Toxicological and physiological effects of ethephon on the model organism, Galleria mellonella L. 1758 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Abstract

Ethephon (ETF) has been used in agriculture as an ethylene releaser type of plant growth regulator. The aim of this work was to determine the ecotoxicological effects of ETF on the survival and the antioxidant metabolism of the insects using a model organism Galleria mellonella L. 1758. A toxicity test was performed to determine the lethal doses of ETF on larvae. According to probit assay, the LD₅₀ and LD₉₉ values for force fed larvae were 344 and 419 µg/5 µl, respectively, 30 d after treatment. Analyses performed with 10 doses ≤LD₅₀ at 24 and 48 h upon feeding larvae revealed that the malondialdehyde level increased at 300 and 330 µg/5 µl doses, whereas glutathione-S-transferase activity increased only with a 360 µg/5µl dose of ETF at 24 h. However, an increase in glutathione-S-transferase activity was evident at all ETF doses at 48 h. An increase in glutathione peroxidases activity was determined at 250, 300 and 330 µg/5µl at 24 and 48 h. All ETF doses caused an important increase in catalase activity at 24 h but remained unchanged at 48 h. Superoxide dismutase activity also elevated at doses >250 µg/5µl at 24 h when compared to the control. Same changes in superoxide dismutase activity were also observed at all doses of ETF except for 360 µg/5µl at 48 h. These results showed that ETF induced oxidative stress resulted in toxic effects that affected on the survival of model organism G. mellonella.

Keywords

• Antioxidant enzymes,ethephon,Galleria mellonella,malondialdehyde,toxicology

Etefonun model organizma Galleria mellonella L. 1758 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) üzerine toksikolojik ve fizyolojik etkileri

Öz

Etilen salınımına neden olan Etefon (ETF), bir bitki büyüme düzenleyicisi olarak tarımda kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bir model organizma olan Galleria mellonella L. 1758 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) türü kullanılarak, ETF’nin böceklerin antioksidan metabolizması ve canlılığı üzerindeki ekotoksikolojik etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Larval dönemde ETF’nin letal dozunun belirlemesi amacıyla toksitite testi yapılmıştır. Larvalara zorla besleme (ağızdan besleme) yöntemi ile uygulanan ETF dozlarına göre, 30 günlük süreç içinde belirlenen LD₅₀ ve LD₉₉ değerleri sırasıyla 344 ve 419 µg/5µl olarak belirlenmiştir. LD₅₀ ve daha düşük ETF dozlarıyla yapılan toksikolojik analizlerde ise iki zaman dilimi (24. ve 48. saat) tercih edilmiştir. 24. saatte, larval hemolenfteki malondialdehit seviyesi, 300 ve 330 µg/5µl ETF dozlarında artarken, glutatyon-S-transferaz aktivitesi sadece 360 µg/5µ’lik dozda yükselmiştir. Ancak 48. saatte kontrol ve tüm dozlarda glutatyon-S-transferaz aktivitesi yükselmiştir. Glutatyon peroksidaz aktivitesi ise hem 24. hem de 48. saatte, 330 ve 360 µg/5µl ETF dozlarında artmıştır. Tüm ETF dozları 24. saatte katalaz aktivitesinde artışa neden olurken, bu artış 48. saatte de aynı kalmıştır. Süperoksit dismutaz aktivitesi ise 24. saatte, 250 µg/5µl ve daha yüksek dozlarda yükselmiştir. 48. saatteki süperoksit dismutaz aktivitesinde de benzer değişimler meydana gelirken, 360 µg/5µl dozunda azalma belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, ETF’nin oksidatif stresi teşvik etmesi sonucunda model organizma G. mellonella’nın canlılığı üzerinde toksik etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antioksidan enzimler,etefon,Galleria mellonella,malondialdehit,toksikoloji

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