An investigation on the toxic effect of native Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) isolates against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae), Ceroplastes rusci L. (Homoptera: Coccidae) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Dip

Abstract

Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) is able to exhibit highly spesific toxic effect against pests belonging to different orders. The aim of this study is to determine toxic effects of some of the native B. thuringiensis isolates obtained from fig related areas of Aydın province in 2008 on the Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae), Ceroplastes rusci L. (Homoptera: Coccidae) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). For this purpose, the effects of spore-crystal mixtures of 31 native B. thuringiensis isolates against T. urticae nymphs were investigated. It was found that 42% of the isolates caused mortality between 16% and 30%; however, 58% of the isolates resulted in less than 15% mortality. In addition, the effects of spore-crystal mixtures of 35 native B. thuringiensis isolates were examined on nymphs of C. rusci. Even though 14% of the isolates exhibited less than 12% mortality, no toxic effect was observed for 86% of the isolates. Finally, the spore-crystal mixtures of 24 native B. thuringiensis isolates were tested against the larvae of C. capitata. It was found that nearly all isolates did not show any toxic effects on C. capitata larvae. These results show that some of the B. thuringiensis isolates may have potential to develop biopesticides to retard the nymphal growth of especially T. urticae.

Keywords

• Bacillus thuringiensis
• Tetranychus urticae
• Ceroplastes rusci
• Ceratitis capitata

Doğal Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) izolatlarının Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae), Ceroplastes rusci L. (Homoptera: Coccidae) ve Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)’ya karşı toksik etkileri

Öz

Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bacillales: Bacillaceae), farklı takımlarda yer alan zararlılara karşı yüksek oranda seçici toksik etki gösterebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, 2008 yılında Aydın İli incirlik alanlarından yapılan örneklemelerden elde edilen doğal B. thuringiensis izolatlarından bazılarının, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae), Ceroplastes rusci L. (Homoptera: Coccidae) ve Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) üzerindeki toksik etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, T. urticae nimfleri üzerinde 31 doğal B. thuringiensis izolatının spor-kristal karışımının etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu izolatlardan %58’nin %15 ve altında, %42’sinin de %16 ile %30 arasında düşük ölüm oranına neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. C. rusci nimfleri üzerinde 35 doğal B. thuringiensis izolatının spor-kristal karışımının etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu izolatlardan %86’sının hiç toksik etki göstermediği, %14’nün ise %12’nin altında neredeyse yok denecek kadar az toksik etki gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. C. capitata larvaları üzerinde ise 24 doğal B. thuringiensis izolatının spor-kristal karışımı denenmiştir. Neredeyse tüm izolatların C. capitata larvaları üzerinde herhangi bir toksik etki göstermediği bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, bazı B. thuringiensis izolatlarının özellikle T. urticae niflerinin büyümelerini geciktirici biyopestisit geliştirilmesinde belli bir potansiyele sahip olabildiklerini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bacillus thuringiensis
• Tetranychus urticae
• Ceroplastes rusci
• Ceratitis capitata

References

1. Abbott, W. S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18(2): 265-267.
2. Aboussaid, H., L. El-Aouame, S. El-Messoussi & K. Oufdou, 2010. Biological activity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) strains on larvae and adults of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Environmental Protection, 1(4): 337-345.
3. Açıkgöz, N., 1993. Tarımda Araştırma ve Deneme Metotları. Ege Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No: 478, İzmir, 219s.
4. Alberola, T.M., S. Aptosoglou, M. Arsenakis, Y. Bel, G. Delrio, D.J. Ellar, J. Ferè, F. Granero, D.M. Guttman, S. Koliais, M.J. Martinez-Sebastian, R. Prota, S. Rubino, A. Satta, G. Scarpellini, A. Sivropoulou & E. Vasara, 1999. Insecticidal activity of strains of Bacillus thuringiensis on larvae and adults of Bactocera oleae Gmelin (Dipt. Tephritidsae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 74(2): 127-136.
5. Apaydin, O., A.F. Yenidünya, S. Harsa & H. Günes, 2005. Isolation and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strains from different grain habitats in Turkey. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 21(3): 285-292.
6. Anonymous, 2012. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (web sayfası : http://www.tuik.gov.tr) (Erişim tarihi: Kasım, 2012).
7. Ben-Dov, E., A. Zaritsky, E. Dahan, Z. Barak, R. Sinal, R. Manasherob, A. Khamraev, E. Troitskaya, A. Dubitsky, N. Berezina & Y. Margalith, 1997. Extend screening by PCR for seven cry-group genes from field-collected strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(12): 4883-4890.
8. Bravo, A., S. Sarabia, L. Lopez, H. Ontiveros, C. Abarca, A. Ortiz, M. Ortiz, L. Lina, F.J. Villaloboz, G. Peña, M-E. Nuñez-Valdez, M. Soberon & R. Quintero, 1998. Characterization of cry genes in a Mexican Bacillus thuringiensis strain collection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64(12): 4965-4972.

