T-SHAPED ENGINEER: HORIZONTAL COMPONENT COMPRISING OF SOFT SKILLS

Year 2020, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 180 - 197, 31.08.2020

Melda Kokoç Süleyman Ersöz

https://doi.org/10.46465/endustrimuhendisligi.728405

Abstract

Under 21st century conditions, engineering education should focus not only on professional skills such as design, manufacture, and maintenance but also on soft skills, which play an important role in supporting career advancements, such as communication, interpersonal relations, and teamwork. In other words, it is an obligation for engineers to be competent in their own discipline. In addition to its own discipline, it will be a plus to be able to work with individuals from other disciplines and to exchange information seamlessly in the work environment. In this context, graduation as a T-shaped engineer with sensitive skills that will enable this acquisition will be prominent in career planning. The aim of this study is to introduce the T-shaped term that is not yet widespread in Turkey and to investigate soft skills forming the horizontal component of the T-shaped engineer. In line with the purpose of the research, studies on the soft skills that engineers must acquire, the program outcomes determined by the accreditation boards, and job ads are analyzed. In addition to the determination of soft skills, suggestions compiled from the literature are presented for higher education institutions to train their students as T-shaped engineers.

Keywords

breadth of knowledge, engineering program, soft skills, T-shaped engineer

T-TİPİ MÜHENDİS: HASSAS BECERİLERDEN OLUŞAN YATAY BİLEŞEN

Abstract

21. yüzyıl koşullarında mühendislik eğitiminde sadece tasarım, üretim ve bakım gibi profesyonel becerilere değil, aynı zamanda iletişim, kişiler arası ilişkiler ve ekip çalışması gibi kariyer ilerlemesini desteklemede önemli rol oynayan hassas becerilere de odaklanılması gerekmektedir. Diğer bir ifadeyle mühendislerin kendi disiplininde yetkin olması bir mecburiyettir. Kendi disiplininin yanı sıra diğer disiplinlerden gelen bireylerle çalışabilme ve çalışma ortamında sorunsuz bir şekilde bilgi alışverişinde bulunabilmesi artı değer olacaktır. Bu çerçevede bu kazanıma imkan sunacak hassas beceriler ile T-tipi mühendis olarak mezun olması kariyer planlamasında öne çıkacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de henüz yaygın olmayan T-tipi mühendis kavramının tanıtılması ve T-tipi mühendis kavramının yatay bileşenini oluşturan hassas becerilerin araştırılmasıdır. Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda mühendislerin sahip olması gereken hassas becerilere ilişkin literatürdeki çalışmalar, iş ilanları ve mühendislik programlarını akredite eden kuruluşların belirlemiş olduğu program çıktıları analiz edilmiştir. Hassas becerilerin belirlenmesine ek olarak yükseköğretim kurumlarının öğrencilerini T-tipi mühendis olarak yetiştirebilmesi için literatürden derlenen öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

