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TÜRKİYE’NİN BAŞLICA TİCARET PARTNERLERİNE İHRACATINDA COVID-19 SALGINININ ETKİSİ: ÇEKİM MODELİ YAKLAŞIMI

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 37 - 53, 02.07.2024

Şükran Kahveci , Asiye Tütüncü

https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1408781

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan Covid-19 salgınının Türkiye’nin ihracatına etkilerinin çekim modeli ile incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye ile başlıca 10 ihracat partneri arasındaki ihracat düzeyi 2020:03-2021:12 dönemi için aylık veriler ile incelenmiştir. Çekim modeli analizinde, ihracatçı ve partner ülkelerin Covid-19 vaka sayıları ve vaka sayılarına bağlı ölen kişi sayıları analize dahil edilerek Covid-19’un ihracat düzeyine etkisi Yüksek Boyutlu Sabit Etkili PPML (PPMLHDFE) tahmincisi ile araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen ampirik bulgular, ihracatçı ülke Covid-19 vaka sayılarında meydana gelen artışların ihracatı negatif, partner ülke vaka sayılarında ve Covid-19’a bağlı ölen kişi sayılarında meydana gelen artışın ise pozitif yönde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Buna göre ihracat düzeyinde, ihracatçı ülke artan Covid-19 vakaları negatif etkiye, partner ülkede artan Covid-19 vakaları ise pozitif etkiye neden olmaktadır.

