Sabit Endoparazit Nematodlarda Efektör Moleküller

Year 2017, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 305 - 318, 21.05.2018

Zübeyir Devran

https://doi.org/10.16969/entoteb.411031

Abstract

Bitki
paraziti nematodlar, gelişim ve üremeleri için gerekli olan besin maddelerini
elde edebilmek amacıyla konukçularıyla özel parazitik ilişkiler
geliştirmişlerdir. Günümüze kadar yaklaşık 4100 adet bitki parazit nematod türü
tanımlanmıştır. Sabit endoparazitik nematodlar içerisinden kök-ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.) ve kist nematodları (Globodera spp., ve Heterodera spp.) ekonomik olarak en zararlı bitki paraziti nematod
grupları olarak kabul edilmektedir. Sabit endoparazit nematodlar,
konukçularında özelleşmiş beslenme hücreleri oluşturmaktadırlar. Nematodlar
tarafından üretilen salgılar enfeksiyonda önemli rol oynamaktadırlar. Efektör
olarak adlandırılan bu salgılar birçok fonksiyona sahiptir. Bu derleme, sabit
endoparazitik nematodların efektör molekülleri hakkında bilgi vermek için
hazırlanmıştır.

Keywords

Sabit endoparazitik nematodlar, beslenme hücresi, salgı, efektör molekül

Effector Molecules in Sedentary Endoparasite Nematodes

Abstract

Plant-parasitic
nematodes (PPNs) have evolved special parasitic relationships with their host
plants to obtain nutrients required for their development and reproduction. Approximately 4100 plant parasitic nematode species
have been identified so far. The sedentary endoparasitic nematodes such as
root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne
spp.) and cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.,
and Heterodera spp.) are the most economically damaging PPNs. They
form specialized feeding cells in the host plant roots. The secretions produced
by nematodes play an important role in the effection event. These secretions are
called effector and have many functions. This review is intended to provide
information on effector molecules in sedentary endoparasitic nematodes.

