Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) ve Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker'ya karşı farklı seviyelerde dayanıklılık sağlayan domates hibritlerinde bu patojenlerin etkileşimi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) (Rhabditida: Meloidogynidae) ve Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (FORL) etkileşiminin, nematod üremesi ve solgunluk şiddeti üzerine etkisi hibrit domates çeşitlerinde araştırılmıştır. Çalışma, kontrollü koşullar altında 2021 yılı Ocak-Mayıs ayları arasında Adel, Alberty, Armstrong, Body, Gülizar ve Kaplan F1 domates hibrit çeşitlerinde, M. incognita ve FORL'nin bireysel, eş zamanlı ve sıralı inokulasyonlarından oluşan beş kombinasyonu içermektedir. Deneme 60 gün sonra sonlandırılmıştır. Eş zamanlı inokulasyon Adel, Armstrong, Body ve Gülizar domates çeşitlerinde M. incognita gal ve yumurta paketi sayısını artırmıştır. Alberty ve Kaplan domates çeşitlerinde ise en yüksek gal ve yumurta paketi sayısı M. incognita inokulasyonundan 10 gün sonra FORL inokulasyonunda (N+10FORL) tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek hastalık şiddeti tüm domates hibritlerinde N+10FORL uygulamasında meydana gelmiş ve Gülizar, Kaplan, Body, Alberty, Armstrong ve Adel şeklinde izlemiştir. Meloidogyne incognita Alberty ve Body çeşitlerinde yüksek üreme göstermiş ve N+10FORL uygulaması ile FORL dayanımı kırılmıştır. Meloidogyne incognita Adel ve Armstrong domates hibritlerinde üreyememiş ve bu nedenle hastalık görülmemiştir. Sonuçlar, kök-ur nematodlarının gelişiminin FORL dayanımının sürekliliğini etkileyen önemli bir faktör olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• FORL
• interaksiyon
• dayanıklılık
• kök ur nematodu
• domates

Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker in tomato F1 hybrids with differing levels of resistance to these pathogens

Abstract

The interaction of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) (Rhabditida: Meloidogynidae) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (FORL) on nematode reproduction and wilt severity was investigated in tomato hybrids in this study. The study included with five combinations of individual, simultaneous and sequential inoculations of M. incognita and FORL to tomato F1 hybrids Adel, Alberty, Armstrong, Body, Gülizar and Kaplan in January-May 2021 under controlled conditions. The experiment was completed after 60 days. Simultaneous inoculation increased M. incognita galls and egg masses in Adel, Armstrong, Body, and Gülizar. The highest gall and egg mass numbers occurred with FORL inoculation 10 days after M. incognita inoculation (N+10 FORL) in Alberty and Kaplan. The highest disease incidence occurred in all tomato hybrids at the application of N+10 FORL and was followed by Gülizar, Kaplan, Body, Alberty, Armstrong and Adel. Meloidogyne incognita showed high reproductive rates in Alberty and Body, and FORL resistance was overcome with treatment N+10 FORL. Meloidogyne incognita was unable to reproduce in Adel and Armstrong and thus no disease was seen. The results indicated that the development of root-knot nematodes is a significant factor affecting the durability of FORL resistance.

Keywords

• FORL
• interaction
• resistance
• root-knot nematode
• tomato

References

1. Akram, M. & M. R. Khan, 2006. Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on tomato. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 14 (2): 448-451.
2. Attitalla, I. H., J. Fatehi, J. Levenfors & S. Brishammar, 2004. A rapid molecular method for differentiating two special forms (lycopersici and radicis-lycopersici) of Fusarium oxysporum. Mycological Research, 108 (7): 787-794.
3. Aydınlı, G. & S. Mennan, 2019. Reproduction of root-knot nematode isolates from the middle Black Sea Region of Turkey on tomato with Mi-1.2 resistance gene. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 43 (4): 417-427.
4. Back, M. A., P. P. J. Haydock & P. Jenkinson, 2002. Disease complexes involving plant parasitic nematodes and soilborne pathogens. Plant pathology, 51 (6): 683-697.
5. Bird, D. M., C. H. Opperman & V. M. Williamson, 2009. ‘’Plant Infection by Root-Knot Nematode,1-13’’. In: Cell Biology of Plant Nematode Parasitism (Eds. R. H. Berg & C. G. Taylor). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 273 pp.
6. Bowman, P. & J.R. Bloom, 1966. Breaking the resistance of tomato varieties to Fusarium wilt by Meloidogyne incognita. Phytopathology, 56 (8): 871. (in English Abstract only)
7. Can, C., S. Yucel, N. Korolev & T. Katan, 2004. First report of fusarium crown and root rot of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici in Turkey. Plant Pathology, 53 (6): 814.
8. Çetintas, R. & B. Cakmak, 2016. Meloidogyne species infesting tomatoes, cucumbers and eggplants grown in Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 40 (4): 355-364.