Keywords

Covid-19 İhracat Çekim Modeli PPMLHDFE Panel Veri Analizi

References

  • Alhassan, A. & Payaslioğlu, C. (2023). “Trade Diversion and Creation Effect of Free Trade Agreements in ASEAN: Do Institutions Matter?”. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-19.
  • Alleyne, A. & Troy, L. (2014), “A Gravity Model Approach to Analyzing the Trade Performance of CARICOM Member States”, Applied Econometrics and International Development, 14(2): 145-160.
  • Anderson, J. E. & Van Wincoop, E. (2003). “Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle”. American Economic Review, 93 (1): 170-192.
  • Annas, A. & Izaati, I. N. (2022). “Pandemic Covid-19 Impact on Indonesian Palm Oil Trade”. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT), 35(1): 81-86.
  • Arita, S., Grant, J., Sydow, S. & Beckman, J. (2022). “Has Global Agricultural Trade been Resilient under Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Findings from an Econometric Assessment of 2020”. Food Policy, 107, 102204:1-23.
  • Asare, P., & Barfi, R. (2021). “The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Global Economy: Emphasis on Poverty Alleviation and Economic Growth”. Economics, 8(1): 32-43.
  • Ashraf, B. N. & Goodell, J. W. (2022). “COVID-19 Social Distancing Measures and Economic Growth: Distinguishing Short-and Long-Term Effects”. Finance Research Letters, 47: 102639.
  • Atalan, A. (2020). “Is the Lockdown Important to Prevent the COVID-19 Pandemic? Effects on Psychology, Environment and Economy-Perspective”. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 56: 38-42.
  • Ayhan, F. (2019). “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Döviz Kuru Oynaklığının Dış Ticaret Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi”. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(3): 629-647.
  • Bahtiyar, B. & Güdenoğlu, E. (2023). “Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru ve Dış Ticaret İlişkisi: Zamana Göre Değişen Nedensellik Testlerinden Bulgular”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2): 454-481.
  • Barbero, J., de Lucio, J. J. & Rodríguez-Crespo, E. (2021). “Effects of COVID-19, e0258356. 1-20 on Trade Flows: Measuring Their Impact Through Government Policy Responses”. PloS One, 16(10): 0258356
  • Bergstrand, J. H. (1985). “The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence”. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 67(3): 474–481.
  • Bugoma, S., Abdellatif, N. & Niyongabo, G. (2022). “Determinants of Imports in East African Community: A Comparative Analysis Using Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Estimator”. Applied Mathematical Sciences, 16(12): 679-700.
  • CEPII. (2022). http://www.cepii.fr /CEPII/en /bdd_modele /bdd_modele.asp. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2022).
  • Chaney, T. (2018). “The Gravity Equation in International Trade: An Explanation”. Journal of Political Economy, 126 (1): 150-177.
  • Chudik, A., Mohaddes, K., Pesaran, M. K., Raissi, M. & Rebucci, A. (2020). “Economic Consequences of Covid-19: A Counterfactual Multi-country Analysis”. VoxEU.org, 19 October. https://voxeu.org/article/economicconsequences-covid-19-multi-country-analysis. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2022).
  • Esteve-Pérez, S., Gil-Pareja, S. ve Llorca-Vivero, R. (2020). “Does the GATT/WTO Promote Trade? After All, Rose was Right”. Review of World Economics, 156: 377-405.
  • Fink, G., Tediosi, F. & Felder, S. (2022). “Burden of COVID-19 Restrictions: National, Regional and Global Estimates”. EClinical Medicine, 45: 101305.
  • FRED. (2023). https://fred.stlouisfed.org/. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.010.2023).
  • Hale, T., Angrist, N., Goldszmidt, R., Kira, B., Petherick, A., Phillips, T., Webster, S., Cameron-Blake, E., Hallas, L., Majumdar, S. & Tatlow, H. (2021). “A Global Panel Database of Pandemic Policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)”. Nature Human Behaviour, 5 (4): 529-538.
  • Hameiri, S. (2021). “COVID-19: Is This the End of Globalization?”. International Journal, 76 (1): 30-41.
  • Hansen, J., Kamaliev, A., & Schmerer, H. J. (2023). “The COVID-19 Pandemic and Chinese Trade Relations”. Open Economies Review, 1-30.
  • Hayakawa, K. & Imai, K. (2022). “Who Sends me Face Masks? Evidence for the Impacts of COVID‐19 on International Trade in Medical Goods”. The World Economy, 45(2): 365-385.
  • Hayakawa, K., Mukunoki, H. & Urata, S. (2021). “Can E-Commerce Mitigate the Negative Impact of COVID-19 on International Trade?”. The Japanese Economic Review, 1-18.
  • Haynes, K. E. & Stewart, F. (1984). Gravity and Spatial Interaction Models, Basım, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Irshad, M. S., Xin, Q., Shahriar, S. & Arshad, H. (2017), “A Panel Data Analysis of China’s Trade Pattern with OPEC Members: Gravity Model Approach”, Asian Economic and Financial Review, 8(1): 103-116.
  • ITC. (2022). https://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx. Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2022)
  • Kaye, A. D., Okeagu, C. N., Pham, A. D., Silva, R. A., Hurley, J. J., Arron, B. L., & Cornett, E. M. (2021). “Economic Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Facilities and Systems: International Perspectives”. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 35(3): 293-306.