Keywords

Sedentary endoparasite nematodes, feeding cell, secretion, effector molecule

References

• Abad, P., J., Gouzy, J. M., Aury, P., Castagnone-Sereno, E. G. J., Danchin, E., Deleury, L., Perfus-Barbeoch, et al., 2008. Genome sequence of the metazoan plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Nature Biotechnology, 26(8): 909-915.
• Abad, P. & V. M. Williamson, 2010. “Plant nematode İnteraction, a Sophisticated Dialogue, 147–192”. In: Advances ın Botanıcal Research Plant Nematode Interactions: A View on Compatible Interrelationships.( Ed: Escobar, C. & C. Fenoll). Elsevier, London, UK, 461 pp.
• Bird, D. Mc K. & A. F., Bird, 2001. “Plant-parasitic Nematodes, 139-166”. In: Parasitic Nematodes. (Ed: Kennedy, M. W. & W. Harnett). CABI Publishing, Oxon and New York, 496 pp.
• Castagnone-Sereno, P., J. P., Semblat & C., Castagnone, 2009. Modular architecture and evolution of the Map-1 gene family in the Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 282: 547–554.
• Curtis, R. H. C., 1996. Identification and in situ and in vitro characterization of secreted proteins produced by plant-parasitic nematodes. Parasitology, 113:589-597.
• Davis, E. L., R. S., Hussey, T. J., Baum, J., Bakker, A., Schots, M. N., Rosso & P., Abad, 2000. Nematode parasitism genes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 38: 365–396.
• Davis, E. L., R. S., Hussey & T. J., Baum, 2004. Getting to the roots of parasitism by nematodes. Trends in Parasitology, 20: 134–141.
• Davis, E. L., R. S., Hussey, M. G., Mitchum & T. J., Baum, 2008. Parasitism proteins in nematode-plant interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 11: 360–366.
• Decraemer, W. & D. J., Hunt, 2006. “Structure and Classification, 4-32”. In: Plant Nematology. (Ed: Perry, R.N. & M., Moens). Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International. 447 pp.
• Diaz-Granados, A., A. – J., Petrescu, A., Goverse & G., Smant, 2016. SPRYSEC Effectors: A versatile protein-binding platform to disrupt plant ınnate ımmunity. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7: 1575 1-10.
• Ding, X., J., Shields, R., Allen & R. S., Hussey, 1998. A secretory cellulose-binding protein cDNA cloned from the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 11: 952–959.
• Doyle, E. A. & K. N., Lambert, 2003. Meloidogyne javanica Chorismate mutase 1 alters plant cell development. Molecular Plant Mıcrobe Interaction, 16: 123-131.
• Dutta S. & K. C.-W., Wu, 2014. Enzymatic breakdown of biomass: enzyme active sites, immobilization, and biofuel production. Green Chemistry, 16: 4615–4626.
• Elling A. A., 2013. Major Emerging problems with minor Meloidogyne species. Phytopathology, 103(11): 1092–1102.
• Escobar, C., M., Barcala, J., Cabrera & C., Fenoll, 2015. “Overview of Root-Knot nematodes and giant cells, 1-32”. In: Advances ın Botanıcal Research Plant Nematode Interactions: A View on Compatible Interrelationships. (Ed: Escobar, C. & C. Fenoll). Elsevier, London, UK, 461 pp.
• Fioretti, L., A., Warry, A., Porter, P. Haydock & R., Curtis, 2001. Isolation and localisation of an annexin gene (gp-nex) from the potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida. Nematology, 3: 45– 54.
• Fioretti, L., A., Porter, P. J., Haydock & R., Curtis, 2002. Monoclonal antibodies reactive with secreted-excreted products from the amphids and the cuticle surface of Globodera pallida affect nematode movement and delay invasion of potato roots. International Journal for Parasitology, 32: 1709-1718.
• Gao, B., R., Allen, T., Maier, E. L., Davis, T. J., Baum & R. S., Hussey, 2001. Molecular characterisation and expression of two venom allergen-like secretory protein genes in Heterodera glycines. International Journal for Parasitology, 31: 1617-1625.
• Gao, B., R., Allen, T., Maier, E. L., Davis, T. J., Baum & R. S., Hussey, 2003. The parasitome of the phytonematode Heterodera glycines. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 16: 720–726.
• Gao, B., R., Allen, E. L., Davis, T. J., Baum & R. S., Hussey, 2004. Molecular characterisation and developmental expression of a cellulose-binding protein gene in the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. International Journal for Parasitology, 34: 1377–1383.
• Gerke, V. & S. E., Moss, 1997. Annexins and membrane dynamics. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1357: 129–154.