bilgi genişliği, , mühendislik programı, T-şekilli mühendis, yumuşak beceriler

References

• Abbas, R., Abdul Kadir, F. A. & Ghani Azmie, I. A. (2013). Integrating soft skills assessment through soft skills workshop program for engineering students at University of Pahang: an analysis. International Journal of Research in Social Science, 2(1), 33-46. Retrieved from http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/6301/1/Integrating_soft_skills_assessment_through_soft_skills_Workshop_program_for_engineering_students_at_university_of_Pahang-an_analysis.pdf.
• Ahmed, F., Capretz, L. F. & Campbell, P. (2012). Evaluating the demand for soft skills in software development. It Professional, 14(1), 44-49. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2012.7
• Andersson, C. & Logofatu, D. (2018). Using cultural heterogeneity to improve soft skills in engineering and computer science education. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, 191-195, Spain. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363227
• Ballesteros Sánchez, L. I., Ortiz Marcos, I., Rodríguez Rivero, R. & Juan Ruiz, J. (2017). Project management training: An integrative approach for strengthening the soft skills of engineering students. International Journal of Engineering Education, 33(6(A)), 1912-1926. Retrieved from http://oa.upm.es/49810/1/INVE_MEM_2017_263865.pdf
• Barros, F. L., & Bittencourt, R. A. (2018). Evaluating the Influence of PBL on the Development of Soft Skills in a Computer Engineering Undergraduate Program. Proceedings of the IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE),1-9, California. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2018.8658832
• Bayram, S., Çelik, G. T. & Oral, E. L. (2015). Educational Qualification and Vocational Competence of Engineering Students: Civil Engineering Student Perspective. Turkish Journal of Education, 4(1), 4-18. Doi: https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.181092
• Belonovskaya, I. D., Kiryakov, D. A., Shukhman, A. E., Kolga, V. V., & Ezhova, T. V. (2019). Infocommunication skills as part of Universal Competencies of Transport Engineers. Proceedings of the Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores, 6(Special), Toluca. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/2245650662?pq-origsite=gscholar
• Berglund, A. & Heintz, F. (2014). Integrating soft skills into engineering education for increased student throughput and more professional engineers. Proceedings of the Pedagogiska Inspirationskonferens, Sweden. Retrieved from https://www.ida.liu.se/divisions/aiics/publications/PIK-2014-Integrating-Soft-Skills.pdf
• Bilsel, A., Oral, O. & Pillai, J. (1998). Turkish and North American engineering programs: A comparative study of curricular emphases on mathematics, basic sciences, humanities and social sciences. IEEE Transactions on Education, 41(4), 247-252. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/13.728257
• Boehm, B. (2018). Education and Social Development of T-Shaped Software Engineers. Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on Management, Economics and Social Development (ICMESD 2018), 745-749, China. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2991/icmesd-18.2018.130
• Boehm, B. & Mobasser, S. K. (2015). System thinking: Educating T-shaped software engineers. Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Software Engineering-Volume 2, 333-342, Italy. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2015.166
• Cavalcante Koike, C. M. E., Viana, D. M., & Vidal, F. B. (2018). Mechanical engineering, computer science and art in interdisciplinary project-based learning projects. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education, 46(1), 83-94. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306419017715427
• Cederberg, L., Axehill, J. W. & Herzog, E. (2019). Experience from a Program for Accelerating the Creation of T‐shaped Technical Leaders. Proceedings of the INCOSE International Symposium, 707-722, Orlando. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2019.00630.x
• Chaibate, H., Hadek, A., Ajana, S., Bakkali, S. & Faraj, K. (2019). Analyzing the engineering soft skills required by Moroccan job market. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Optimization and Applications (ICOA), Morocco. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOA.2019.8727712
• Cimatti, B. (2016). Definition, Development, Assessment Of Soft Skills And Their Role For The Quality Of Organizations And Enterprises. International Journal for quality research, 10(1): 97–130. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18421/IJQR10.01-05
• Cukierman, U. R. & Palmieri, J. M. (2014). Soft skills in engineering education: A practical experience in an undergraduate course. Proceedings of the International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning (ICL) 237-242, Dubai. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICL.2014.7017776
• Deep, S., Salleh, B. M., & Othman, H. (2019). Improving the soft skills of engineering undergraduates in Malaysia through problem-based approaches and e-learning applications. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 9(4), 662-676. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-07-2018-0072
• Demirkan, H. & Spohrer, J. (2015). T-shaped innovators: Identifying the right talent to support service innovation. Research-Technology Management, 58(5), 12-15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5437/08956308X5805007
