAYNAKLAR
  • [1] G.D. Iannetti, Richard G. Wise,BOLD functional MRI in disease and pharmacological studies: room for improvement?,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Volume 25, Issue 6,2007,Pages 978-988, doi:10.1016/j.mri.2007.03.018
  • [2] Strakowski SM, Adler CM, Almeida J, Altshuler LL, Blumberg HP, Chang KD, DelBello MP, Frangou S, McIntosh A, Phillips ML, Sussman JE, Townsend JD “The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a consensus model”,Bipolar Disorder. 2012 Jun; 14(4):313-25., doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01022.x
  • [3] NIMH (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml) Temmuz 2019 erişildi.
  • [4] American Psychiatric Association..Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC:2013.
  • [5] DSM-5 a Year Later: Clinicians Speak Up Bret S. Stetka, MD; Nassir Ghaemi, MD, MPH August 19, 2014,( https://www.medscape.com/features/slideshow/dsm5#9), Temmuz 2019
  • [6] Abdullah Baş, "Bipolar Bozukluk Hastalığının Fonksiyonel MR Görüntüleri İle Analizi ", Erciyes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Ens., Biyomedikal Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Yükseklisans tezi, Ağustos, 2019
  • [7] Phillips ML, Swartz HA,A critical appraisal of neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder: toward a new conceptualization of underlying neural circuitry and a road map for future research.American J Psychiatry. 2014 Aug; 171(8):829-43., doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13081008
  • [8] Phillips ML, Vieta E,. Identifying functional neuroimaging biomarkers of bipolar disorder: toward DSM-V.Schizophr Bulletin. 2007 Jul; 33(4):893-904, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm060
  • [9] Du Y, Pearlson GD, Liu J, et al. A group ICA based framework for evaluating resting fMRI markers when disease categories are unclear: application to schizophrenia, bipolar, and schizoaffective disorders. Neuroimage. 2015;122:272–80,doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.054
  • [10] Khadka S, Meda SA, Stevens MC, et al. Is aberrant functional connectivity a psychosis endophenotype? A resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74:458–66., doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.024
  • [11] Brady RO, Masters GA, Mathew IT, et al. State dependent corticoamygdala circuit dysfunction in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2016;201:79–87,doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.052
  • [12] Favre P, Baciu M, Pichat C, et al. fMRI evidence for abnormal resting-state functional connectivity in euthymic bipolar patients. J Affect Disord. 2014;165:182–9, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.054[13] Biswal, B., Zerrin Yetkin, F., Haughton, V. M., and Hyde, J. S. Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar mri. Magn. Reson. Med. 34, 1995,537–541, doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910340409[14] Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L., and Menon, V Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100,2003, 253–258., doi:10.1073/pnas.0135058100[15] Hyvärinen, A., and Oja, E. Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications. Neural Network,2000, 13, 411–430. doi: 10.1016/S0893-6080(00)00026-5[16] Calhoun, V. D., Adali, T., Pearlson, G. D., and Pekar, J. J. (2001). A method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis. Hum. Brain Mapp. 14, 140–151. doi: 10.1002/hbm.1048[17] Damoiseaux, J. S., Rombouts, S., Barkhof, F., Scheltens, P., Stam, C. J., Smith, S. M.,et al. (2006). Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 13848–13853. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0601417103[18] Burr, G., Contextualizing critical care family needs through triangulation, Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 14: 161–169, 1998., doi:10.1016/S0964-3397(98)80473-4[19] Norman, K. A., Polyn, S. M., Detre, G. J., and Haxby, J. V. (2006). Beyond mind-reading: multi-voxel pattern analysis of fMRI data. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 10, 424–430., doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.07.005
  • [20] Zhu, F., Kapitan, J., Tranter, G. E., Pudney, P. D. A., Isaacs, N. W., Hecht, L.,et al. (2008). Residual structure in disordered peptides and unfolded proteins from multivariate analysis and ab initio simulation of Raman optical activity data. Proteins 70, 823–833. doi: 10.1002/prot.21593
  • [21] Zhou, Y., Shu, N., Liu, Y., Song, M., Hao, Y., Liu, H.,et al. (2008). Altered resting-state functional connectivity and anatomical connectivity of hippocampus in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 100, 120–132. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.11.039[22] Achard, S., Salvador, R., Whitcher, B., Suckling, J., and Bullmore, E. D. (2006). A resilient, low-frequency, small-world human brain functional network with highly connected association cortical hubs. J. Neurosci. 26, 63–72. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3874-05.2006[23] Buckner, R. L., Sepulcre, J., Talukdar, T., Krienen, F. M., Liu, H., Hedden, T.,et al. (2009). Cortical hubs revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity: mapping, assessment of stability, and relation to Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurosci. 