• Gheysen, G. & J. T., Jones, 2006. Molecular aspects of plant-nematode interactions, 234-255 “. In: Plant Nematology, (Ed: Perry, R. N. & M., Moens ). Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International. 447 pp.
• Gleason, C. A., Q. L., Liu & V. M., Williamson, 2008. Silencing a candidate nematode effector gene corresponding to the tomato resistance gene Mi-1 leads to acquisition of virulence. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 21(5): 576-585.
• Goellner, M., G., Smant, J. M., De Boer, T. J., Baum & E. L., Davis, 2000. Isolation of beta-1,4 endoglucanase genes of Globodera tabacum and their expression during parasitism. Journal of Nematology, 32: 154-165.
• Haegeman, A., J. T., Jones & E. G. J., Danchin, 2011. Horizontal gene transfer in nematodes: a catalyst for plant parasitism? Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 24(8): 879-887.
• Haegeman, A., S., Mantelin, J. T., Jones, & G., Gheysen, 2012. Functional roles of effectors of plant-parasitic nematodes. Gene, 492: 19-31.
• Hassan, S., C. A., Behm, & U., Mathesius, 2010. Effectors of plant parasitic nematodes that re-program root cell development. Functional Plant Biology, 37(10): 933–942.
• Hewezi, T., P. J., Howe, T. R., Maier, R. S., Hussey, M. G., Mitchum, E. L., Davis, & T. J., Baum, 2010. Arabidopsis spermidine synthase ıs targeted by an effector protein of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Plant Physiology, 152(2): 968-984.
• Hewezi, T., 2015. Cellular signaling pathways and posttranslational modifications mediated by nematode effector proteins. Plant Physiology, 169: 1018–1026.
• Hogenhout, S. A., R. A. L., Van der Hoorn, R., Terauchi, & S., Kamoun, 2009. Emerging concepts in effector biology of plant-associated organisms. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 22(2): 115-122.
• Hu, G. G., M. A., McClure, & M. E., Schmitt, 2000. Origin of a Meloidogyne incognita surface coat antigen. Journal of Nematology, 32(2):174–182.
• Huang, G. Z., B., Gao, T., Maier, R., Allen, E. L., Davis, T. J., Baum & R. S., Hussey, 2003. A profile of putative parasitism genes expressed in the esophageal gland cells of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 16: 376–381.
• Huang, G., R., Dong, R., Allen, E. L., Davis, T. J., Baum & R. S., Hussey, 2005. Two chorismate mutase genes from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Molecular Plant Pathology, 6: 23-30.
• Huang, G., R., Dong, R., Allen, E. L., Davis, T. J., Baum & S. H., Richard, 2006. A root knot nematode secretory peptide functions as a ligand for a plant transcription factor. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 19: 463–470.
• Hussey, R. S., 1989. Disease-inducing secretions of plant parasitic nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 27: 123–141.
• Ithal, N., J., Recknor, D., Nettleton, L., Hearne, T., Maier, T. J., Baum & M. G., Mitchum, 2007. Parallel genome-wide expression profiling of host and pathogen during soybean cyst nematode infection of soybean. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 20: 293–305.
• Jaubert, S., J-B., Laffaire, P., Abad & M-N., Rosso, 2002. A polygalacturonase of animal origin isolated from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. FEBS Letters, 522: 109–112.
• Jaubert, S., J. B., Laffaire, T. N., Ledger, P., Escoubas, E. Z., Amri, P., Abad & M. N., Rosso, 2004. Comparative analysis of two 14-3-3 homologues and their expression pattern in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. International Journal for Parasitology, 34: 873-880.
• Jones, J. T., R. N., Perry & M. R. L., Johnston, 1994. Changes in the ultrastructure of the amphids of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis during development and infection. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 17: 369-382.
• Jones, J. T. & W. M. Robertson, 1997. “Nematode Secretions. 98–106”. In: Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Plant-Nematode Interactions vol. 10. (Ed: Fenoll, C., Grundler, F. M. W. & S. A., Ohl ), Netherlands, Springer, 287 pp.
• Jones, J. T., G., Smant & V. C., Blok, 2000. SXP/RAL-2 proteins of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis: secreted proteins of the hypodermis and amphids. Nematology, 2: 887–893.
