Occurrence and distribution of cyst nematodes, Heterodera spp. (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) associated with black cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. acephala L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye

Abstract

This study was conducted during 2021-2022 to detect and determine distribution and population of cyst nematodes, Heterodera spp. (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) in black cabbage Brassica oleracea var. acephala L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) production areas of the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye. For it, a total of 77 samples were taken from 53 districts belonging to the Artvin, Giresun, Ordu, Rize, and Trabzon provinces in the region. Soil samples were taken from around the root of the kale plants. Nematodes were extracted by using the centrifugal flotation technique. The nematodes were identified using morphological features and molecular analysis based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. For molecular analysis, the ribosomal DNA region including the gene region of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2) was amplified using primer sets TW81/AB28. Additionally, a species-specific primer set (Car-F/Car-R) covering the Cytochrome Oxidase I (cox1) region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was used. As a result of the analysis, cyst nematodes Heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945, Heterodera carotae Jones, 1950 and Heterodera fici Kirjanova, 1954 species were identified in the kale production areas in the region. Heterodera carotae is the first record of the cyst nematode species in Türkiye. Heterodera cruciferae, H. carotae, and H. fici were detected from the total collected soil samples at 16.9%, 3.9%, and 1.3% relative frequency, respectively. Among all, Giresun was the most infected province with 35.3% infection rate, followed by Trabzon with 26.3%, Ordu with 21.1% and Rize with 13.3%.

Keywords

• Black cabbage
• Heterodera
• ITS
• PCR
• taxonomy
• Türkiye

Türkiye’nin Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde karalahana, Brassica oleracea var. acephala L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) üretim alanlarındaki kist nematodları, Heterodera spp. (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) ve dağılımları

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi lahana, Brassica oleracea var. acephala L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) üretim alanlarında kist nematodlarını Heterodera spp. (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) tespit etmek ve dağılımları ve popülasyonlarını belirlemek amacıyla 2021-2022 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla, bölgedeki Artvin, Giresun, Ordu, Rize ve Trabzon illerine ait 53 ilçeden toplam 77 örnekleme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Toprak örnekleri karalahana bitkilerinin kök çevresinden alınmıştır. Nematodlar santrifüj yöntemi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Nematodlar, morfolojik özellikler ve Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PCR) yöntemine dayanan moleküler analiz kullanılarak tanımlanmıştır. Moleküler analiz için, 28S ribozomal RNA (rRNA) gen bölgesini (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2) içeren ribozomal DNA bölgesi TW81/AB28 primer setleri kullanılarak çoğaltılmıştır. Ayrıca, mitokondriyal DNA'nın (mtDNA) Sitokrom Oksidaz I (cox1) bölgesini kapsayan türe özgü primer seti (Car-F/Car-R) kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda bölgedeki karalahana üretim alanlarında Heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945, Heterodera carotae Jones, 1950 ve Heterodera fici Kirjanova, 1954 kist nematod türleri teşhis edilmiştir. Heterodera carotae türü Türkiye için ilk kayıt niteliğindedir. Toplanan toplam toprak örneklerinde H. cruciferae, H. carotae ve H. fici sırasıyla %16.9, %3.9 ve %1.3 oranlarında tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada, %35.3 ile Giresun ili en çok bulaşık olan il olurken, bunu %26.3 ile Trabzon, %21.1 ile Ordu ve %13.3 ile Rize illeri takip etmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Karalahana
• Heterodera
• ITS
• PCR
• taksonomi
• Türkiye

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