  • Kejžar, K. Z., Velić, A. & Damijan, J. P. (2022). “Covid‐19, Trade Collapse and GVC Linkages: European Experience”. The World Economy, 45 (11): 3475-3506.
  • Khan, A., Khan, N. & Shafiq, M. (2021). “The Economic Impact of COVID-19 from a Global Perspective”. Contemporary Economics, 15(1): 64-76.
  • Khorana, S., Martínez-Zarzoso, I. & Ali, S. (2021). “The Impact of COVID-19 on the Global and Intra-Commonwealth Trade in Goods”. International Trade Working Paper 2021/08. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.
  • Koren, M. & Pető R. (2020). “Disruptions From Social Distancing”. Plos One, 15(9): e0239113.
  • Larch, M., Wanner, J., Yotov, Y. V. & Zylkin, T. (2019). “Currency Unions and Trade: A PPML Re‐Assessment with High‐Dimensional Fixed Effects”. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 81 (3): 487-510.
  • Leamer, E. E. & Stern R. M. (1970). “Constant-Market-Share Analysis of Export Growth”. Quantitative International Economics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 171-183.
  • Linneman, H. (1966). An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows. North- Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
  • Liu, X., Ornelas, E. & Shi, H. (2022). “The Trade Impact of the Covid‐19 Pandemic”. The World Economy, 1-29.
  • Maital, S. & Barzani, E. (2020). “The Global Economic Impact of COVID-19: A Summary of Research”. Samuel Neaman Institute for National Policy Research, 2020: 1-12.
  • Martínez-Zarzoso, I. & Nowak-Lehmann F. (2003). “Augmented Gravity Model: An Empirical Application to Mercosur-European Union Trade Flows”. Journal of Applied Economics, 6 (2): 291-316.
  • Masood, A., Hashmi, S. H., Nazir, M. I. & Khan, B. (2023). “Export Competence of Cultural Goods: A Structural Gravity Analysis of the BRICS Trade”. Foundation University Journal of Business & Economics, 8 (1).
  • Mena, C., Karatzas, A. & Hansen, C. (2022). “International Trade Resilience and The Covid-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Business Research, 138: 77-91.
  • OECD. (2022). https://data.oecd.org/. (Erişim Tarihi: 04.05.2022).
  • OWID. (2023). https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2022).
  • Pöyhönen, P. (1963). “A Tentative Model for the Volume of Trade between Countries”. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 90: 93-100.
  • Robertson, R., Vergara Bahena, M. A. & Lopez-Acevedo, G. (2022). “Is International Trade always Beneficial to Labor Markets? A Case Study from Egypt”. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 15626.
  • Sandalcılar, Ali Rıza (2012), “Türkiye’nin BRIC Ülkeleriyle Ticari Potansiyeli: Panel Çekim Modeli Yaklaşımı”, Journal of Yasar University, 25(7): 4164-4175.
  • Silva, J. S. & Tenreyro, S. (2006). “The Log of Gravity”. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88 (4): 641-658.
  • Su, C., Dai, K., Ullah, S. & Andlib, Z. (2022) “COVID-19 Pandemic and Unemployment Dynamics in European Economies”. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1): 1752-1764.
  • Susskind, D., & Vines, D. (2020). “The Economics of the COVID-19 Pandemic: an Assessment”. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36, 1-13.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy, New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
  • Ugurlu, E. & Jindřichovská, I. (2022). “Effect of COVID-19 on International Trade among the Visegrad Countries”. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(2), 41.
  • UNCTAD. (2022a). “Impact of the PANDEMIC on Trade and Development”. https://unctad.org /system/files /official-document/osg 2022d1_en.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2022).
  • UNCTAD. (2022b). International Tax Reforms and Sustainable Investment, World Investment Report 2022, Erişim adresi: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2022_en.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2022).
  • Vernengo, M. & Nabar-Bhaduri, S. (2020). “The Economic Consequences of COVID-19: The Great Shutdown and the Rethinking of Economic Policy”. International Journal of Political Economy, 49(4), 265-277.
  • WDI. (2022). https://data.worldbank.org/. (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2022).
  • WHO. (2022). https://covid19.who.int/. (Erişim Tarihi: 13.05.2022).
  • Yotov, Y. V., Piermartini, R. & Larch, M. (2016). “An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis: The Structural Gravity Model”. WTO iLibrary. https://www.wto-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789287043689. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2022). Zainuddin, M. R. K. V., Shukor, M. S., Zulkifli, M. S. & Abdullah, A. H. (2021). “Dynamics of Malaysia’s Bilateral Export Post Covid-19: A Gravity Model Analysis”. Journal Ekonomi Malaysia, 55 (1): 51-69. Zhang, A., Sun, X., Zhang, Y., Xu, S. & Shen, R. (2021). “COVID-19, Air Transportation, and International Trade in the ASEAN+ 5 Region”. ERIA Discussion Paper Series, No.401.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON TURKEY'S EXPORTS TO MAJOR TRADE PARTNERS: GRAVITY MODEL APPROACH