9. Bravo, A., S. Likitvivatanavong, S.S. Gill & M. Soberόn, 2011. Bacillus thuringiensis: A story of a successful bioinsecticide. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41(7): 423-431.
10. Chapman, M.H. & M.A. Hoy, 1991. Relative toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis to the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and its predator Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari, Tetranychidae and Phytoseiidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 111: 147-154.
11. de Maagd, R.A., M.S.G. Kwa, H. van der Klei, T. Yamamoto, B. Schipper, J.M. Vlak, W.J. Stiekema & D. Bosch, 1996. Domain III substitution in Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin Cry1Ab results in superior toxicity for Spodoptera exigua and altered membrane protein recognition. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62(5): 1537-1543.
12. Dutton, A., H. Klein, J. Romeis & F. Bigler, 2002. Uptake of Bt-toxin by herbivores feding on transgenic maize and consequences fort he predator Chrysoperla carnea. Ecological Entomology, 27: 441-447.
13. Dutton, A., H. Klein, J. Romeis & F. Bigler, 2003. Prey-mediated effects of Bacillus thuringiensis spray on the predator Chrysoperla carnea in maize. Biological Control, 26(2): 209-215.
14. FAO, 2012. (web sayfası: http://www.faostat.fao.org) (Erişim tarihi: Kasım, 2012).
15. Feitelson, J.S., J. Payne & L. Kim, 1992. Bacillus thuringiensis: insects and beyond. Bio/Tecnology, 10: 271-275.
16. Gao, M., R. Li, S. Dai, Y. Wu & D. Yi, 2008. Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains from soil in China and their pesticidal activities. Biological Control, 44(3): 380-388.
17. Gingrich, R.E., 1987. Demonstration of Bacillus thuringiensis as a potential control fort he adult Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). Journal of Applied Entomology, 104(1-5): 378-385.
18. Hodgman, T.C., Y. Ziniu, S. Ming, T. Sawyer, C.M. Nicholls & D.J. Ellar, 1993. Characterization of a Bacillus thuringienis strain which is toxic to the housefly Musca domestica. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 114(1): 17-22.
19. Höfte, H. & H.R. Whiteley, 1989. Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis. Microbiological Reviews, 53(2): 242–255.
20. Iriarte, J., M. Porcar, M. Lecadet & P. Caballero, 2000. Isolation and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strains from aquatic environments in Spain. Current Microbiology, 40(6): 402-408.
21. Karamanlidou, G., A.F. Lambropoulos, S.I. Koliais, T. Manousis, D. Ellar & C. Kastritsis, 1991. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis to laboratory populations of the olive fruit fly (Dacus oleae). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57(8): 2277-2282.
22. Kahyaoğlu, M. & M.O. Gürkan, 2010. Akdeniz meyvesineği [Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, 1824 (Diptera: Tephritidae)] için yeni hazır yem formülasyonlarının geliştirilmesi. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 35 (3): 485-494.
23. Li, Y. & J. Romeis, 2010. Bt maize expressing Cry3Bb1 does not harm the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, or its ladybird betle predator, Stethorus punctillum. Biological Control, 53(3): 337-344.
24. MacIntosh, S.C., G.M. Kishore, F.J. Perlak, P.G. Marrone, T.B. Stone, S.R. Sims & R.L. Fuchs, 1990. Potentiation of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal activity by serine protease inhibitörs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 38(4): 1145-1152.
25. Martin, P.A.W. & R.S. Travers, 1989. Worldwide abundance and distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55(10): 2437-2442.
26. Öncüer, C., 1997. Tarımsal Zararlılarla Biyolojik Savaş. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Yayınları No:1, Aydın, 93s.
27. Öncüer, C., 2004. Tarımsal Zararlılarla Savaş Yöntemleri ve İlaçları. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Yayınları No:19, Aydın, 424s.