29, 1860–1873. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5062-08.2009[24] Erhardt, E. B., Allen, E. A., Damaraju, E., and Calhoun, V. D. (2011). On network derivation, classification, and visualization: a response to Habeck and Moeller. Brain Connect. 1, 105–110. doi: 10.1089/brain.2011.0022[25] Lohmann, G., Margulies, D. S., Horstmann, A., Pleger, B., Lepsien, J., Goldhahn, D.,et al. (2010). Eigenvector centrality mapping for analyzing connectivity patterns in fMRI data of the human brain. PLoS ONE 5:e10232. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010232[26] R.A. Poldrack, E. Congdon, W. Triplett, K.J. Gorgolewski, K.H. Karlsgodt, J.A. Mumford, F.W. Sabb, N.B. Freimer, E.D. London, T.D. Cannon & R.M. Bilder A phenome-wide examination of neural and cognitive function,2016,Scientific Data, doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.110
  • [27] Statistical Parametric Mapping. (1994). London, UK: Welcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging. Retrieved September 5, 2016, from http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8
  • [28] Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., and Nieto-Castanon, A. Conn: A functional connectivity toolbox for correlated and anticorrelated brain networks. Brain Connectivity 2012,(3) 125-141. doi: 10.1089/brain.2012.0073.
  • [29] Martijn P. van den Heuvel, Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol, Exploring the brain network: A review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity, European Neuropsychopharmacology,Volume 20, Issue 8,2010,Pages 519-534, doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008[30] S. Frangou, J. Kington, V. Raymont, S.S. Shergill ,Examining ventral and dorsal prefrontal function in bipolar disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study,European Psychiatry: Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 23 (2008), pp. 300-308,doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.05.002[31] O. Gruber, H. Tost, I. Henseler, C. Schmael, H. Scherk, G. Ende, M. Ruf, P. Falkai, M. Rietschel,Pathological amygdala activation during working memory performance: evidence for a pathophysiological trait marker in bipolar affective disorder,Human Brain Mapping, 31 (2010), pp. 115-125, doi:10.1002/hbm.20849
  • [32] X.J. Chai, S. Whitfield-Gabrieli, A.K. Shinn, J.D.E. Gabrieli, A. Nieto Castañón, J.M. McCarthy, B.M. Cohen, D. Ongür,Abnormal medial prefrontal cortex resting-state connectivity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia,Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 36 (2011), pp. 2009-2017,doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.88
  • [33] D. Ongür, M. Lundy, I. Greenhouse, A.K. Shinn, V. Menon, B.M. Cohen, P.F. Renshaw,Default mode network abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia,Psychiatry Research, 183 (2010), pp. 59-68,doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.04.008
  • [34] A. Anticevic, M.S. Brumbaugh, A.M. Winkler, L.E. Lombardo, J. Barrett, P.R. Corlett, H. Kober, J. Gruber, G. Repovs, M.W. Cole, J.H. Krystal, G.D. Pearlson, D.C. Glahn,Global prefrontal and fronto-amygdala dysconnectivity in bipolar I disorder with psychosis history,Biological Psychiatry (2012), pp. 1-9,doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.031
  • [35] A. Anand, Y. Li, Y. Wang, M.J. Lowe, M. Dzemidzic,Resting state corticolimbic connectivity abnormalities in unmedicated bipolar disorder and unipolar depression,Psychiatry Research, 171 (2009), pp. 189-198,doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.03.012
  • [36] L.G. Chepenik, M. Raffo, M. Hampson, C. Lacadie, F. Wang, M.M. Jones, B. Pittman, P. Skudlarski, H.P. Blumberg,Functional connectivity between ventral prefrontal cortex and amygdala at low frequency in the resting state in bipolar disorder,Psychiatry Research, 182 (2010), pp. 207-210,doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.04.002
  • [37] Lukasz Swiecicki, Pawel Zatorski, Dorota Bzinkowska, Halina Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Janusz Szyndler, Anna Scinska,,Gustatory and olfactory function in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression,Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry,Volume 33, Issue 5,2009,Pages 827-834,doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.03.030
  • [38] Ti-Fei Yuan, Burton M. Slotnick,Roles of olfactory system dysfunction in depression,Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry,Volume 54,2014,Pages 26-30,doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.05.013
  • [39] E. Grapsa, E. Samouilidou, K. Pandelias, C. Pipili, N. Papaioannou, T. Mpakirzi, et al. Correlation of depressive symptoms and olfactory dysfunction in patients on hemodialysis,Hippokratia, 14 (2010), pp. 189-192,doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjw061
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Semra İçer

Abdullah Baş

Project Number BAP: FYL-2018-8277
Publication Date December 30, 2019
Submission Date September 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

APA İçer, S., & Baş, A. (2019). Investigation of Bipolar Disorder with Resting state functional MR. Electronic Letters on Science and Engineering, 15(3), 44-56.