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 37 - 53, 02.07.2024

Şükran Kahveci , Asiye Tütüncü

https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1408781

Abstract

This study aims to examine the effects of the Covid-19 epidemic, which has affected the whole world, on Turkey's exports with the gravity model. In this context, the export level between Turkey and its top 10 export partners was examined for the monthly period 2020:03-2021:12. In the gravity model analysis, the number of Covid-19 cases in the exporter and partner countries and the number of deaths due to the number of cases were included in the analysis, and the effect of Covid-19 on the export level was investigated with the High Dimensional Fixed Effect PPML (PPMLHDFE) estimator. Empirical findings obtained in the study show that the increase in the number of Covid-19 cases in the exporting country affects exports negatively, while the increase in the number of cases in the partner country and the number of deaths due to Covid-19 affects exports positively. Accordingly, at the export level, increasing Covid-19 cases in the exporting country causes a negative effect, while increasing Covid-19 cases in the partner country causes a positive effect.

Keywords

Covid-19 Export Gravity Model PPMLHDFE Panel Data Analyze

References

  • Alhassan, A. & Payaslioğlu, C. (2023). “Trade Diversion and Creation Effect of Free Trade Agreements in ASEAN: Do Institutions Matter?”. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-19.
  • Alleyne, A. & Troy, L. (2014), “A Gravity Model Approach to Analyzing the Trade Performance of CARICOM Member States”, Applied Econometrics and International Development, 14(2): 145-160.
  • Anderson, J. E. & Van Wincoop, E. (2003). “Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle”. American Economic Review, 93 (1): 170-192.
  • Annas, A. & Izaati, I. N. (2022). “Pandemic Covid-19 Impact on Indonesian Palm Oil Trade”. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT), 35(1): 81-86.
  • Arita, S., Grant, J., Sydow, S. & Beckman, J. (2022). “Has Global Agricultural Trade been Resilient under Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Findings from an Econometric Assessment of 2020”. Food Policy, 107, 102204:1-23.
  • Asare, P., & Barfi, R. (2021). “The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Global Economy: Emphasis on Poverty Alleviation and Economic Growth”. Economics, 8(1): 32-43.
  • Ashraf, B. N. & Goodell, J. W. (2022). “COVID-19 Social Distancing Measures and Economic Growth: Distinguishing Short-and Long-Term Effects”. Finance Research Letters, 47: 102639.
  • Atalan, A. (2020). “Is the Lockdown Important to Prevent the COVID-19 Pandemic? Effects on Psychology, Environment and Economy-Perspective”. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 56: 38-42.
  • Ayhan, F. (2019). “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Döviz Kuru Oynaklığının Dış Ticaret Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi”. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(3): 629-647.
  • Bahtiyar, B. & Güdenoğlu, E. (2023). “Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru ve Dış Ticaret İlişkisi: Zamana Göre Değişen Nedensellik Testlerinden Bulgular”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2): 454-481.
  • Barbero, J., de Lucio, J. J. & Rodríguez-Crespo, E. (2021). “Effects of COVID-19, e0258356. 1-20 on Trade Flows: Measuring Their Impact Through Government Policy Responses”. PloS One, 16(10): 0258356
  • Bergstrand, J. H. (1985). “The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence”. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 67(3): 474–481.
  • Bugoma, S., Abdellatif, N. & Niyongabo, G. (2022). “Determinants of Imports in East African Community: A Comparative Analysis Using Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Estimator”. Applied Mathematical Sciences, 16(12): 679-700.
  • CEPII. (2022). http://www.cepii.fr /CEPII/en /bdd_modele /bdd_modele.asp. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2022).
  • Chaney, T. (2018). “The Gravity Equation in International Trade: An Explanation”. Journal of Political Economy, 126 (1): 150-177.
  • Chudik, A., Mohaddes, K., Pesaran, M. K., Raissi, M. & Rebucci, A. (2020). “Economic Consequences of Covid-19: A Counterfactual Multi-country Analysis”. VoxEU.org, 19 October. https://voxeu.org/article/economicconsequences-covid-19-multi-country-analysis. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2022).
  • Esteve-Pérez, S., Gil-Pareja, S. ve Llorca-Vivero, R. (2020). “Does the GATT/WTO Promote Trade? After All, Rose was Right”. Review of World Economics, 156: 377-405.
  • Fink, G., Tediosi, F. & Felder, S. (2022). “Burden of COVID-19 Restrictions: National, Regional and Global Estimates”. EClinical Medicine, 45: 101305.
  • FRED. (2023). https://fred.stlouisfed.org/. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.010.2023).
  • Hale, T., Angrist, N., Goldszmidt, R., Kira, B., Petherick, A., Phillips, T., Webster, S., Cameron-Blake, E., Hallas, L., Majumdar, S. & Tatlow, H. (2021). “A Global Panel Database of Pandemic Policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)”. Nature Human Behaviour, 5 (4): 529-538.
  • Hameiri, S. (2021). “COVID-19: Is This the End of Globalization?”. International Journal, 76 (1): 30-41.
  • Hansen, J., Kamaliev, A., & Schmerer, H. J. (2023). “The COVID-19 Pandemic and Chinese Trade Relations”. Open Economies Review, 1-30.
  • Hayakawa, K. & Imai, K. (2022). “Who Sends me Face Masks? Evidence for the Impacts of COVID‐19 on International Trade in Medical Goods”. The World Economy, 45(2): 365-385.
  • Hayakawa, K., Mukunoki, H. & Urata, S. (2021). “Can E-Commerce Mitigate the Negative Impact of COVID-19 on International Trade?”. The Japanese Economic Review, 1-18.