28. Özsemerci, F. & T. Akşit, 2003. Aydın ili incir ağaçlarında zararlı Ceroplastes rusci L. (Homoptera: Coccidae)'nin bazı biyolojik özellikleri ve populasyon değişimi. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 27 (1) : 13- 25.
29. Patel, K.D, F.C. Bhanshali & S.S. Ingle, 2011. Diversity and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from alluvial soil of Mahi River Basin, India. Journal of Advances in Developmental Research, 2(1): 14-20.
30. Polat, H.& İ. Kasap, 2011. Van ilinde üç farklı fasulye (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) çeşidi üzerinde ikinoktalı kırmızı örümcek, Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae)’nin popülasyon gelişimi. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 35 (1): 145-154.
31. Robacker, D.C., A.J. Martinez, J.A. Garcia, M. Diaz & C. Romero, 1996. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis to Mexican fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 89(1): 104-110.
32. Sanahuja, G., R. Banakar, R.M. Twyman, T. Capell & P. Christou, 2011. Bacillus thuringiensis: a century of research, development and commercial applications. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 9(3): 283-300.
33. Schnepf, E., N. Crickmore, J. Van Rie, D. Lereclus, J. Baum, J. Feitelson, D.R. Zeigler & D.H. Dean, 1998. Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62(3): 775–806.
34. Seifinejad, A., G.R. Salehi Jouzani, A. Hosseinzadeh & C. Abdmishani, 2008. Characterization of Lepidoptera-active cry and vip genes in Iranian Bacillus thuringiensis strain collection. Biological Control, 44(2): 216-226.
35. SPSS., SPSS Version 10.0. SPSS Inc, 223 S. Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 2001
36. Thammasittirong, A. & T. Attathom, 2008. PCR-based method for the detection of cry genes in local isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis from Thailand. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 98(2): 121-126.
37. Uribe, D., W. Martinez & J. Ceron, 2003. Distribution and diversity of cry genes in native strains of Bacillus thuringiensis obtained from different ecosystrems from Colombia. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 82(2):119-127
38. Ünal, G. & M.O. Gürkan, 2001. İnsektisitler Kimyasal Yapıları, Toksikolojileri ve Ekotoksikolojileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü, Ankara, 159s.
39. van Frankenhuyzen, K., 2009. Insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 101(1): 1-16.
40. Van Rie, J., W.H. McGaughey, D.E. Johnson, B.D. Barnett & H. Van Mellaert, 1990. Mechanism of insect resistance to the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis. Science, 247: 72–74.
41. Vidal-Quist, J.C., P. Castañera & J. González-Cabrera, 2009. Diversity of Bacillus thuringinsis strains isolated from citrus orchards in Spain and evaluation of their insecticidal activity against Ceratitis capitata. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 19(8): 749-759.
42. Vidal-Quist, J.C., P. Castañera & J. González-Cabrera, 2010. Cyt1Aa protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) serovar israelensis is active against the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Pest Management Science, 66(9): 949-955.
43. Walker, K., M. Mendelsohn, S. Matten, M. Alphin & D. Ave, 2003. “The Role of Microbial Bt Products in U.S. Crop Protection, 31-51”. In: Bacillus thuringiensis: A Cornerstone of Modern Agrıculture (Ed: M. Metz). Food Products Press, USA, 242pp.
44. Wang, J., A. Boets, J. Van Rie & G. Ren, 2003. Characterization of cry1, cry2 and cry9 genes in Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from China. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 82(1): 63-71.
45. Zümreoğlu, A., N. Tanaka & E.J. Haris, 1979. The need for wheat germ in larval diets of Medfly of non-nutritive bulking material. Türkiye Bitki Koruma Dergisi, 3(3): 131-138.