• Jones, J. T., C., Furlanetto, E., Bakker, B., Banks, V., Blok, Q., Chen, M., Phillips & A. Prior, 2003. Characterization of a chorismate mutase from the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Molecular Plant Pathology, 4: 43–50.
• Jones, J. T., B., Reavy, G., Smant & A. E., Prior, 2004. Glutathione peroxidase of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Gene, 324: 47–54.
• Jones, J. T., A., Kumar, L. A., Pylypenko, A., Thirugnanasambandam, L., Castelli, S., Chapman, P. J., Cock, E., Grenier, C. J., Lilley, M. S., Phillips & V. C., Blok, 2009. Identification and functional characterisation of effectors in expressed sequence tags from various life cycle stages of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Molecular Plant Pathology, 10: 815–828.
• Kamoun, S. 2006. A catalogue of the effector secretome of plant pathogenic oomycetes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 44: 41-60.
• Karssen, G. & M., Moens, 2006. “Root-knot Nematodes, 59-90”. In: Plant Nematology. Perry, R.N. & M., Moens). Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International. 447 pp.
• Lopez de Mendoza, M. E., R. H. C., Curtis & S., Gowen, 1999. Identification and characterization of excreted-secreted products and surface coat antigens of animal and plant-parasitic nematodes. Parasitology,118: 397–405.
• Lozano-Torres, J. L., R. H., Wilbers, P., Gawronskia, J. C., Boshovena, A., Finkers-Tomczaka, J. H. G., Cordewener, A. H. P., America, et al. 2012. Dual disease resistance mediated by the immune receptor Cf-2 in tomato requires a common virulence target of a fungus and a nematode. PNAS, 109(25): 10119-10124.
• Mantelin, S., P., Thorpe & J. T., Jones, 2015. “Suppression of Plant Defences by Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. 325-338”. In: Advances ın Botanıcal Research Plant Nematode Interactions: A View on Compatible Interrelationships. (Ed: Escobar, C. & C. Fenoll). Elsevier, London, UK, 461 pp.
• McClure, M. A. & B. A., Stynes, 1988. Lectin binding sites on the amphidial exudates of Meloidogyne. Journal of Nematology, 20: 321-326.
• Mitchum, M. G., R. S., Hussey, T. J., Baum, X., Wang, A. A., Elling, M., Wubben & E. L., Davis, 2013. Nematode effector proteins, an emerging paradigm of parasitism. New Phytologist, 199: 879–894.
• Mitreva-Dautova, M., E., Roze, H., Overmars, L., De. Graaff, A., Schots, J., Helder, A., Goverse, J., Bakker & G., Smant, 2006. A symbiont-independent endo-1,4-beta-xylanase from the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 19: 521–529.
• Opperman, C. H., D. M., Bird, V. M., Williamson, D. S., Rokhsar, M., Burke, J., Cohn, J., Cromer, et al., 2008. Sequence and genetic map of Meloidogyne hapla: A compact nematode genome for plant parasitism. PNAS, 105(39): 14802-14807.
• Orion, D., G. C., Loots & T., Orion, 1987. Cell lysis activity of Meloidogyne gelatinous matrix. Revue Nématol., 10: 463-465.
• Prior, A., J. T., Jones, V. C., Blok, J., Beauchamp, L., McDermott, A., Cooper & M. W., Kennedy, 2001. A surface-associated retinol-and fatty acidbinding protein (Gp-FAR-1) from the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida: lipid binding activities, structural analysis and expression pattern. Biochemical Journal, 356: 387-394. Qin, L., 2001. Molecular Genetic Analysis of The Pathogenicity of The Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera rostochiensis. The Wageningen Universiteit, PhD thesis, Netherlands, 104 pp.
• Qin L., U., Kudla, E. H. A., Roze, A., Goverse, H., Popeijus, J., Nieuwland, H., Overmars, J. T., Jones, A., Schots, G., Smant, J., Bakker & J., Helder, 2004. Plant degradation: A nematode expansin acting on plants. Nature, 427: 30.
• Rehman, S., W., Postma, T., Tytgat, P., Prins, L., Qin, H., Overmars, J., Vossen, L. N., Spiridon, A. J., Petrescu, A., Goverse, J., Bakker & G., Smant, 2009. A secreted SPRY domain-containing protein (SPRYSEC) from the plant-parasitic nematode Globodera rostochiensis interacts with a CC-NB-LRR protein from a susceptible tomato. Molecular Plant Mıcrobe Interaction, 22: 330–340.
• Rehman, S., V. K., Gupta & A. K., Goyal, 2016. Identification and functional analysis of secreted effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes. BMC Microbiology, 16(1): 1-18.
• Robertson, L., W. M., Robertson & J. T., Jones, 1999. Direct analysis of the secretions of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Parasitology, 119: 167-176.