• Direito, I., Pereira, A. & de Oliveira Duarte, A. M. (2012). Engineering undergraduates’ perceptions of soft skills: Relations with self-efficacy and learning styles. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 55, 843-851. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.571
• Dobrydina, T., Kersh, N., Kononova, V., Shipilova, T., & Usvyat, N. (2019). On Developing Transversal Competences of Modern Engineers for Coal Mining Emerging. Proceedings of the E3S Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910504032
• Donofrio, N., Spohrer, J., Zadeh, H. S. & Demirkan, H. (2010). Driven medical education and practice: A case for T-shaped professionals. MJA Viewpoint. Retrieved from http://www.ceri.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/A-Case-for-T-Shaped-Professionals-20090907-Hossein.pdf
• Duarte, A. J., Malheiro, B., Arnó, E., Perat, I., Silva, M. F., Fuentes-Durá, P., ... & Ferreira, P. (2019). Engineering education for sustainable development: The European Project Semester approach. IEEE Transactions on Education, 1-10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2019.2926944
• Dubey, R. S. & Tiwari, V. (2020). Operationalisation of soft skill attributes and determining the existing gap in novice ICT professionals. International Journal of Information Management, 50, 375-386. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.09.006
• Dubey, R. S., Tiwari, V. & Pandiya, B. (2017). A soft approach towards gaining employability in IT professionals. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 299-303, Singapore. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEM.2017.8289900
• Esa, A., Selamat, A., Padil, S. & Jamaludin, J. (2014). Applications of soft skills in engineering programme at polytechnic Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 140, 115-120. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.395
• Fernandez-Samaca, L., & Ramirez, J. M. (2010, September). An approach to applying project-based learning in engineering courses. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE ANDESCON. Colombia. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ANDESCON.2010.5630007
• Gopi Krishna, A. K., Suneetha Reddy, K., Chitra, V., B., & Yadav, S. (2019). Assessment of Soft Skills among Engineering Students- An Analytical Study. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 7 (ICETESM), 91-94. Retrieved from https://www.ijrte.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v7iicetesm18/ICETESM22.pdf
• Hairi, F., Toee, M. A. & Razzaly, W. (2011, November). Employers’ perception on soft skills of graduates: A study of Intel elite soft skill training. Proceedings of the International Conference on Teaching & Learning in Higher Education (ICTLHE 2011), 1-8, Malaysia. Retrieved from http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/id/eprint/2191/1/EDC243.pdf
• Hartanto, S., Huda, A., & Fordiana, R. (2019, February). Developing Soft Skills Learning Model for Mechanical Engineering Students Vocational High School. Proceedings of the 5th UPI International Conference on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (ICTVET 2018), 69-72, Indonesia. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ictvet-18.2019.16
• Hayati, F. G. & Mir, M. (2004). Enhancement of technical-cum-generic skills through design experience in laboratories. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 668-671, Istanbul Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ITHET.2004.1358255
• Hillmer, G., Fink, C., Foradori, M., Gall, M., Kilian, D. & Sparer, W. (2007). Social and soft skills training concept in engineering education. Innovations 2007: World innovations in Engineering education and research, International Network for Engineering Education and Research, 355-366. Retrieved from http://www.ineer.org/Events/ICEE2007/papers/198.pdf
• Hoang, D. T. N. & Do, T. T. A. (2019). Integration of Teamwork Skills in Teaching in Order to Meet the Learning Outcomes in The Cdio Syllabus: Application to Technology and Engineering. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments (JMERD), 42(2), 1-5. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332034549_Integration_of_teamwork_skills_in_teaching_in_order_to_meet_the_learning_outcomes_in_the_CDIO_syllabus_Application_to_technology_and_engineering
• Jimenez, G., Pardo, J. J., Minguez, E. & Cuervo, D. (2015). Educational initiatives to develop transversal skills in the nuclear engineering subjects at universidad politécnica de madrid. The International Journal of Engineering Education, 31(1), 229-237. Retrieved from https://www.ijee.ie/contents/c310115B.html
• Kaushal, U. (2018). Integrating employability skills in engineering education. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(5), 179-185. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-03-2018-0503
• Khamisani, V. A., Siddiqui, M. S. & Bawany, M. Y. (2006). Analyzing soft skills of software engineers using repertory grid. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Multitopic Conference, 259-264, Pakistan. Doi: http://doi.org/10.1109/INMIC.2006.358174
• Khan, M. I., Mourad, S. M. & Zahid, W. M. (2016). Developing and qualifying Civil Engineering Programs for ABET accreditation. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, 28(1), 1-11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2014.09.001