9. Chandler, J. M. & P. W. Santelman, 1968. Interaction of four herbicides with Rhizoctonia solani on seedling cotton. Weed Science, 16 (4): 453-454.
10. Çolak Ateş, A., D. Dincer & A. Ata, 2018. Determination of the interaction between Fusarium crown-root rot disease and root-knot nematode on tomato genotypes. Journal Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27 (10): 6785-6791.
11. Davide, R. G. & A. C. Triantaphyllou, 1967. Influence of the environment on development and sex differentiation of root-knot nematodes. Nematologica, 13 (1): 102-110.
12. Davis, R. M. & R. N. Raid, 2002. Crown, Root, and Wilt diseases. Compendium of Umbelliferous Crop Diseases, APS Press, St. Paul, USA, 75 pp.
13. Devran, Z., E. Kahveci, Y. Hong, D. J. Studholme & M. Tör, 2018. Identifying molecular markers suitable for Frl selection in tomato breeding. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 131 (10): 2099-2105.
14. Devran, Z. & M. A. Söğüt, 2009. Distribution and identification of root-knot nematodes from Turkey. Journal of Nematology, 41 (2): 128-133.
15. Devran, Z. & M. A. Söğüt, 2010. Occurrence of virulent root-knot nematode populations on tomatoes bearing the Mi gene in protected vegetable-growing areas of Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 38 (3): 245-251.
16. Devran, Z. & M. A. Söğüt, 2011. Characterizing races of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey. Crop Protection, 30 (4): 451-455.
17. Edmunds, J. E. & W. F. Mai, 1966a. Population increase of Pratylenchus penetrans in alfalfa and celery roots infected with Trichoderma viride. Phytopathology, 56 (11): 1320-1321.
18. Edmunds, J. E. & W. F. Mai, 1966b. Effect of Trichoderma viride, Fusarium oxysporum, and fungal enzymes upon the penetration of alfalfa roots by Pratylenchus penetrans. Phytopathology, 56 (10): 1132-1135.
19. Edmunds, J. E. & W. F. Mai, 1967. Effect of Fusarium oxysporum on movement of Pratylenchus penetrans towards alfalfa roots. Phytopathology, 57 (5): 468-471.
20. El-Sherif, A. G. & M. A. Elwakil, 1991. Interaction between Meloidogyne incognita and Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on tomato. Journal of Nematology, 23 (2): 239-242.
21. Elekcioglu, I. H., B. Ohnesorge, G. Lung & N. Uygun, 1994. Plant parasitic nematodes in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea, 22 (1): 59-63.
22. Erol, F. Y. & B. Tunalı, 2007. ‘’Determination of root and crown rot diseases in tomato growing area of Samsun province, 65-70’’. II International Symposium on Tomato Diseases, October, Kuşadası, Turkey, 808 pp.
23. Fattah, F. & J. M. Webster, 1983. Ultrastructural changes caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in Meloidogyne javanica induced giant cells in Fusarium resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. Journal of Nematology, 15 (1): 128-135.
24. Fazio, G., M. R. Stevens & J. W. Scott, 1999. Identification of RAPD markers linked to fusarium crown and root rot resistance (Frl) in tomato. Euphytica, 105 (3): 205-210.
25. France, R. A. & G. S. Abawi, 1994. Interaction between Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli on selected bean genotypes. Journal of Nematology, 26 (4): 467-474.
26. Gerlach, W., H. Nirenberg, I. Eckart, I. Rummland & R. Schwarz, 1982. The Genus Fusarium-A Pictorial Atlas. German Federal Republic: Berlin/Hamburg, Germany, 406 pp.
27. Gilbert, J.C. & D.C. McGuire, 1956. Inheritance of resistance to several root-knot nematode from Meloidogyne incognita in commercial type tomato. Proceedings of The American Society for Horticultural Science, 68: 437-442.
28. Göze Özdemir, F. G., 2020. Determination of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Cereal Areas of Isparta and Burdur Provinces and Investigation of The Interaction of The Endoparasitic Nematodes with Fusarium culmorum in Wheat. Isparta University of Applied Sciences the Institute of Graduate Education Department of Plant Protection, (Unpublished) PhD Thesis, Isparta, Turkey, 273 pp. (in Turkish with abstract in English)
29. Gürkan, B., R. Çetıntaş & T. Gürkan, 2019. Determination of root-nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) and some nematode population races in vegetable areas of Gaziantep and Osmaniye. Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 22 (1): 113-124.