  • Haynes, K. E. & Stewart, F. (1984). Gravity and Spatial Interaction Models, Basım, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Irshad, M. S., Xin, Q., Shahriar, S. & Arshad, H. (2017), “A Panel Data Analysis of China’s Trade Pattern with OPEC Members: Gravity Model Approach”, Asian Economic and Financial Review, 8(1): 103-116.
  • ITC. (2022). https://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx. Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2022)
  • Kaye, A. D., Okeagu, C. N., Pham, A. D., Silva, R. A., Hurley, J. J., Arron, B. L., & Cornett, E. M. (2021). “Economic Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Facilities and Systems: International Perspectives”. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 35(3): 293-306.
  • Kejžar, K. Z., Velić, A. & Damijan, J. P. (2022). “Covid‐19, Trade Collapse and GVC Linkages: European Experience”. The World Economy, 45 (11): 3475-3506.
  • Khan, A., Khan, N. & Shafiq, M. (2021). “The Economic Impact of COVID-19 from a Global Perspective”. Contemporary Economics, 15(1): 64-76.
  • Khorana, S., Martínez-Zarzoso, I. & Ali, S. (2021). “The Impact of COVID-19 on the Global and Intra-Commonwealth Trade in Goods”. International Trade Working Paper 2021/08. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.
  • Koren, M. & Pető R. (2020). “Disruptions From Social Distancing”. Plos One, 15(9): e0239113.
  • Larch, M., Wanner, J., Yotov, Y. V. & Zylkin, T. (2019). “Currency Unions and Trade: A PPML Re‐Assessment with High‐Dimensional Fixed Effects”. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 81 (3): 487-510.
  • Leamer, E. E. & Stern R. M. (1970). “Constant-Market-Share Analysis of Export Growth”. Quantitative International Economics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 171-183.
  • Linneman, H. (1966). An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows. North- Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
  • Liu, X., Ornelas, E. & Shi, H. (2022). “The Trade Impact of the Covid‐19 Pandemic”. The World Economy, 1-29.
  • Maital, S. & Barzani, E. (2020). “The Global Economic Impact of COVID-19: A Summary of Research”. Samuel Neaman Institute for National Policy Research, 2020: 1-12.
  • Martínez-Zarzoso, I. & Nowak-Lehmann F. (2003). “Augmented Gravity Model: An Empirical Application to Mercosur-European Union Trade Flows”. Journal of Applied Economics, 6 (2): 291-316.
  • Masood, A., Hashmi, S. H., Nazir, M. I. & Khan, B. (2023). “Export Competence of Cultural Goods: A Structural Gravity Analysis of the BRICS Trade”. Foundation University Journal of Business & Economics, 8 (1).
  • Mena, C., Karatzas, A. & Hansen, C. (2022). “International Trade Resilience and The Covid-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Business Research, 138: 77-91.
  • OECD. (2022). https://data.oecd.org/. (Erişim Tarihi: 04.05.2022).
  • OWID. (2023). https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2022).
  • Pöyhönen, P. (1963). “A Tentative Model for the Volume of Trade between Countries”. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 90: 93-100.
  • Robertson, R., Vergara Bahena, M. A. & Lopez-Acevedo, G. (2022). “Is International Trade always Beneficial to Labor Markets? A Case Study from Egypt”. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 15626.
  • Sandalcılar, Ali Rıza (2012), “Türkiye’nin BRIC Ülkeleriyle Ticari Potansiyeli: Panel Çekim Modeli Yaklaşımı”, Journal of Yasar University, 25(7): 4164-4175.
  • Silva, J. S. & Tenreyro, S. (2006). “The Log of Gravity”. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88 (4): 641-658.
  • Su, C., Dai, K., Ullah, S. & Andlib, Z. (2022) “COVID-19 Pandemic and Unemployment Dynamics in European Economies”. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1): 1752-1764.
  • Susskind, D., & Vines, D. (2020). “The Economics of the COVID-19 Pandemic: an Assessment”. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36, 1-13.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy, New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
  • Ugurlu, E. & Jindřichovská, I. (2022). “Effect of COVID-19 on International Trade among the Visegrad Countries”. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(2), 41.
  • UNCTAD. (2022a). “Impact of the PANDEMIC on Trade and Development”. https://unctad.org /system/files /official-document/osg 2022d1_en.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2022).
  • UNCTAD. (2022b). International Tax Reforms and Sustainable Investment, World Investment Report 2022, Erişim adresi: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2022_en.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2022).
  • Vernengo, M. & Nabar-Bhaduri, S. (2020). “The Economic Consequences of COVID-19: The Great Shutdown and the Rethinking of Economic Policy”. International Journal of Political Economy, 49(4), 265-277.
  • WDI. (2022). https://data.worldbank.org/. (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2022).
  • WHO. (2022). https://covid19.who.int/. (Erişim Tarihi: 13.05.2022).
  • Yotov, Y. V., Piermartini, R. & Larch, M. (2016). “An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis: The Structural Gravity Model”. WTO iLibrary. https://www.wto-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789287043689. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2022). Zainuddin, M. R. K. V., Shukor, M. S., Zulkifli, M. S. & Abdullah, A. H. (2021). “Dynamics of Malaysia’s Bilateral Export Post Covid-19: A Gravity Model Analysis”. Journal Ekonomi Malaysia, 55 (1): 51-69. Zhang, A., Sun, X., Zhang, Y., Xu, S. & Shen, R. (2021). “COVID-19, Air Transportation, and International Trade in the ASEAN+ 5 Region”. ERIA Discussion Paper Series, No.401.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Macroeconomics (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şükran Kahveci 0000-0002-0086-3274