• King, S. O. (2019). Producing “T-shaped” Engineering Graduates: The Impact of Student Clubs as Learning Communities. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 271-275, United Arab Emirates. Doi: http://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2019.8725241
• Kletzenbauer, P., & Gögele, S. (2019). T-shaped engineers: getting ready for employability. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Higher Education Advances, 1339-1346, Spain. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/HEAd19.2019.9436
• Ktoridou, D., Doukanari, E., & Karayiannis, A. (2019). Educating the New Generation of Engineering Managers to Stay Relevant in the 21st Century Workforce. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, 1547-1551, United Arab Emirates. Doi: http://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2019.8725177
• Kumar, S., & Hsiao, J. K. (2007). Engineers learn “soft skills the hard way”: Planting a seed of leadership in engineering classes. Leadership and management in engineering, 7(1), 18-23. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-6748(2007)7:1(18)
• Lyman, F. A. (2001). Humanities and social sciences in engineering education-postwar to postmodern and beyond. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Technology and Society, 73-81, USA. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS.2001.937724
• Makasiranondh, W., Maj, S. & Veal, D. (2011). Student opinions on their development of non-technical skills in IT education. Modern Applied Science, 5(2),2-10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v5n2p3
• Manpower Group. (2018). Talent Shortage Survey. Retrieved from https://www.manpower.com.tr/en/research-insights/2018-talent-shortage-survey
• Matturro, G. (2013). Soft skills in software engineering: A study of its demand by software companies in Uruguay. Proceedings of the 6th international workshop on cooperative and human aspects of software engineering, 133-136, USA. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/CHASE.2013.6614749
• Miller, R. K. (2015). Why the hard science of engineering is no longer enough to meet the 21st century challenges. Olin College of Engineering, 77-94. Retrieved from https://undergrad.msu.edu/uploads/RebalancingEngineeringEducationTReadingrec.pdf
• Mohamad, M. M., Yee, M. H., Tee, T. K., Mukhtar, M. I. & Ahmad, A. (2017). Soft Skills in Pedagogical Practices with Different Curriculum for Engineering Education. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 226(1), 1-8, Malaysia. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/226/1/012191
• Moliner, M. L., Guraya, T., Lopez-Crespo, P., Royo, M., Gamez-Perez, J., Segarra, M., & Cabedo, L. (2015). Acquisition of transversal skills through PBL: a study of the perceptions of the students and teachers in materials science courses in engineering. Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences, 2(2), 121-138. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2015.3896
• Naiem, S. & Abdellatif, M. M. (2015). Evaluation of Computer Science and Software Engineering Undergraduate’s Soft Skills in Egypt from Student’s Perspective. Computer and Information Science, 8 (1), 36-53. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/cis.v8n1p36
• Nair, C. S., Patil, A. & Mertova, P. (2009). Re-engineering graduate skills–a case study. European journal of engineering education, 34(2), 131-139. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03043790902829281
• Nasir, A. N. M., Ali, D. F., Noordin, M. K. B. & Nordin, M. S. B. (2011). Technical skills and non-technical skills: predefinition concept. Proceedings of the IETEC’11 Conference, 01-17, Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmad_Nabil_Md_Nasir/publication/259782791_Technical_skills_and_non-technical_skills_predefinition_concept/links/0c96053843a6721934000000.pdf
• Neeley, K. A., & Steffensen, B. (2018). The T-Shaped Engineer as an Ideal in Technology Entrepreneurship: Its Ori-gins, History, and Significance for Engineering Education. Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education. Retrieved from https://www.asee.org/public/conferences/106/papers/23566/view
• Nicola, S., Pinto, C. & Mendonça, J. (2018). The role of education on the acquisition of 21st century soft skills by Engineering students. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of the Portuguese Society for Engineering Education (CISPEE). Portugal. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/CISPEE.2018.8593495
• O'Neal, J. B. (1990). The humanities and their effect on engineering education. IEEE Communications Magazine, 28(12), 30-35. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/35.61718
• Oskam, I. F. (2009). T-shaped engineers for interdisciplinary innovation: an attractive perspective for young people as well as a must for innovative organisations. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference - Attracting students in Engineering, Netherlands. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216353140_T-shaped_engineers_for_interdisciplinary_innovation_an_attractive_perspective_for_young_people_as_well_as_a_must_for_innovative_organisations
• Özsoy, A. (2013). Mühendislik Eğitimine Çalışan Mühendislerin Bakışı ve İşyeri Eğitimi Modeli. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(1), 77-85. Doi: https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufbed.48317
