Occurrence and abundance of nematodes in almond growing areas in Karaman, Türkiye and their relationships with almond characteristics

Abstract

Almond, Prunus dulcis Rouchy (Rosales: Rosaceae) is an economically important plant species widely grown in Türkiye. Plant parasitic nematodes have been known to affect the economical production of almond. In this study, the occurrence and abundance of plant parasitic and free-living nematodes were determined in almond-growing areas in Karaman province in 2024. The soil samples were collected from 40 almond orchards and two wild almond production areas. Each orchard was represented by 20 subsamples collected in a zigzag pattern with 20-25 footsteps in between using a 2.5 cm diameter soil corer from the projection area of the trees. The nematodes were extracted from soil samples using petri dish technique for 72 hours. The most prevalent plant parasitic nematodes were Ditylenchus spp. Filipjev, 1936 (Rhabditida: Anguinidae) (97.6%), Tylenchus spp. Bastian, 1865 (Rhabditida: Tylenchidae) (88.1%) and Pratylenchus spp. Filipjev, 1936 (Rhabditida: Pratylenchidae) (83.3%). The populations of most prevalent nematode species Ditylenchus spp. and Pratylenchus spp. ranged between 0-143.9 and 0-197.4 nematodes per 100 g dry soil, respectively. The population of Cephalobus spp. Bastian, 1865 (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae) was positively correlated with 10-year-old, seed rootstocks almonds cultivated under rainfed conditions.

Keywords

• Almond
• distribution
• plant parasitic nematodes
• rootstock
• variety

Karaman, Türkiye’de badem yetiştirme alanlarında nematodların dağılımı ve popülasyon yoğunluğu ile badem özellikleri ile ilişkileri

Öz

Badem, Prunus dulcis Rouchy (Rosales: Rosaceae) Türkiye'de yaygın olarak yetiştirilen ekonomik açıdan önemli bir bitki türüdür. Bitki paraziti nematodların bademin ekonomik üretimini etkilediği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Karaman ilindeki badem yetiştirme alanlarında bitki paraziti ve serbest yaşayan nematodların varlığı ve bolluğu 2024 yılında belirlenmiştir. Toprak örnekleri 40 badem bahçesi ve 2 yabani badem yetiştirme alnından toplanmıştır. Her bahçe, zikzak şeklinde 20-25 adım ara ile ağaçların izdüşüm alanından 2,5 cm çapında bir toprak örnekleme aleti kullanılarak toplanan 20 alt örnekle temsil edilmiştir. Nematodlar, 72 saat boyunca petri kabı tekniği kullanılarak toprak örneklerinden ayrılmıştır. En yaygın bitki paraziti nematodlar Ditylenchus spp. Filipjev, 1936 (Rhabditida: Anguinidae) (97.6%), Tylenchus spp. Bastian, 1865 (Rhabditida: Tylenchidae) (88.1%) ve Pratylenchus spp. Filipjev, 1936 (Rhabditida: Pratylenchidae) (83.3%) olmuştur. En yaygın nematod türleri olan Ditylenchus spp. ve Pratylenchus spp.'nin popülasyonları sırasıyla 100 g kuru toprakta 0-143,9 ve 0-197,4 nematod arasında değişmiştir. Bakteriyel nematod Cephalobus spp. Bastian, 1865 (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae) popülasyonu, kıraç koşullarda yetiştirilen 10 yaşındaki badem ağaçlarının çöğür anaçlarıyla pozitif korelasyon göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Badem
• dağılım
• bitki paraziti nematodlar
• anaç
• çeşit

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