30. Hajji-Hedfi, L., H. Regaieg, A. Larayedh, N. Chihani & N. Horrigue-Raouani, 2018. Biological control of wilt disease complex on tomato crop caused by Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by Verticillium leptobactrum. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25 (19): 18297-18302.
31. Harris, A. R. & H. Ferris, 1991. Interactions between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum and Meloidogyne spp. in Vigna unguiculata. 1. Effects of different inoculum densities on Fusarium wilt. Plant pathology, 40 (3): 445-456.
32. Hasan, A., 1988. Interaction between Pratylenchus coffeae and Pythium aphanidermatum and/or Rhizoctonia solani on chrysanthemum. Journal of Phytopathology, 123 (3): 227-232.
33. Hibar, K., V. Edel‐Herman, C. Steinberg, N. Gautheron, M. Daami‐Remadi, C. Alabouvette & M. El Mahjoub, 2007. Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum populations isolated from tomato plants in Tunisia. Journal of Phytopathology, 155 (3): 136-142.
34. Hooper, D. J., 1986. ‘’Extraction of Free Living Stages from Soil, 5-30’’. In: Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant Soil Nematodes (Ed. J. F. Southey). Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, UK, 202 pp.
35. Jacquet, M., M. Bongiovanni, M. Martinez, P. Verschave, E. Wajnberg, & P. Castagnone‐Sereno, 2005. Variation in resistance to the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato genotypes bearing the Mi gene. Plant Pathology, 54 (2): 93-99.
36. Jeffers, D. P. & P. A. Roberts, 2003. Effect of plant date and host genotype on the root-knot-Fusarium wilt disease complex in cotton. Phytopathology, 83 (6): 645-654.
37. Jonathan, E. I. & G. Gajendran, 1998. Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense on banana. Nematologia Mediterranea, 26 (1): 9-11.
38. Kaşkavalcı, G. & C. Öncüer, 1999. Investigations on the distribution and economic importance of Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) species found in the major areas of hot climate vegetables in Aydın province. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 23 (2): 149-160. (in Turkish with abstract in English)
39. Khan, M. W. & S. A. Hosseini-Nejad, 1991. Interaction of Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris on some chickpea cultivars. Nematologia Mediterranea, 19 (1): 61-63.
40. Laterrot, H. & A. Moretti, 1991. Allelism of various FORL resistance sources. Report of the Tomato Genetics Cooperative, 41: 28-30.
41. Lobna, H., E. M. Aymen, R. Hajer, M. Naima & H. R. Najet, 2017. Biochemical and plant nutrient alterations induced by Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici co-infection on tomato cultivars with differing level of resistance to M. javanica. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 148 (2): 463-472.
42. Lobna, H., R. Hajer, M. B. Naima & H. R. Najet, 2016. Studies on disease complex incidence of Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology, 2 (4): 41-48.
43. Mahapatra, S. N. & P. K. Swain, 2001. Interaction between Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum on black gram. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 9 (1): 95-97.
44. Manzo, D., F. Ferriello, G. Puopolo, A. Zoina, D. D’Esposito, L. Tardella & M. R. Ercolano, 2016. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici induces distinct transcriptome reprogramming in resistant and susceptible isogenic tomato lines. BMC Plant Biology, 16 (1): 1-14.
45. Marley, P. S. & R. J. Hillocks, 1996. Effect of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on Fusarium wilt in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Field Crops Research, 46 (1-3): 15-20.
46. McGawely, E. C., 2001. ‘’Disease Complex, 326-330’’. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology (Eds. O. C. Maloy & T. D. Murray). John Wiley & Sons, USA, 1368 pp.
47. Meena, K. S., S. A. Ramyabharathi, T. Raguchander & E. I. Jonathan, 2015. Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum interaction in gerbera. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 9 (18): 1281-1285.
48. Mokbel, A. A., I. K. A. Ibrahim, M. R. A. Shehata & M. A. M. El-Saedy, 2007. Interaction between certain Root-rot fungi and the Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on sunflower plants. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology, 35 (1): 1-11.