• Palmer, C. (1990). ‘Hybrids’-A Critical Force in the Application of Information Technology in the Nineties. Journal of Information Technology, 5(4), 232-235. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026839629000500408
• Penzenstadler, B., Haller, G., Schlosser, T. & Frenzel, G. (2009). Soft Skills REquired: A practical approach for empowering soft skills in the engineering world. Proceedings of the Collaboration and Intercultural Issues on Requirements: Communication, Understanding and Softskills, 31-36, USA. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/CIRCUS.2009.5
• Robles, M. M. (2012). Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in today’s workplace. Business Communication Quarterly, 75(4), 453-465. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1080569912460400
• San-Valero, P., Robles, A., Ruano, M. V., Martí, N., Cháfer, A., & Badia, J. D. (2019). Workshops of innovation in chemical engineering to train communication skills in science and technology. Education for Chemical Engineers, 26, 114-121. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2018.07.001
• Seetha, N. (2014). Are soft skills important in the workplace? A preliminary investigation in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(4), 44. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i4/751
• Sharma, G. & Sharma, P. (2010). Importance of Soft skills development in 21st century Curriculum. International Journal of Education & Allied Sciences, 2(2), 39-44. Retrieved from http://aacsjournals.com/newabstract.php?Journal=IJEAS&Journal_Id=7&Volume=22&Volume_no=2&Volume_year=2010&Issue=2&Issue_id=24&Month=July-December#/-
• Simmons, D. R. (2017). Developing T-Shaped Civil Engineers Through Involvement in Out-of-Class Activities. Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, 173-177, USA. Doi: http://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-60486-2_16
• Sin, L. F., Vui, L. J., & Meng, N. Y. (2019). Flood risk reduction initiative: A service learning project by engineering students. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1-8, Malaysia. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/513/1/012034
• Sousa, A. & Mouraz, A. (2014). Promoting 'Soft Skills' from the Start of the Engineering Degree and the Case Study of the Special 'Projeto FEUP 'Course. International Journal of Engineering Education, 30(6), 1539-1548. Retrieved from https://repositorio.inesctec.pt/handle/123456789/7013
• Taylor, E. (2016). Investigating the perception of stakeholders on soft skills development of students: Evidence from South Africa. Interdisciplinary Journal of e-Skills and Lifelong Learning, 12(1), 1-18. Doi: https://doi.org/10.28945/3417
• Tranquillo, J. (2017). The T-Shaped Engineer. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, 30(4), 12-24. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.16920/jeet%2F2017%2Fv30i4%2F114100
• Uçar, U. U. & İşleyen, S. K. (2019). Analysis Based on Graduation Opinions of Industrial Engineering Education in Turkey. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 11(1), 109-123. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.385030
• Vedhathiri, T. (2016). Enhancing Professional and Soft Skills of the Indian Engineering Graduates. Journal of Engineering & Technology, 10(2), 1-17. Retrieved from http://www.ifees.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Paper-NITTTR-CH-Journal.pdf
• Vega, C. F., & Ortiz, E. V. (2018). Interdisciplinary projects as active learning method for strengthening of technical and soft skills of UTEC students. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE World Engineering Education Conference. Argentina. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUNINE.2018.8450994
• Willmot, P., & Colman, B. (2016). Interpersonal skills in engineering education. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Australasian Association of Engineering Education, 1-10, Australia. Retrieved from https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/Interpersonal_skills_in_engineering_education/9552260
• Wilson, T. T. & Marnewick, A. L. (2018). A comparative study of soft skills amongst the Washington accord engineering degree graduates with industry expectations. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation, 1-6, Germany. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICE.2018.8436282
• Wu, J., Zou, X. & Kong, H. (2012). Cultivating T-shaped engineers for 21st century: experiences in China. Proceedings of the 2012 ASEE annual conference & exposition, 25.372.1 - 25.372.10, Texas. Retrieved from https://peer.asee.org/cultivating-t-shaped-engineers-for-21st-century-experiences-in-china
• Yaacoub, H. K., Husseini, F. & Choueiki, Z. (2011). Engineering soft skills: a comparative study between the GCC area demands and the ABET requirements. Competition Forum. 9(1), 88. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Engineering-Soft-Skills-%3A-A-Comparative-Study-the-Yaacoub/690244c6d9845aab7d6ce27743f5832d72bf6f60
• Yanaze, L. K. H. & de Deus Lopes, R. (2014). Transversal competencies of electrical and computing engineers considering market demand. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), Spain. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2014.7044169
• Zaharim, A., Ahmad, I., Yusoff, Y. M., Omar, M. Z. & Basri, H. (2012). Evaluating the soft skills performed by applicants of Malaysian engineers. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 60, 522-528. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.417