• Robertson, L., W. M., Robertson, M., Sobczak, J., Helder, E., Tetaud, M. R., Ariyanayagam, M. A. J., Ferguson, A., Fairlamb & J. T., Jones, 2000. Cloning, expression and functional characterisation of a peroxiredoxin from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 111: 41-49.
• Romero, R. M., M. F., Roberts & J. D., Phillipson, 1995. Chorismate mutase in microorganisms and plants. Phytochem, 40: 1015-1025.
• Rosso, M. N., M. P., Dubrana, N., Cimbolini, S., Jaubert & P., Abad, 2005. Application of RNA ınterference to root-knot nematode genes encoding esophageal gland proteins. Molecular Plant Mıcrobe Interaction, 18(7):615–620.
• Rutter, W. B., 2013. Identification and Characterization of Effectors Secreted From Sedentary Endoparasitic Phytonematodes. Iowa State University, PhD thesis, 1-29 pp.
• Semblat, J. P., M. N., Rosso, R. S., Hussey, P., Abad & P., Castagnone-Sereno, 2001. Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding an amphid secreted putative avirulence protein from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 14: 72-79.
• Smant, G., J. P. W. G., Stokkermans, Y., Yan, J. M., De Boer, et al., 1998. Endogenous cellulases in animals: Isolation of beta-1,4-endoglucanase genes from two species of plant-parasitic cyst nematodes. PNAS, 95: 4906–4911.
• Spiegel, Y. & M. A., McClure, 1995. The surface coat of plant-parasitic nematodes: chemical composition, origin, and biological role—a review. Journal of Nematology, 27, 127-134.
• Tomalova, I., C., Iachia, K., Mulet & P., Castagnone-Sereno, 2012. The Map-1 gene family in root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.: A set of taxonomically restricted genes specific to clonal species. PLoS ONE, 7(6): 1-9.
• Truong, N. M., C.-N., Nguyen, P., Abad, M., Quentin & B., Favery, 2015. “Function of Root-Knot Nematode Effectors and Their Targets in Plant Parasitism. 293-324”. In: Advances ın Botanıcal Research Plant Nematode Interactions: A View on Compatible Interrelationships. (Ed: Escobar, C. & C., Fenoll). Elsevier, London, UK, 461 pp.
• Turner, S. J. & J. A., Rowe, 2006. “Cyst nematodes. 91–122”. In: Plant Nematology (Ed: R.N., Perry & M., Moens),. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International. 447 pp.
• Tytgat, T., B., Vanholme, J., De Meutter, M., Claeys, M., Couvreur, I., Vanhoutte, G., Gheysen, W. V., Criekinge, G., Borgonie, A., Coomans & G., Gheysen, 2004. A new class of ubiquitin extension proteins secreted by the dorsal pharyngeal gland in plant parasitic cyst nematodes. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 17: 846–852.
• Tytgat, T., I., Vercauteren, B., Vanholme, J., De Meutter, I., Vanhoutte, G., Gheysen, G., Borgonie, A., Coomans & G., Gheysen, 2005. An SXP/RAL-2 protein produced by the subventral pharyngeal glands in the plant parasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Parasitology Research, 95: 50–54.
• Waetzig, G. H., M., Sobczak & F. M. W., Grundler, 1999. Localization of hydrogen peroxide during the defense response of Arabidopsis thaliana against the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodra glycines. Nematology, 1: 681-686.
• Wang, J., C., Lee, A., Replogle, S., Joshi, D., Korkin, R. S., Hussey, T. J., Baum, E. Davis, L., X., Wang & M. G., Mitchum, 2010. Dual roles for the variable domain in protein trafficking and host-specific recognition of Heterodera glycines CLE effector proteins. New Phytologist, 187: 1003–1017.
• Williamson, V. M. & C. A., Gleason, 2003. Plant-nematode interactions. Plant Biology, 6: 327-333.
• Vanholme, B., W., Van Thuyne, K., Vanhouteghem, J., De Meutter, B., Cannoot & G., Gheysen, 2007. Molecular characterization and functional importance of pectate lyase secreted by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Molecular Plant Pathology, 8(3): 267-278.
• Vanholme, B., A., Haegeman, J., Jacob, B., Cannoot & G., Gheysen, 2009. Arabinogalactan endo-1,4-beta-galactosidase: a putative plant cell wall-degrading enzyme of plant parasitic nematodes. Nematology, 11: 739–747.
• Veech, J. A. 1982. Phytoalexins and their role in the resistance of plants to nematodes. Journal of Nematology 14: 2-9.
• Yan, Y., G., Smant & E. L., Davis, 2001. Functional screening yields a new β-1,4-endoglucanase gene from Heterodera glycines that may be the product of recent gene duplication. Molecular. Plant –Microbe Interactions, 14: 63–71.