Asiye Tütüncü 0000-0001-9473-9401

Early Pub Date July 16, 2024
Publication Date July 2, 2024
Submission Date December 23, 2023
Acceptance Date June 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kahveci, Ş., & Tütüncü, A. (2024). TÜRKİYE’NİN BAŞLICA TİCARET PARTNERLERİNE İHRACATINDA COVID-19 SALGINININ ETKİSİ: ÇEKİM MODELİ YAKLAŞIMI. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 7(1), 37-53. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1408781
AMA Kahveci Ş, Tütüncü A. TÜRKİYE’NİN BAŞLICA TİCARET PARTNERLERİNE İHRACATINDA COVID-19 SALGINININ ETKİSİ: ÇEKİM MODELİ YAKLAŞIMI. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi. July 2024;7(1):37-53. doi:10.46737/emid.1408781
Chicago Kahveci, Şükran, and Asiye Tütüncü. “TÜRKİYE’NİN BAŞLICA TİCARET PARTNERLERİNE İHRACATINDA COVID-19 SALGINININ ETKİSİ: ÇEKİM MODELİ YAKLAŞIMI”. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi 7, no. 1 (July 2024): 37-53. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1408781.
EndNote Kahveci Ş, Tütüncü A (July 1, 2024) TÜRKİYE’NİN BAŞLICA TİCARET PARTNERLERİNE İHRACATINDA COVID-19 SALGINININ ETKİSİ: ÇEKİM MODELİ YAKLAŞIMI. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi 7 1 37–53.
IEEE Ş. Kahveci and A. Tütüncü, “TÜRKİYE’NİN BAŞLICA TİCARET PARTNERLERİNE İHRACATINDA COVID-19 SALGINININ ETKİSİ: ÇEKİM MODELİ YAKLAŞIMI”, Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 37–53, 2024, doi: 10.46737/emid.1408781.
ISNAD Kahveci, Şükran - Tütüncü, Asiye. “TÜRKİYE’NİN BAŞLICA TİCARET PARTNERLERİNE İHRACATINDA COVID-19 SALGINININ ETKİSİ: ÇEKİM MODELİ YAKLAŞIMI”. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi 7/1 (July 2024), 37-53. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1408781.
JAMA Kahveci Ş, Tütüncü A. TÜRKİYE’NİN BAŞLICA TİCARET PARTNERLERİNE İHRACATINDA COVID-19 SALGINININ ETKİSİ: ÇEKİM MODELİ YAKLAŞIMI. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi. 2024;7:37–53.
MLA Kahveci, Şükran and Asiye Tütüncü. “TÜRKİYE’NİN BAŞLICA TİCARET PARTNERLERİNE İHRACATINDA COVID-19 SALGINININ ETKİSİ: ÇEKİM MODELİ YAKLAŞIMI”. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 1, 2024, pp. 37-53, doi:10.46737/emid.1408781.
Vancouver Kahveci Ş, Tütüncü A. TÜRKİYE’NİN BAŞLICA TİCARET PARTNERLERİNE İHRACATINDA COVID-19 SALGINININ ETKİSİ: ÇEKİM MODELİ YAKLAŞIMI. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi. 2024;7(1):37-53.
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