Clothianidinin gutasyon sıvısında taşınımı ve bal arısı, Apis mellifera anatoliaca Maa, 1953 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi

Öz

Öz Bal arılarının, Apis mellifera anatoliaca Maa, 1953 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) gutasyon sıvısından su ihtiyacını karşılaması sırasında gutasyon sıvısında tohum ilacı olarak kullanılan neonicotinoid insektisitlerin taşınması arılarda risk yaratmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın ilk amacı clothianidinin arılara toksisitesi ve riskinin belirlenmesidir. Bunun yanında 2018 ve 2019 yıllarında Türkiye’de mısır bitkisindeki gutasyon sıvısında clothianidin kalıntısının değişimleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca mısır bitkisinden toplanan gutasyon sıvılarının arılara toksisitesinde yapılan ekotoksikolojik testlerde tespit edilmiştir. Clothianidinin ilk 24 saatteki bal arılarına olan toksisitesi incelendiğinde ortalama akut oral LD50 değeri 1.80 ng arı-1 olarak saptanmıştır. Bununla birlikte kalıntı analizleri sonucunda bal arılarının gutasyon sıvısında 0.02 mg L-1 ile 6 mg L-1 arasında değişen clothianidin konsantrasyonuna maruz kaldığı tespit edilmiş olup bal arılarının ölüm oranının %80 ile %100 arasında değiştiği gözlenmiştir. Gutasyon sıvısında ölçülen clothianidin konsantrasyonu bal arılarının ölümüne yol açabileceğinden, bu çalışma, mısır tohumlarına uygulanan clothianidin ve benzer grupta olan pestisitlerin, bal arıları için risk oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. Bu riskin Türkiye’deki miktarını ve dağılımını belirlemek için gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Clothianidin
• maruziyet riski
• gutasyon
• bal arıları
• kalıntı

Translocation of clothianidin to guttation fluid and its potential impact on honey bee, Apis mellifera anatoliaca Maa, 1953 (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Abstract

Honey bees, Apis mellifera anatoliaca Maa, 1953 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) forage water from guttation fluid so transported neonicotinoid insecticides in guttation fluid poses a risk to the bees. The first aim of this study was to determine the toxicity and risk of clothianidin to honey bees. In addition, the changes of clothianidin residue in the guttation fluid of maize plants in Turkey were determined in 2018 and 2019. Also, the toxicity of guttation fluid collected from the maize plants to bees was determined in ecotoxicological tests. The acute oral LD50 of clothianidin to honey bees in the first 24 h was 1.80 ng bee-1 and residue analysis demonstrated that honey bees were exposed to clothianidin concentration in guttation fluid ranging from 0.02 to 6.0 mg L-1 with mortality ranging between 80 and 100%. As the measured concentration of clothianidin in guttation fluid can lead to the mortality of honey bees, present study indicates that clothianidin, and possibly related pesticides in treated maize seed poses a risk to honey bees. Future studies are needed to determine the scale and distribution of this risk in Turkey.

Keywords

• Clothianidin
• exposure risk
• guttation
• honey bees
• residue

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