49. Morrell, J. J. & J. R. Bloom, 1981. Influence of Meloidogyne incognita on Fusarium wilt of tomato at or below the minimum temperature for wilt development. Journal of Nematology, 13 (1): 57-60.
50. Moussa, E. M. & N. G. Hague, 1988. Influence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. glycines on the invasion and development of Meloidogyne incognita on soybean. Revue de Nématologie, 11 (4): 437-439.
51. Nitao, J. K., S. L. Meyer & D. J. Chitwood, 1999. In-vitro assays of Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera glycines for detection of nematode-antagonistic fungal compounds. Journal of Nematology, 31 (2): 172-183.
52. Nitao, J. K., S. L. Meyer, W. F. Schmidt, J. C. Fettinger & D. J. Chitwood, 2001. Nematode-antagonistic trichothecenes from Fusarium equiseti. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27 (5): 859-869.
53. Nordmeyer, D. & R. A. Sikora, 1983. Studies on the interaction between Heterodera daverti, Fusarium avenaceum and F. oxysporum on Trifolium subterraneum. Revue de Nématologie, 6 (2): 193-198.
54. Ornat, C., S. Verdejo-Lucas & F. J. Sorribas, 2001. A population of Meloidogyne javanica in Spain virulent to the Mi resistance gene in tomato. Plant Disease, 85 (3): 271-276.
55. Özarslandan, A. & İ. H. Elekcioğlu, 2010. Identification of the Root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) collected from different parts of Turkey by molecular and morphological methods. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 34 (3): 323-335.
56. Özarslandan, A., 2016. Soil disinfestation against root knot nematodes on grown tomatoes in greenhouses. Plant Protection Bulletin, 56 (4): 407-416.
57. Ozbay, N. & S. E. Newman, 2004. Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato and control methods. Plant Pathology Journal, 3 (1): 9-18.
58. Porter, D. M. & N. T. Powell, 1967. Influence of certain Meloidogyne species on Fusarium wilt development in flue-cured tobacco. Phytopathology, 57 (3): 282-285.
59. Ramalingam, K., 2019. Exploring the disease severity by the interaction of fusarium wilt and root knot nematode in tomato. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 6 (3): 1-5.
60. Roberts, P. A. & J. Thomason, 1986. Variability in reproduction of isolates of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica on resistant tomato genotypes. Plant Disease, 70 (6): 547-551.
61. Sasser, J. N. & D. W., Freckman, 1987. ‘’A World Perspective on Nematology: The Role of The Society,7-14’’. In: Vistas on Nematology (Eds. J. A. Veech & D. W. Dickson). A Commemoration of the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Society of Nematologists, Inc., Hyattsville, MD, 509 pp.
62. Sharma, S. B. & P. Ashokkumar, 1991. Occurrence of Meloidogyne javanica on groundnut in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Nematology, 21 (2): 166-166.
63. Szczechura, W., M. Staniaszek & H. Habdas, 2013. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici-the cause of Fusarium crown and root rot in tomato cultivation. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 53 (2): 172-176.
64. Tzortzakakis, E. A., M. A. Adam, V. C. Blok, C. Paraskevopoulos & K. Bourtzis, 2005. Occurrence of resistance-breaking populations of root-knot nematodes on tomato in Greece. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 113 (1): 101-105.
65. Uysal, G., M. A. Söğüt & İ. H. Elekçioğlu, 2017. Identification and distribution of root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) in vegetable growing areas of Lakes Region in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 41 (1): 105-122.
66. Vargas, M. A. T., E. Zavaleta-Mejía & A. M. Hernández, 1996. Rompimiento de resistencia a Phytophthora capsici en chile Capsicum annuum L. Serrano CM-34 por Nacobbus aberrans Thorne y Allen. Nematropica, 26 (2): 159-165.
67. Verdejo-Lucas, S., L. Cortada, F. J. Sorribas & C. Ornat, 2009. Selection of virulent populations of Meloidogyne javanica by repeated cultivation of Mi resistance gene tomato rootstocks under field conditions. Plant Pathology, 58 (5): 990-998.
68. Vrain, T. C., 1987. Effect of Ditylenchus dipsaci and Pratylenchus penetrans on Verticillium wilt of alfalfa. Journal of Nematology, 19 (3): 379-383.
69. Yücel, S., C. Can, M. Yurtmen, R. Cetinkaya-Yildiz & Y. Aysan, 2008. Tomato pathology in Turkey. The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology, 2 (1): 38-47.